CRISPR/Cas9系统在疾病研究和治疗中的应用

基因组编辑技术(Genome editing technology)是一种通过人工手段在基因组水平对DNA序列进行改造的遗传操作技术,包括特定DNA片段的插入、敲除、替换和点突变.其中,依赖核酸酶的基因组编辑技术的基本原理是在基因组的特定位置产生双链DNA断裂(Double-stranded break,DSB)后通过...     

CRISPR/Cas9系统的分子机制及其在人类疾病基因治疗中的应用

CRISPR/Cas系统是广泛存在于细菌和古生菌中的适应性免疫系统,用来抵抗外来病毒或质粒的入侵。近几年,由Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas适应性免疫系统改造而来的CRISPR/ Cas9基因组编辑技术蓬勃发展,被广泛地应用于生命科学研究的各个领域,并取得了革命性的变化。文章主要综述了CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术的起源与发展及在生命科学各研究领域的应用,重点介绍了该系统在人类疾病基因治疗方面的最新应用及脱靶效应,以期为相关领域的科研人员提供参考。     

靶向番茄SlACS2基因CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA的设计和分析

番茄为呼吸跃变型果实,伴随呼吸跃变产生大量乙烯,即系统II乙烯,易使番茄果实过熟,导致腐烂变质。SlACS2是番茄系统II乙烯合成的限速酶,通过CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑系统修饰该基因,调控系统II乙烯过量表达,将迟滞番茄过熟。本研究基于RNA-seq建立了SlACS2基因的数字表达谱,表明该基因呈果实特异性表达,在植株的根、茎、叶等部位不表达。SlACS2位于番茄1号染色体,含4个外显子和3个内含子。利用在线工具CRISPRdirect 和CRISPR-P发现第1、2、3外显子分别具有18、9和11条sgRNA。其中,sgRNA1-14和sgRNA3-8及二者的近PAM的12 nt 种子序列在番茄基因组是唯一序列,GC含量高于40%,不存在TTTT终止序列。BLAST结果表明,sgRNA1-14和sgRNA3-8与GenBank公布的8条SlACS2同源序列高度一致,位于该基因的保守区,而与SlACS4和SlACS6的同源序列存在多个SNP,预示这2条sgRNA可用于番茄不同品种SlACS2基因的靶向编辑,并可规避对SlACS家族其他同源基因的脱靶效应。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在癌症研究中的应用

CRISPR/cas9基因组编辑技术因其设计简单以及操作容易,使其在基因编辑的研究中越来越受到欢迎。利用该技术,科研人员可以实现在碱基的水平对基因组进行定点修饰。CRISPR系统现已经被广泛地应用到多个物种的基因组编辑以及癌症的相关研究中。本文在最新研究进展的基础上,结合对癌症研究及基因组编辑技术的理解,对CRISPR/Cas9技术在癌症研究中的应用进行了综述。     

纳米粒子在CRISPR/Cas9基因治疗中的应用

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术已成为基因治疗领域最有前景的工具。在临床应用中,对CRISPR/Cas9进行安全有效的递送一直是亟待解决的问题。纳米粒子,如脂基纳米粒子、聚合物纳米粒子、纳米金颗粒以及生物膜类纳米粒子等,因其生物相容性、安全性和可设计性等特点有望为基因治疗带来新的突破。文中首先对纳米粒子的特性和基因治疗中CRISPR/Cas9的发展进行了概述,然后详细归纳了纳米粒子在递送不同形式的CRISPR/Cas9中的应用,最后对纳米粒子介导的基因治疗的递送在未来面临的挑战和安全性等方面作出总结论述。     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在非模式植物中的应用进展

基因组编辑技术的出现对植物遗传育种及作物性状的改良产生了深远意义。CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)是由成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列及其关联蛋白组成的免疫系统,其作用是原核生物(40%细菌和90%古细菌)用来抵抗外源遗传物质(噬菌体和病毒)的入侵。该技术实现了对基因组中多个靶基因同时进行编辑,与前两代基因编辑技术:锌指核酶(ZFNs)和转录激活因子样效应物核酶(TALENs)相比更加简单、廉价、高效。目前CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术已在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、玉米(Zea mays)、番茄(tomato)等模式植物和多数大作物中实现了定点基因组编辑,其应用范围不断地向各类植物扩展。但与模式植物和一些大作物相比,CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在非模式植物,尤其在一些小作物的应用中存在如载体构建、靶点设计、脱靶检测、同源重组等问题有待进一步完善。该文对CRISPR/Cas9技术在非模式植物与小作物研究的最新研究进展进行了总结,讨论了该技术目前在非模式植物、小作物应用的局限性,在此基础上提出了相关改进策略,并对CRISPR/Cas9系统在非模式植物中的研究前景进行了展望。     

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing: From basic research to translational medicine

The recent development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an efficient and accessible programmable genome-editing tool has revolutionized basic science research. CRISPR/Cas9 system-based technologies have armed researchers with new powerful tools to unveil the impact of genetics on disease development by enabling the creation of precise cellular and animal models of human diseases. The therapeutic potential of these technologies is tremendous, particularly in gene therapy, in which a patient-specific mutation is genetically corrected in order to treat human diseases that are untreatable with conventional therapies. However, the translation of CRISPR/Cas9 into the clinics will be challenging, since we still need to improve the efficiency, specificity and delivery of this technology. In this review, we focus on several in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in human disease-focused research, explore the potential of this technology in translational medicine and discuss some of the major challenges for its future use in patients.     

基于CRISPR-Cas9技术的基因治疗研究进展

CRISPR-Cas9系统是细菌在与噬菌体抗争的进化过程中产生的一种抵御外源DNA入侵的机制,能有效识别并剪切外源DNA。基于其识别切除外源DNA的原理,CRISPR-Cas9系统被开发成为新一代基因编辑工具。与ES打靶、ZFN、TALEN等技术途径相比,CRISPR-Cas9系统操作简便、效率高、成本低,有着极其广阔的应用前景。本文整理了近年内有关CRISPR-Cas9系统的最新文献报道,对该系统工作原理以及针对基因治疗的研究进展进行综述。     

Efficient Editing of an Adenoviral Vector Genome with CRISPR/Cas9

Immunotherapy based on genetic modification of T cells has played an important role in the treatment of tumors and viral infections. Moreover, adenoviral vectors engineered with improved safety due to their inability to integrate into the host genome have been key in the clinical application of T cell therapy. However, the commonly used adenoviral vector Ad5 exhibits low efficiency of infection of human T cells and the details of the intracellular trafficking pathway of adenoviral vectors in human primary T cells remains unclear. Resolution of these issues will depend on successful modification of the adenoviral vector. To this end, here we describe the successful establishment of a simple and efficient method for editing adenoviral vectors in vitro using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system to target the adenoviral fiber gene. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12088-020-00905-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

CRISPR/Cas9:基因编辑的新时代

基因编辑技术是通过核酸内切酶对基因组DNA进行定向改造的技术,可以实现对特定DNA碱基的缺失、替换等,常用的四种基因编辑工具分别是:巨型核酸酶、锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶以及CRISPR/Cas9系统.其中CRISPR/Cas9系统作为一种新型的基因组编辑技术具有组成简单、特异性好、切割效率高的优点.该文对...     

CRISPR/Cas9 and TALE: beyond cut and paste

Nuclease-based genome editing has proven to be a powerful and promising tool for disease modeling and gene therapy. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas and TALE indicate that they could also be used as a targeted regulator of gene expression, as well as being utilized for illuminating specific chromosomal structures or genomic regions.     

A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in situ complementation method for Phytophthora sojae mutants

Phytophthora sojae is an important model species for oomycete functional genomics research. Recently, a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology has been successfully established in P. sojae, which has been rapidly and widely applied in oomycete research. However, there is an emerging consensus in the biological community that a complete functional gene research system is needed such as developed in the investigations in functional complementation carried out in this study. We report the development of an in situ complementation method for accurate restoration of the mutated gene. We targeted a regulatory B-subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PsPP2Ab1) to verify this knockout and subsequent complementation system. We found that the deletion of PsPP2Ab1 in P. sojae leads to severe defects in vegetative hyphal growth, soybean infection, and loss of the ability to produce sporangia. Subsequently, the reintroduction of PsPP2Ab1 into the knockout mutant remedied all of the deficiencies. This study demonstrates the successful implementation of an in situ complementation system by CRISPR/Cas9, which will greatly accelerate functional genomics research of oomycetes in the post-genomic era.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统纳米递送及其在肿瘤治疗中应用

新兴的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可实现在分子水平上对基因进行操作,具有设计简单、易于操作、特异性好、效率高等优点,广泛应用于肿瘤发生、发展和转移的潜在机制以及临床治疗的研究.利用纳米技术研发的非病毒纳米载体可以将CRISPR/Cas9系统高效递送到体内,为CRISPR/Cas9技术在临床领域的应用提供新途径.本文介绍CRISPR/Cas9的作用原理,简要概括目前CRISPR/Cas9系统的递送形式和常用的纳米递送载体,总结在部分肿瘤治疗中应用该技术的研究进展,并进一步对此进行展望.     

Development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system for high efficiency multiplexed gene deletion in Rhodosporidium toruloides

The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is considered a promising candidate for production of chemicals and biofuels thanks to its ability to grow on lignocellulosic biomass, and its high production of lipids and carotenoids. However, efforts to engineer this organism are hindered by a lack of suitable genetic tools. Here we report the development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing in R. toruloides based on a fusion 5S rRNA–tRNA promoter for guide RNA (gRNA) expression, capable of greater than 95% gene knockout for various genetic targets. Additionally, multiplexed double-gene knockout mutants were obtained using this method with an efficiency of 78%. This tool can be used to accelerate future metabolic engineering work in this yeast.