皮肤组织工程支架材料

皮肤组织工程支架材料为种子细胞提供生长和代谢的环境,是人工皮肤研究中的重要内容,可按来源分为合成支架材料和天然支架材料。近几年的研究重点是:前者通过表面仿生技术增强其对细胞的黏附性;后者通过物理或化学方法提高其力学性能和渗透性等。今后应重点研究以下内容:深入研究合成支架材料的表面改性,进一步提高其引导细胞行为的功能,促进材料对细胞的黏附;进一步提高天然支架材料的微观渗透性和生物活性,促进毛细血管的长入;制备结构仿生支架材料及高活性复合支架材料。     

Biomimetic and bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds from electrospun composite nanofibers

Electrospinning is an enabling technology that can architecturally (in terms of geometry, morphology or topography) and biochemically fabricate engineered cellular scaffolds that mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). This is especially important and forms one of the essential paradigms in the area of tissue engineering. While biomimesis of the physical dimensions of native ECM's major constituents (eg, collagen) is no longer a fabrication-related challenge in tissue engineering research, conveying bioactivity to electrospun nanofibrous structures will determine the efficiency of utilizing electrospun nanofibers for regenerating biologically functional tissues. This can certainly be achieved through developing composite nanofibers. This article gives a brief overview on the current development and application status of employing electrospun composite nanofibers for constructing biomimetic and bioactive tissue scaffolds. Considering that composites consist of at least two material components and phases, this review details three different configurations of nanofibrous composite structures by using hybridizing basic binary material systems as example. These are components blended composite nanofiber, core-shell structured composite nanofiber, and nanofibrous mingled structure.     

应用于组织工程支架制备的电纺技术

组织工程技术为修复病损的组织和器官提供了一种新的途径,在组织工程中,细胞支架起着支撑细胞生长、引导组织再生、控制组织结构和释放活性因子等作用。针对电纺技术的新发展和细胞支架的新理念,综述了国内外利用电纺技术制备细胞支架的工艺条件、制备方法、组织细胞培养等方面的研究进展,并结合作者所在研究团队的研究工作提出了对未来电纺技术在组织工程中应用的研究重点和发展方向的认识。     

Design and characterization of a modified T‐flask bioreactor for continuous monitoring of engineered tissue stiffness

Controlling environmental conditions, such as mechanical stimuli, is critical for directing cells into functional tissue. This study reports on the development of a bioreactor capable of controlling the mechanical environment and continuously measuring force‐displacement in engineered tissue. The bioreactor was built from off the shelf components, modified off the shelf components, and easily reproducible custom built parts to facilitate ease of setup, reproducibility and experimental flexibility. A T‐flask was modified to allow for four tissue samples, mechanical actuation via a LabView controlled stepper motor and transduction of force from inside the T‐flask to an external sensor. In vitro bench top testing with instrumentation springs and tissue culture experiments were performed to validate system performance. Force sensors were highly linear (R² > 0.998) and able to maintain force readings for extended periods of time. Tissue culture experiments involved cyclic loading of polyurethane scaffolds seeded with and without (control) human foreskin fibroblasts for 8 h/day for 14 days. After supplementation with TGF‐β, tissue constructs showed an increase in stiffness between consecutive days and from the acellular controls. These experiments confirmed the ability of the bioreactor to distinguish experimental groups and monitor tissue stiffness during tissue development. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010     

Design considerations and challenges for mechanical stretch bioreactors in tissue engineering

With the increase in average life expectancy and growing aging population, lack of functional grafts for replacement surgeries has become a severe problem. Engineered tissues are a promising alternative to this problem because they can mimic the physiological function of the native tissues and be cultured on demand. Cyclic stretch is important for developing many engineered tissues such as hearts, heart valves, muscles, and bones. Thus a variety of stretch bioreactors and corresponding scaffolds have been designed and tested to study the underlying mechanism of tissue formation and to optimize the mechanical conditions applied to the engineered tissues. In this review, we look at various designs of stretch bioreactors and common scaffolds and offer insights for future improvements in tissue engineering applications. First, we summarize the requirements and common configuration of stretch bioreactors. Next, we present the features of different actuating and motion transforming systems and their applications. Since most bioreactors must measure detailed distributions of loads and deformations on engineered tissues, techniques with high accuracy, precision, and frequency have been developed. We also cover the key points in designing culture chambers, nutrition exchanging systems, and regimens used for specific tissues. Since scaffolds are essential for providing biophysical microenvironments for residing cells, we discuss materials and technologies used in fabricating scaffolds to mimic anisotropic native tissues, including decellularized tissues, hydrogels, biocompatible polymers, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we present the potential future directions for improving stretch bioreactors and scaffolds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:543–553, 2016     

人造生物皮肤

由活细胞和生物相容性材料制成的人造生物皮肤是第一种获得ＦＤＡ批准的组织工程产品,它们在治疗严重烧伤病人和顽固性溃疡病人具有很好的疗效。本综述了人造生物皮肤的特点、制备方法和作用机理,并介绍了一些组织工程皮肤产品。     

Specific desensitization of actin polymerization of bovine platelets

Polymerization of actin induced by activation of platelets was investigated using deoxyribonuclease I inhibition assay. When platelets were activated with ADP or 5-hydroxytryptamine, actin was polymerized quickly followed by rapid depolymerization to the initial level. Reactivation with the same agonist, however, did not cause the polymerization of actin, though with different agonists actin polymerized quite normally. The mechanism for this agonist-specific desensitization of actin polymerization was investigated by the use of a calcium ionophore A23187. It was suggested that the cause for the desensitization is the inability of platelets to mobilize Ca2+ in response to specific agonist.     

Novel opportunities and challenges offered by nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering

Over the last decades, tissue engineering has demonstrated an unquestionable potential to regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Some tissue-engineered solutions recently entered the clinics (eg, artificial bladder, corneal epithelium, engineered skin), but most of the pathologies of interest are still far from being solved. The advent of stem cells opened the door to large-scale production of “raw living matter” for cell replacement and boosted the overall sector in the last decade. Still reliable synthetic scaffolds fairly resembling the nanostructure of extracellular matrices, showing mechanical properties comparable to those of the tissues to be regenerated and capable of being modularly functionalized with biological active motifs, became feasible only in the last years thanks to newly introduced nanotechnology techniques of material design, synthesis, and characterization. Nanostructured synthetic matrices look to be the next generation scaffolds, opening new powerful pathways for tissue regeneration and introducing new challenges at the same time. We here present a detailed overview of the advantages, applications, and limitations of nanostructured matrices with a focus on both electrospun and self-assembling scaffolds.     

冻融联合灌注法优化大鼠肾脏脱细胞支架的制备

本研究旨在探索优化肾脏脱细胞支架的制备方法,为肾脏组织工程及肾脏体外病理、毒理研究提供实验基础。取大鼠肾脏灌注PBS作为对照组 (Control组),在不同流速下分别以十二烷基磺酸钠 (Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS) 灌注 (S组),Triton X-100联合SDS灌注 (TS组),反复冻融后Triton X-100联合SDS灌注(FTS组),制备肾脏脱细胞支架,并测定其流体分布及脉管阻力。HE染色、DAPI染色、DNA定量检测脱细胞支架脱细胞程度,Masson染色、PAS染色、免疫组织化学染色检测脱细胞支架主要成分的保留和结构的完整,扫描电镜检测支架的超微结构,MTT法检测支架的细胞毒性,ELISA检测支架中生长因子的含量。结果显示,FTS组脱细胞用时较S组、TS组少,10 mL/min组支架脉管阻力较低,S组、TS组、FTS组流体分布与Control组存在差异。HE染色和DAPI染色显示各组支架未见细胞成分残留,DNA含量＜50 ng/mg。Masson染色和PAS染色可见细胞外网状胶原及多糖,免疫组织化学染色见Ⅰ型胶原 (CollagenⅠ)、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白 (Collagen Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白 (Fibronectin)、层粘连蛋白 (Laminin) 表达。扫描电镜见支架呈蜂窝状结构。MTT法检测支架细胞毒性分级在0–1级之间。ELISA检测提示FTS组VEGF、EGF、IGF-1、PDGF含量明显高于S组和TS组。综上,联合冻融和灌注法能够制备更为理想且有效的大鼠肾脏整器官脱细胞支架,为肾脏组织工程及肾脏体外病理、毒理学研究奠定基础。