MAD2B promotes podocyte injury through regulating Numb-dependent Notch 1 pathway in diabetic nephropathy

Rationale: Recent studies have demonstrated that the loss of podocyte is a critical event in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previously, our group have found that the mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B was involved in high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte injury by regulating APC/C activity. However, the exact mechanism of MAD2B implicated in podocyte injury is still lacking.Methods: The experiments were conducted by using kidney tissues from streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice with or without podocyte-specific deletion of MAD2B and the cultured podocytes exposed to different treatments. Glomerular pathological injury was evaluated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and transmission electron microscopy. The endogenous interaction between MAD2B and Numb was discovered by yeast two-hybrid analysis and co-immunoprecipitation assay. The expressions of MAD2B, Numb and related pathway were detected by western blot, immunochemistry and immunofluorescence.Results: The present study revealed that MAD2B was upregulated in diabetic glomeruli and cultured podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions. Podocyte-specific deletion of MAD2B alleviated podocyte injury and renal function deterioration in mice of diabetic nephropathy. Afterwards, MAD2B was found to interact with Numb, which was downregulated in diabetic glomeruli and HG-stimulated cultured podocytes. Interestingly, MAD2B genetic deletion could partly reverse the decline of Numb in podocytes exposed to HG and in diabetic mice, and the expressions of Numb downstream molecules such as NICD and Hes-1 were decreased accordingly. In addition, overexpression of Numb ameliorated HG-induced podocyte injury.Conclusions: The present findings suggest that upregulated MAD2B expression contributes to Numb depletion and activation of Notch 1 signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to podocyte injury during DN progression.     

A new role for the anti-apoptotic gene A20 in angiogenesis

A20 is a negative regulator of NF-kappaB activation and thus a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of diseases where apoptosis and/or inflammatory responses are part of the pathogenic process. Thus, A20 has been shown to improve the long-term outcome of organ transplantation, particularly, the transplantation of islets of Langerhans which may aid the cure of type I diabetes. We now report a new role for A20 in regulating neovascularisation. We used RNA interference to inhibit A20 expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigated the effect on tubule formation in two in vitro angiogenesis assays, Matrigel and a co-culture assay. Tubule area and tubule length were both reduced following inhibition of A20 expression in HUVECs. These inhibitory effects were particularly evident in the co-culture assay, which incorporates the critical steps of the angiogenic process and ultimately results in the formation of an intricate network of anastomosing tubules that resemble the formed capillary bed: a partial down-regulation of A20 protein (50-60%) resulted in a 28% reduction in tubule area (P < 0.05) and a 26% reduction in tubule length (P < 0.05). A20 may offer a new target in the treatment of human conditions, including cancer, which are characterised by neovascularisation.     

Corynoline protects against zearalenone-induced liver injury by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway

Corynoline has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. In the present study, the potential protective effects of corynoline against zearalenone (ZEA)-induced liver injury were investigated. ZEA was administered daily for 5 days. Then, liver tissues were used for subsequent experiments. Corynoline attenuated liver histopathological changes induced by ZEA. The production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in liver tissues, as well as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum, was also inhibited by corynoline. Meanwhile, ZEA-induced MPO activity and MDA content were both attenuated by corynoline. ZEA-induced NF-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were inhibited by corynoline. Furthermore, SIRT1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression were increased by corynoline. In addition, the protective effects of corynoline against liver injury were reversed by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527. Taken together, corynoline protected against ZEA-induced liver injury by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.     

MicroRNA-449b-5p targets HMGB1 to attenuate hepatocyte injury in liver ischemia and reperfusion

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the pathological process of liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MiR-449b-5p is the target miRNA of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Its role and molecular mechanism in liver I/R injury remain unidentified. In this study, we found a protective effect of miR-449b-5p against hepatic I/R injury. HMGB1 expression significantly increased, whereas miR-449b-5p dramatically decreased in patients after liver transplant and in L02 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct interaction between miR-449b-5p and the 3′ untranslated region of HMGB1 messenger RNA. We also found that overexpression of miR-449b-5p significantly promoted cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis of L02 cells exposed to H/R. Moreover, miR-449b-5p repressed HMGB1 protein expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway activation in these L02 cells. In an in vivo rat model of hepatic I/R injury, overexpression of miR-449b-5p significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and inhibited the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway. Our study thus suggests that miR-449b-5p alleviated hepatic I/R injury by targeting HMGB1 and deactivating the NF-κB pathway, which may provide a novel and promising therapeutic target for hepatic I/R injury.     

慢病毒介导的c-Myc启动子结合蛋白1过表达对结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖与凋亡的影响及其机制研究

目的探讨慢病毒介导的c-Myc启动子结合蛋白1(MBP-1)过表达对结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及其机制。方法将体外培养的HCT116细胞分为以下3组:空白对照组,细胞未做任何处理;空载感染组,空载体对照慢病毒(LV-GFP)感染HCT116细胞;MBP-1过表达慢病毒组(MBP-1组),MBP-1过表达的重组慢病毒(LV-MBP-1-GFP)感染HCT116细胞。RT-PCR检测各组细胞中MBP-1 mRNA的表达,CCK-8实验检测细胞的增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测细胞的周期变化,Western blot检测细胞中MBP-1、NF-κB p65、c-Myc、CyclinD1及细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved caspase-3的表达。三组间比较采用单因素方差分析,方差齐性采用F检验,若方差齐则组间比较采用LSD检验,若方差不齐则组间比较采用Dunnett检验。结果与空载感染组比较,MBP-1组在MBP-1 mRNA(1.02±0.15比4.56±1.03)、蛋白表达水平(0.18±0.01比0.72±0.10)、S期百分比[(39.12±2.18)﹪比(45.64±3.21)﹪]、G2/M期的百分比[(14.81±1.02)﹪比(23.16±2.12)﹪]、细胞中Bax蛋白(0.55±0.10比0.76±0.11)、cleaved caspase-3蛋白(0.45±0.08比0.81±0.11)表达水平均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.001),而细胞48 h OD值(0.58±0.08比0.43±0.03)、72 h OD值(1.10±0.13比0.52±0.09)、细胞G0/G1期的百分比[(46.06±1.89)﹪比(31.36±2.02)﹪]、细胞中Bcl-2蛋白(0.52±0.10比0.23±0.02)、NF-κB p65蛋白(0.61±0.13比0.16±0.03)、c-Myc蛋白(0.79±0.15比0.43±0.05)、CyclinD1蛋白(0.62±0.09比0.32±0.01)的表达水平均降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.001);空白对照组和空载感染组之间各指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论MBP-1过表达可抑制HCT116细胞增殖及诱导细胞周期阻滞于S期,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路活化有关。     

干扰FSCN1基因表达对前列腺癌细胞凋亡、活性氧水平影响的研究

目的探讨干扰FSCN1基因表达对前列腺癌细胞凋亡、活性氧(ROS)水平影响及机制。方法以正常前列腺上皮细胞RWPE-1为对照细胞,通过RT-PCR及Western blot检测前列腺癌LNCaP、DU145和PC-3细胞中FSCN1 mRNA及蛋白表达;以LipofectamineTM 2000为载体,DU145细胞分为si-FSCN1组(靶向抑制FSCN1的小干扰RNAs转染DU145细胞)、阴性对照组(随机序列转染DU145细胞)及空白对照组(未转染的细胞),siRNA转染48 h,Western blot检测FSCN1、PCNA、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65、IKKα和p-IKKα的蛋白表达。CCK8检测细胞活力,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率及ROS水平。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验。结果与RWPE-1细胞比较,LNCaP、DU145和PC-3细胞中FSCN1 mRNA(1比2.561±0.189、7.183±0.882、4.796±0.567、4.796±0.567)及蛋白表达(0.053±0.007比0.217±0.013、0.654±0.058、0.316±0.035)均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。与阴性对照组比较,si-FSCN1组FSCN1表达(0.473±0.052比0.086±0.010)降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。与si-FSCN1组比较,空白对照组、阴性对照组细胞活力(0.302±0.033比0.787±0.069、0.764±0.063)均升高,凋亡率(24.54﹪±1.47﹪比3.04﹪±0.36﹪、3.28﹪±0.40﹪)和ROS相对荧光强度(90.04±5.73比47.88±3.62、49.62±4.11)均降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。与si-FSCN1组比较,空白对照组、阴性对照组PCNA(0.255±0.032比0.654±0.062、0.631±0.058)、NF-κB p65(0.092±0.011比0.296±0.032、0.318±0.037)、p-NF-κB p65(0.042±0.008比0.155±0.018、0.151±0.016)、IKKα(0.112±0.01比0.172±0.020、0.192±0.023)和p-IKKα的蛋白表达(0.051±0.005比0.102±0.011、0.091±0.009)均升高,Cleaved caspase3蛋白表达(0.206±0.018比0.074±0.009、0.085±0.010)均降低,差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。阴性对照组与空白对照组细胞活力、凋亡率、ROS水平及FSCN1、PCNA、Cleaved caspase3、NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65、IKKα和p-IKKα的蛋白表达差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论干扰FSCN1基因表达可降低前列腺癌细胞活力及诱导凋亡,机制可能与ROS水平升高及NF-κB信号下调有关。     

HMGB1 protein promotes glomerular mesangial matrix deposition via TLR2 in lupus nephritis

Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Patients with LN mostly die of sclerosing glomerulonephritis and renal failure. The inhibition of glomerular mesangial matrix deposition is an efficient method to restrict the progress of renal injury. By recognizing and binding extracellular and intracellular ligands, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) contributes to the pathogenesis of most immune diseases. However, the relationship between TLR2 and LN is still unknown. Our previous studies confirmed that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important ligand of TLR2, promotes the progression of LN by inducing the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells. However, whether or not HMGB1 participates in the pathogenesis of glomerular mesangial matrix deposition in LN remains unknown. In this study, we observed the upregulated expression of TLR2 in the glomeruli of LN patients and MRL/lpr mice. The inhibition of either TLR2 or HMGB1 inhibited the release of fibronectin and the activation of the MyD88/NF-κB pathway in mesangial cells cultured with LN plasma. In addition, both TLR2- and HMGB1-deficient mice showed reduced 24 hr urine protein levels and improved glomerular histological changes and sclerosis levels. These results indicate that TLR2 regulates glomerular mesangial matrix deposition in LN through the activation of the MyD88/NF-κB pathway by binding to HMGB1.     

Knockdown of TRIM27 expression suppresses the dysfunction of mesangial cells in lupus nephritis by FoxO1 pathway

TRIM27 (tripartite motif-containing 27) is a member of the TRIM (tripartite motif) protein family and participates in a variety of biological processes. Some research has reported that TRIM27 was highly expressed in certain kinds of carcinoma cells and tissues and played an important role in the proliferation of carcinoma cells. However, whether TRIM27 takes part in the progression of lupus nephritis (LN) especially in cells proliferation remains unclear. Our study revealed that the overexpression of TRIM27 was observed in the kidneys of patients with LN, lupus mice and mesangial cells exposed to LN plasma which correlated with the proliferation of mesangial cells and ECM (extracellular matrix) deposition. Downregulation of TRIM27 expression suppressed the proliferation of mesangial cells and ECM accumulation in MRL/lpr mice and cultured human mesangial cells (HMCs) by regulating the FoxO1 pathway. Furthermore, the overexpression of FoxO1 remarkably decreased HMCs proliferation level and ECM accumulation in LN plasma-treated HMCs. In addition, the protein kinase B (Akt) signal pathway inhibitor LY294002 significantly reduced the expression of TRIM27 and inhibited the dysfunction of mesangial cells. These above data suggested that TRIM27 mediated abnormal mesangial cell proliferation in kidney of lupus and might be the potential target for treating mesangial cell proliferation of lupus nephritis.     

外源性硫化氢对大鼠内毒素性肺损伤的影响及机制研究

目的：应用H2S供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）,观察外源性H2S对中性粒细胞（PMN）在脂多糖（LPS）刺激大鼠肺内聚集的影响及其机制。方法：采用尾静脉注射致Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠内毒素急性肺损伤（ALI）模型,将大鼠随机分为4组（n=8～12）。对照组：由尾静脉注射无菌生理盐水（0.5ml/kg）;LPS组：由尾静脉注射LPS（1mg/kg）;LPS＋NaHS组：注射LPS前10min腹腔注射NaHS（28μmol/kg）;NaHS组：腹腔注射NaHS（28μmol/kg）。6h后光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织学变化并计数肺泡间隔中PMN数目（number/HP）;脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的原位末端标记技术（TUNEL）测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中PMN凋亡百分率及应用Western blot检测肺组织细胞间黏附分子（ICAM）-1和核转录因子（NF）-κB表达的变化。结果：注射LPS后动物肺组织出现出血、水肿及PMN聚集等病理征象。LPS组大鼠肺组织中PMN数目较对照组显著增加,PMN凋亡百分率下降,ICAM-1、NF-κB表达显著增高;应用NaHS后每高倍镜PMN数目显著减少,PMN凋亡百分率明显增高,ICAM-1、NF-κB表达显著降低,肺组织损伤减轻。单独应用NaHS组大鼠上述各项指标与对照组大鼠相比无显著差异。结论：NaHS可减少PMN在肺内聚集,其机制与其抑制NF-κB通路,从而下调ICAM-1表达、促进PMN凋亡有关。     

High expression of diffuse panbronchiolitis critical region 1 gene promotes cell proliferation,migration and invasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Diffuse panbronchiolitis critical region 1 (DPCR1) is located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. It was reported to be downregulated in invasive pituitary adenoma compared with that in non-invasive tumors, but upregulated in the precursor of gastric carcinogenesis. However, the direct effect of DPCR1 on cancer cells has rarely been reported, and the role DPCR1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. The clinical sample validation and public data analysis of the present study demonstrated that DPCR1 was upregulated markedly in PDAC and this high expression was negatively correlated with the patient prognosis. Functionally, knocking down DPCR1 in PDAC cell lines inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Tumor xenograft experiments further showed that suppression of DPCR1 inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the results of RNA deep sequencing and qRT-PCR assay showed that DPCR1 participated in PADC progression by regulating nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, suggesting that it might be a novel oncogene in tumor progression and a potential therapeutic target in PDAC as well.     

褪黑素对油酸致大鼠急性肺损伤的防护作用及其机制研究

目的：研究油酸（OA）致大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）时,P-选择素（Ps）、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）和核因子-κB（NF-KB）在肺组织中的表达及褪黑素（MT）对肺组织的保护作用及其机制。方法：将48只SD大鼠随机分为4组（n=12）,对照组（Control）、油酸组（OA）、MT＋OA组,SB203580＋OA组。采用尾静脉注射油酸的方法建立大鼠Au的模型,测定肺系数,光镜下观察大鼠肺组织形态学改变,并通过免疫组织化学染色技术观察肺组织中Ps、ICAM-1和NF-κB的表达变化。结果：与control组相比,OA组大鼠肺系数明显升高（P〈0．05）;肺组织损伤严重,肺泡间隔明显增宽,肺泡腔及肺间质弥漫性炎细胞浸润;Ps、ICAM-1和NF-κB的阳性表达信号明显增强（P〈0．05）;应用MT和SB203580均显著缓解上述变化（P〈0．05）。结论：MT对ALI时的肺组织起明显的保护作用,其保护机制可能与抑制Ps、ICAM-1和NF-κB的表达有关。     

Saikosaponin A alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis via SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway

Mastitis is a common and serious bacterial infection of the mammary gland. Saikosaponin A (SSA) is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Bupleurum falcatum that has the ability to treat various diseases. However, little is known about the role of SSA in achieving mastitis remission. Here, we found that SSA alleviated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis by attenuating inflammation and maintaining blood-milk barrier integrity. Furthermore, S. aureus activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by upregulated p-p65 and p-IκB. S. aureus also induced ferroptosis in mammary gland in mice, mainly characterized by excessive iron accumulation, mitochondrial morphological changes and impaired antioxidant production. However, S. aureus-induced NF-κB activation and ferroptosis were prevented by SSA. Moreover, SAA could upregulate the expression of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1 and GPX4. And the inhibitory effects of SAA on inflammation and ferroptosis were reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527. In conclusion, SAA protected S. aureus-induced mastitis through suppressing inflammation and ferroptosis by activating SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway.     

Urolithin A prevents streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats by activating SIRT1

This study examined the cardiac anti-cardiomyopathy (DC) protective effect of urolithin A in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats and investigated if this protection involves activation of SIRT1 signaling. Diabetes was induced first STZ (65 mg/kg, i.p.) before starting the experiments. Adult male rats (n = 8/group) were treated for 8 weeks as control (non-diabetic), control + urolithin A (2.5 mg/kg/i.p.), STZ, STZ + urolithin A, and STZ + urolithin A + Ex-527 (1 mg/kg/i.p.) (a SIRT1 inhibitor). With no effect on fasting glucose and insulin levels, urolithin A improved left ventricular (LV) function and structure and reduced heart weight and serum levels of cardiac markers in STZ-treated rats. Also, it prevented collagen deposition, reduced mRNA levels of Bax, cleaved caspaspe3, collagen 1A1, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and Smad3 but enhanced those of Bcl2 in the LVs of diabetic rats. However, urolithin A suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), and increased the levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and total glutathione (GSH) in the LVs of the non-diabetic and diabetic rats, In parallel, it suppressed the cardiac activity of NF-nuclear factor-kappa beta p65 (κB p65) and reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Coincided with these events, urolithin A promoted higher activity, mRNA, and total/nuclear protein levels of SIRT1 and lowered the levels of acetyl-FOXO1, Nrf2, NF-κB, and p53. All these benefits of urolithin A were prevented by Ex-527. In conclusion, urolithin A protects against DC by activating SIRT signaling.     

Proteasome inhibition attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of proteasome in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) by examining the effect of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin on neutrophil infiltration, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided into (1) control, (2) intestinal I/R, (3) 0.2 mg/kg lactacystin pretreated, and (4) 0.6 mg/kg lactacystin pretreated groups (n = 8). Injuries in lung and intestine were induced by intestinal I/R, and were characterized by histological edema, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The results showed a significant increase in serum creatine kinase B (CK-B) and lung water content in intestine and lung injuries. As compared with the control group, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in intestine and lung as well as the serum TNF-α level increased significantly in intestinal I/R group. Simultaneously, expression of ICAM-1 and NF-κB p65 was also observed in the I/R group. Pre-treatment with lactacystin markedly reduced 20S proteasome activity in circulating white blood cells and ameliorated intestine and lung injuries. These results demonstrated that the proteasome participates in the pathogenesis of lung injury induced by intestinal I/R. Lactacystin as a proteasome inhibitor can prevent this kind of injury by decreasing ICAM-1 and TNF-α production via the inhibition of NF-κB activation.     

厄贝沙坦对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤中Notch1信号通路的影响

目的：观察厄贝沙坦对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤的作用,分析Notch1信号通路在其中的变化。方法：实验分4组：正常对照组（CON）、高糖高脂组（HC）、糖尿病组（DM）和厄贝沙坦+糖尿病组（Ir+DM）。制作2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠模型成功后,第8周开始检测大鼠空腹血糖水平（FBG）、全心质量及左心室重量,计算心脏指数（H/B）及左室重量指数（LVWI）,检测大鼠血浆甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）水平,检测心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量变化,免疫组化检测Bcl-2、Bax表达变化,Western blot检测大鼠心肌组织Notch1、Hes-1及Jagged-1的蛋白表达。结果：与CON组相比,HC组H/B、LVWI、FBG无明显变化,血脂、MDA含量明显升高,SOD活性、Bcl-2/Bax及Notch1、Hes-1、Jagged-1蛋白表达降低;与HC组相比,DM组H/B、LVWI、FBG、MDA含量增加明显,血脂水平无明显变化,SOD活性、Bcl-2/Bax及Notch1信号通路蛋白表达进一步降低;与DM组相比,厄贝沙坦干预组H/B、LVWI明显降低,血脂、血糖水平无明显变化,但SOD活性、Bcl-2/Bax增加,MDA含量降低,同时Notch1信号通路相关蛋白表达增加。结论：糖尿病可导致大鼠发生心肌损伤,厄贝沙坦可能通过增强Notch1信号通路的表达发挥心肌保护作用。     

Effect of hypoxia/reoxygenation on the biological effect of IGF system and the inflammatory mediators in cultured synoviocytes

Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which are highly sensitive to H/R, are thought to be associated with cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis development. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and the expression of inflammatory mediators in FLS. We also pretreated FLS with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) before H/R in order to observe the response of FLS with the background of inflammatory cytokines. H/R increased the levels of TNF-α-induced C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cell-free culture supernatants; H/R also increased the expression of TNF-α-induced insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), downregulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), promoted the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the openness of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), the release of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial matrix swelling, outer membrane rupture and decrease in cristae. Furthermore, H/R induced the expression of catabolic factors and activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in FLS. We therefore concluded that H/R may play a role in inducing inflammation and increase the TNF-α-induced inflammatory effect in FLS, contributing to osteoarthritis pathogenesis.     

PPARgamma-mediated ALDH1A3 suppression exerts anti-proliferative effects in lung cancer by inducing lipid peroxidation

Context: The metabolic function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in lung cancer remains unclear.

Objectives: To determine the relationship of PPARγ on ALDH1A3-induced lipid peroxidation to inhibit lung cancer cell growth.

Materials and methods: In silico analysis using microarray dataset was performed to screen the positive correlation between PPARγ and all ALDH isoforms. NUBIscan software and ChIP assay were used to identify the binding sites (BSs) of PPARγ on ALDH1A3 promoter. The expression of ALDH1A3 under thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment was evaluated by QPCR and Western Blot in HBEC and H1993 cell lines. Upon treatment of TZD, colony formation assay was used to check cell growth inhibition and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) production as lipid peroxidation marker was determined by Western Blot in PPARγ positive cell H1993 and PPARγ negative cell H1299.

Results: Compared to other ALDH isoforms, ALDH1A3 showed the highest positive correlation to PPARγ expression. ALDH1A3 upregulated PPARγ expression while PPARγ activation suppressed ALDH1A3. Among 2 potential screened PPARγ response elements, BS 1 and 2 in the promoter of ALDH1A3 gene, PPARγ bound directly to BS2. Ligand activation of PPARγ suppressed mRNA and protein expression of ALDH1A3. Growth inhibition was observed in H1993 (PPARγ positive cell) treated with PPARγ activator and ALDH inhibitor compared to H1299 (PPARγ negative cell). PPARγ activation increased 4HNE which is known to be suppressed by ALDH1A3.

Conclusions: ALDH1A3 suppression could be one of PPARγ tumor suppressive function. This study provides a better understanding of the role of PPARγ in lung cancer.