缓解-复发型多发性硬化和化脓性脑膜炎患者IL-12p40、IFN-γ水平的研究

目的:探讨白细胞介素-12p40(IL-12P40)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)在缓解-复发型多发性硬化(RRMS)和化脓性脑膜炎(BM)发病中的作用。方法:选取RRMS急性期患者24例,BM8例及作为对照组的非炎性神经系统疾病(NIND)患者12例,应用ELISA法测定受试者血清及脑脊液中IL-12p40、IFN-γ水平。结果:与NIND组相比,RRMS组血清中IL-12p40水平显著下降,IFN-γ水平显著升高,BM组脑脊液中IL-12p40、IFN-γ水平显著升高。结论:IL-12p40、IFN-γ参与了多发性硬化及化脓性脑膜炎发病的免疫病理过程。     

IFN-g促进LPS对小鼠抑制性巨噬细胞IL-12 p40/p35的表达

IL-12是由p35和p40两个亚基组成的可诱导细胞因子, 其重要的生物学功能是促进Th1细胞分化, 调节细胞免疫的抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用. 用半定量RT-PCR结合银染对LPS, LPS/IFN-γ作用下小鼠抑制性巨噬细胞IL-12 p40 和 p35两个基因mRNA的表达及NF-κB信号与表达的相互关系进行了研究, 发现IFN-γ不仅能显著促进LPS诱导的IL-12 p40 mRNA 的表达, 同样能明显上调IL-12 p35 mRNA水平, 两者表达水平大致相当, 而且IFN-γ 相应地促进了IL-12 p70的分泌. 蛋白酶小体抑制剂PSI显著抑制了LPS, IFN-γ , LPS/IFN-γ 诱导的IL-12 p40, p35mRNA的表达, 并对LPS, LPS/IFN-γ 诱导的Ik Ba 降解也有明显的抑制效应. LPS单独处理可增强NF-κB与小鼠p40基因启动子-146 ～-112区DNA特异序列的结合, 但IFN-gγ并不能加强LPS诱导的NF-k B与DNA的结合, 也不能促进LPS诱导的Ik Ba 降解. 以上结果提示: (ⅰ) IFN-/LPS共同作用, 可促使IL-12 p40和p35 两基因mRNA高水平表达并相互协调. 这种高表达和IL-12 p70的分泌增加相一致. (ⅱ) NF-B是LPS, IFN-g /LPS诱导的IL-12 mRNA表达的基本信号通路. (ⅲ) 蛋白酶小体抑制剂PSI通过抑制Ik Ba 降解, 进而抑制LPS和LPS/IFN-g 诱导的IL-12 p40与p35 mRNA的表达. (ⅳ) IFN-γ 通过非NF-κB信号途径增强LPS诱导的p35/p40 mRNA表达.     

Promoting effect of IFN-γ on the expression of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA in murine suppressor macrophages

We detected the expression of IL-12 p40/p35 mRNA by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and silver staining, and studied the molecular interaction between the IL-12 expression and the NF-κB activation induced by LPS and IFN-γ/LPS in murine peritoneal suppressor macrophages (MPSMs). It was found that IFN-γ strongly enhanced the LPS-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA expression. Both p40 and p35 mRNA levels were approximately equal. IFN-γ also greatly promoted the LPS-induced secretion of IL-12 p70 in MPSMs. The Proteasome Inhibitor I (PSI) could block the expression of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA, and the degradation of κBα induced by LPS or LPS/IFN-γ. EMSA showed that LPS could augment the NF-κB binding activity to p40 promoter DNA. However, IFN-γ could neither enhance the LPS-induced NF-κB activity nor promote the degradation of kBa. Taken together, the data suggest: (i) IFN-γ/LPS could strongly induce the expression of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA; both the expression levels were equal; this phenomenon coincided wit     

Activation and cytokine profile of monocyte derived dendritic cells in leprosy: in vitro stimulation by sonicated Mycobacterium leprae induces decreased level of IL-12p70 in lepromatous leprosy

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the connection of innate and adaptive immunity of hosts to mycobacterial infection. Studies on the interaction of monocyte-derived DCs (MO-DCs) using Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy patients are rare. The present study demonstrated that the differentiation of MOs to DCs was similar in all forms of leprosy compared to normal healthy individuals. In vitro stimulation of immature MO-DCs with sonicated M. leprae induced variable degrees of DC maturation as determined by the increased expression of HLA-DR, CD40, CD80 and CD86, but not CD83, in all studied groups. The production of different cytokines by the MO-DCs appeared similar in all of the studied groups under similar conditions. However, the production of interleukin (IL)-12p70 by MO-DCs from lepromatous (LL) leprosy patients after in vitro stimulation with M. leprae was lower than tuberculoid leprosy patients and healthy individuals, even after CD40 ligation with CD40 ligand-transfected cells. The present cumulative findings suggest that the MO-DCs of LL patients are generally a weak producer of IL-12p70 despite the moderate activating properties ofM. leprae. These results may explain the poor M. leprae-specific cell-mediated immunity in the LL type of leprosy.     

一个与小鼠锌指蛋白基因ZF-12相关的假基因的克隆和鉴定

小鼠类Krüppel锌指蛋白基因ZF-12为人的类Krüppel锌指蛋白基因ZNF191的同源基因,它们都编码368个氨基酸残基,N端存在SCAN结构域,C端有4个连续的锌指模体,最近的研究表明ZNF191是肝癌发生的相关基因。我们以人锌指蛋白基因ZNF191的cDNA为探针,筛选小鼠λ噬菌体基因组文库,意外地获得了1个与小鼠锌指蛋白基因ZF-12相类似的基因,多种组织的RT-PCR和启动子序列分析,暗示该基因不表达,且该基因无内含子,与ZF-12高度相似,存在突变,暗示其为与ZF-12相关的假基因序列,经查新证实它为新的序列后,以ZF12p(ZF-12 pseudogene)命名在GenBank登录(AY040222)。查寻GenBank的人类基因组库以及Southern结果显示人类基因组中无ZNF191假基因序列。ZF12p与ZF-12高度相似,暗示ZF12p在进化过程中产生的时间较晚,这对研究锌指蛋白基因ZF-12的突变与进化具有重要的意义。     

Promoting effect of IFN-γ on the expression of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA in murine suppressor macrophages

We detected the expression of IL-12 p40/p35 mRNA by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and silver staining, and studied the molecular interaction between the IL-12 expression and the NF-kB activation induced by LPS and IFN-γ/LPS in murine peritoneal suppressor macrophages (MPSMs). It was found that IFN-γ strongly enhanced the LPS-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA expression. Both p40 and p35 mRNA levels were approximately equal. IFN-γ also greatly promoted the LPS-induced secretion of IL-12 p70 in MPSMs. The Proteasome Inhibitor I (PSI) could block the expres-sion of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA, and the degradation of IkBα induced by LPS or LPS/IFN-γ. EM-SA showed that LPS could augment the NF-kB binding activity to p40 promoter DNA. However, IFN-γ could neither enhance the LPS-induced NF-kB activity nor promote the degradation of IkBα. Taken together, the data suggest: (i) IFN-γ/LPS could strongly induce the expression of IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA; both the expression levels were equal; this phenomenon coincided with the high-level secretion of IL-12 p70 induced by IFN-γ/LPS; (ii) NF-kB signal pathway is essential for IFN-γ/LPS to induce IL-12 mRNA expression; (iii) by blocking the degradation of IkB, the PSI sup-presses the IL-12 p40/p35 mRNA expression induced by LPS and IFN-γ/LPS; (iv) NF-kB signal may not be involved in the mechanism by which IFN-γ enhanced the expression of the LPS-induced IL-12 p40/p35 mRNA.     

A sensitive and reliable quantification method for mouse interleukin-12 p70 based on fluorometric sandwich ELISA (FS-ELISA)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) p70 is an important cytokine secreted by antigen-presenting cells in response to antigenic stimulation; it is a heterodimer of p35 and p40 subunits. Here, we report a new, highly sensitive, and reliable method that employs fluorometric sandwich ELISA for quantification of the mouse IL-12 (moIL-12) p70 protein. Our method could quantify moIL-12 p70 in the range of approximately 0.5 to 500 pg/ml. In the assay, no signals were produced by the moIL-12 p40 monomer, homodimer [(p40)2], or mouse IL-23 even up to a concentration of 500 pg/ml; this ensures that our assay has a high specificity for moIL-12 p70. To demonstrate that our method can determine natural moIL-12 in real physiological/pathological samples, we monitored the moIL-12 p70 secretion from peritoneal exudative cells after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. IL-12 p70 secretion as early as 3h after LPS stimulation was reliably detected due to the high sensitivity of the method.     

Rer1, a putative transmembrane domain receptor responsible for targeting proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum

Summary Localization of resident proteins provides identity to subcellular compartments. Most proteins depend on a combination of both retention and retrieval to maintain their steady-state distribution. Rerl is a putative receptor protein mediating retrieval of membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum. This retrieval relies on an unusual hydrophobic target sequence, the transmembrane domain. Apart from Rerl, coatomer is also required to retrieve escaped membrane proteins from the early Golgi region back to the endoplasmic reticulum. Current evidence suggests that the Rerl-mediated retrieval of membrane proteins is a general sorting pathway in eukaryotic cells contributing to the maintenance of compartmental identity in the early secretory pathway.     

The E3 ligase c-Cbl regulates dendritic cell activation

The activation of innate and adaptive immunity is always balanced by inhibitory signalling mechanisms to maintain tissue integrity. We have identified the E3 ligase c-Cbl--known for its roles in regulating lymphocyte signalling--as a modulator of dendritic cell activation. In c-Cbl-deficient dendritic cells, Toll-like receptor-induced expression of proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin-12, is increased, correlating with a greater potency of dendritic-cell-based vaccines against established tumours. This proinflammatory phenotype is accompanied by an increase in nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity. In addition, c-Cbl deficiency reduces both p50 and p105 levels, which have been shown to modulate the stimulatory function of NF-κB. Our data indicate that c-Cbl has a crucial, RING-domain-dependent role in regulating dendritic cell maturation, probably by facilitating the regulatory function of p105 and/or p50.     

人源DNA聚合酶Pol δ小亚基p12的抗体制备及应用

人源DNA聚合酶δ(Polδ)是由p125、p50、p68和p12四个亚基组成的异源四聚体,小亚基p12在Polδ参与DNA复制与损伤修复过程中起着至关重要的作用。为了获得具有高度特异性和灵敏性的抗p12抗体,利用PCR技术成功扩增p12基因,通过酶切、连接、转化等常规分子克隆方法构建重组原核表达质粒pGEX-5X-3-p12,经转化大肠杆菌BL21,诱导表达的可溶性融合蛋白经Glutathione Sepharose 4B柱和FPLC Mono Q柱纯化、Factor-Xa酶切,获得不带GST标签的p12蛋白作为抗原;免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗血清并用Protein A/G亲和层析柱纯化多克隆抗体。经Western blot和细胞免疫荧光分析测试,所获得的抗体不但能够特异性识别细胞内源p12,而且观察到p12能够与PCNA共定位到DNA复制叉,首次在亚细胞水平上证明了p12与PCNA的粘连互作反应。高度特异和灵敏的抗p12抗体的获得为深入研究小亚基p12如何调控Polδ的酶学功能、为从人类癌症发病的起因上阐明由于Polδ功能改变而引起遗传基因组不稳定进而导致肿瘤发生的机制提供了重要的手段。     

A selective transport route from Golgi to late endosomes that requires the yeast GGA proteins

Pep12p is a yeast syntaxin located primarily in late endosomes. Using mutagenesis of a green fluorescent protein chimera we have identified a sorting signal FSDSPEF, which is required for transport of Pep12p from the exocytic pathway to late endosomes, from which it can, when overexpressed, reach the vacuole. When this signal is mutated, Pep12p instead passes to early endosomes, a step that is determined by its transmembrane domain. Surprisingly, Pep12p is then specifically retained in early endosomes and does not go on to late endosomes.By testing appropriate chimeras in mutant strains, we found that FSDSPEF-dependent sorting was abolished in strains lacking Gga1p and Gga2p, Golgi-associated coat proteins with homology to gamma adaptin. In the gga1 gga2 double mutant endogenous Pep12p cofractionated with the early endosome marker Tlg1p, and recycling of Snc1p through early endosomes was defective. Pep12p sorting was also defective in cells lacking the clathrin heavy or light chain. We suggest that specific and direct delivery of proteins to early and late endosomes is required to maintain the functional heterogeneity of the endocytic pathway and that the GGA proteins, probably in association with clathrin, help create vesicles destined for late endosomes.     

DANCR contributed to hepatocellular carcinoma malignancy via sponging miR-216a-5p and modulating KLF12

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA (DANCR) has been identified as an oncogene in several cancers. However, the biological function and role of DANCR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Our current study aimed to investigate the detailed mechanism of DANCR in HCC. We found that DANCR was significantly upregulated in HCC cell lines in comparison to LO2 cells. Then, we observed that knockdown of DANCR could greatly inhibit Huh7 and HepG2 cell proliferation. In addition, HCC cell apoptosis was increased by silence of DANCR and meanwhile, cell cycle progression was blocked in G1 phase. Apart from these, downregulation of DANCR repressed HCC cell migration and invasion ability obviously. As predicted by the bioinformatics analysis, microRNA-216a-5p (miR-216a-5p) could serve as a direct target of DANCR. MiR-216a-5p has been reported to be involved in many cancers. Here, the correlation between miR-216a-5p and DANCR was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Subsequently, Kruppel-like factor 12 (KLF12) exerts an important role in different tumor types. KLF12 can function as a downstream target of miR-216a-5p. Finally, the in vivo experiments were used and the data proved that DANCR also strongly suppressed HCC tumor growth in vivo via targeting miR-216a-5p and KLF12. In conclusion, our study indicated that DANCR might provide a new perspective for HCC treatment.     

p53蛋白参与NGF诱导的PC12细胞周期阻滞

通过观察不同营养状况下NGF诱导PC12细胞发生周期阻滞过程中p53蛋白水平的变化,探讨p53在PC12细胞周期阻滞中可能的作用机制．用流式细胞术检测细胞周期;Western blot检测p53和p21^WAF1/CIP蛋白水平．结果显示1％FBS(Fatal Bovine Serum)和50ug／L NGF(Nerve Growth Factor)均可诱导PC12细胞发生细胞周期阻滞．在10％FBS 50ug／L NGF处理的细胞中,p53和p21^WAF1/CIP1均增高,而使用MEK抑制剂U0126(10umol／L)可以抑制这一增高．在1％FBS处理的细胞中,p53水平增高,p21^WAF1/CIP1却未见明显增高;进而加入50ug／L NGF作用1h后,p53显著降低,6h后再次升高,并持续至24h．可见p53在50ug／L NGF和1％FBS诱导的细胞周期阻滞中均发挥作用,但作用机制可能不同．     

LncRNA SNHG12 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in osteosarcoma by upregulating Notch2 by sponging miR-195-5p

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor and has a high fatality rate in children and adolescents. Recently, an increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs have crucial roles in regulating biological characteristics in malignant tumors. Therefore, this research was carried out to uncover the biological function and the potential molecular mechanism of SNHG12 in osteosarcoma. In this study, we found that SNHG12 was significantly upregulated in both osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines and osteosarcoma patients with high levels of SNHG12 tended to have a poor prognosis. We evaluated the biological function of SNHG12 in 143B and U2OS cells and show that the downregulation of SNHG12 suppressed cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase and weakened cell invasion and migration abilities. Dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays were conducted to confirm that SNHG12 functioned as a ceRNA, modulating the expression of Notch2 by sponging miR-195-5p in osteosarcoma. We further demonstrate that Notch2 played a crucial role in activating the Notch signaling pathway. In conclusion, SNHG12 might serve as a valuable biomarker and prognosis factor in osteosarcoma patients. The SNHG12/miR-195-5p/Notch2-Notch signaling pathway axis might become a novel therapeutic for osteosarcoma.