青藏高原东北缘不同土地利用类型土壤质量综合评价

土壤质量评价是合理利用土壤资源的重要前提。通过采集青藏高原东北缘甘肃省天祝县境内林地(n=9)、草地(n=18)和耕地(n=38)土壤样品,并测定土壤容重、田间持水量和有机质等13项土壤理化性质指标,采用主成分分析和相关性分析构建最小数据集(MDS),建立土壤质量评价指标体系,对3个不同土地利用类型的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明: 林地的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和含水量、有机质、全氮和速效钾含量显著高于草地和耕地。林地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量、有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾,土壤质量指数(SQI)介于0.329～0.678,平均值为0.481;草地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量和速效氮,SQI介于0.302～0.703,平均值为0.469;耕地土壤质量评价指标体系包括毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾,SQI介于0.337～0.616,平均值为0.462。影响林地、草地和耕地土壤质量的最大障碍指标分别为速效钾、田间持水量和毛管持水量。基于MDS的土壤质量指数能够实现研究区不同土地利用类型土壤质量的准确评价,土壤质量整体上表现为林地>草地>耕地,评价结果对该区域土壤可持续管理具有重要参考价值。     

The evolution of the environment and its influence on the evolution of life

Thermodynamic data and known paleogeological data were used to deduce when and what elements (compounds) were readily available during the whole history of the earth. On the basic assumption that available compounds would dictate the type of organisms to emerge, we attempted to derive a kind of evolutionary tree. This was then compared with the existing evolutionary trees derived from the sequences of proteins and polynucleotides.     

Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) on soil physicochemical property of the bare land and vegetation land in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The available burrow densities of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) regulate the soil physicochemical property in alpine meadow. A field survey was conducted to investigate the effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika on soil physicochemical property of bare land (bare patch produced by burrowing behavior of plateau pika) and vegetation land (land covered with vegetation). This study indicated that the increase in available burrow of plateau pika caused the soil water content at 0–10 cm layer of bare land and that at 10–20 cm of vegetation land to reduce, and caused the soil water content at 10– 20 cm layer of bare land and that at 0–10 cm layer of vegetation land to firstly increase and then decline. In the increasing process of available burrow of plateau pika, the soil silt content firstly increased and then decreased, and soil sand content firstly decreased and then increased. With the increase of available burrow of plateau pika, the soil porosity at 0–10 cm layer of bare land and that at 10–20 cm layer of vegetation land decreased, while the soil porosity at 10–20 cm layer of bare land and that at 0–10 cm of vegetation land firstly increased and then decreased. Soil pH value, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content firstly increased and then decreased, peaking at 14 available burrows per 625 m², while total soil potassium content did not respond to available burrow densities of plateau pika. This study suggested that the proper available burrows existing in the alpine meadow increased soil permeability, accelerated soil moisture to penetrate deeply, increased the proportion of soil silt, and improved the soil nutrient; however, this beneficial effect was strongly influenced by the available burrow density of plateau pika, implying that plateau pika did not benefit soil structure when its available burrow was over 34 number/625 m².     

A regression model of the relationship between locust seedling growth and soil conditions

The relationship between locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) biomass and soil physico-chemical properties can be expressed by a multivariate regression equation. The best equation formed through a stepwise regression method indicated that acidity and available P were the main factors which influenced plant growth. The role of available P reflected its cooperative relationship with available Mo and available K separately. Available N, available K and CaCO₃ also played very important roles and the concerted effects of available Mo with CaCO₃, CO₂ and total N separately had obviously cooperative effects to promote plant growth. Greater locust growth occurred in neutral, low calcareous and weakly acid soil, poorer growth occurred in the strongly acid and the highly calcareous soils.     

Nucleic acid staining with the methyl green-pyronin method. A comparison of the use of pure dyes and commercially available dyes

We compared the staining obtained using commercially available pyronin Y samples with that obtained using pure pyronin Y in a standardized methyl green-pyronin procedure. In addition, the importance of the dye content of the anhydrous dye was investigated by varying the dye content by the addition of pure pyronin Y to one of the commercially available pyronin Y samples. We found that, for routine histological work, commercially available pyronin Y samples may produce acceptable results provided the sample can be shown by spectrophotometry to contain at least 43% pyronin Y.     

Natural images from the birthplace of the human eye

Here we introduce a database of calibrated natural images publicly available through an easy-to-use web interface. Using a Nikon D70 digital SLR camera, we acquired about six-megapixel images of Okavango Delta of Botswana, a tropical savanna habitat similar to where the human eye is thought to have evolved. Some sequences of images were captured unsystematically while following a baboon troop, while others were designed to vary a single parameter such as aperture, object distance, time of day or position on the horizon. Images are available in the raw RGB format and in grayscale. Images are also available in units relevant to the physiology of human cone photoreceptors, where pixel values represent the expected number of photoisomerizations per second for cones sensitive to long (L), medium (M) and short (S) wavelengths. This database is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Unported license to facilitate research in computer vision, psychophysics of perception, and visual neuroscience.     

Predicting the probability of slip in gait: methodology and distribution study

The likelihood of a slip is related to the available and required friction for a certain activity, here gait. Classical slip and fall analysis presumed that a walking surface was safe if the difference between the mean available and required friction coefficients exceeded a certain threshold. Previous research was dedicated to reformulating the classical slip and fall theory to include the stochastic variation of the available and required friction when predicting the probability of slip in gait. However, when predicting the probability of a slip, previous researchers have either ignored the variation in the required friction or assumed the available and required friction to be normally distributed. Also, there are no published results that actually give the probability of slip for various combinations of required and available frictions. This study proposes a modification to the equation for predicting the probability of slip, reducing the previous equation from a double-integral to a more convenient single-integral form. Also, a simple numerical integration technique is provided to predict the probability of slip in gait: the trapezoidal method. The effect of the random variable distributions on the probability of slip is also studied. It is shown that both the required and available friction distributions cannot automatically be assumed as being normally distributed. The proposed methods allow for any combination of distributions for the available and required friction, and numerical results are compared to analytical solutions for an error analysis. The trapezoidal method is shown to be highly accurate and efficient. The probability of slip is also shown to be sensitive to the input distributions of the required and available friction. Lastly, a critical value for the probability of slip is proposed based on the number of steps taken by an average person in a single day.     

秦岭北麓华北落叶松林地土壤有效性钾含量变化

为探索华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林土壤有效性钾的钾素形态分布与含量变化规律,定期取样并测定了幼龄林(5a,10a)、中龄林(20a)、近熟林(30a)及成熟林(40a)的土壤有效钾含量。结果表明,速效钾含量在0–20 cm土层高于20–40 cm与40–60 cm土层;在0–20 cm土层中,年内不同生育期不同林龄间速效钾含量差异显著(P0.05);在0–20cm土层,土壤缓效钾和有效钾含量与其它土层含量差异不显著,年内不同生育期间土壤缓效钾和有效钾含量差异未达到显著性水平。随着林龄的增加,土壤速效钾呈先增加后降低的趋势,土壤有效钾与缓效钾呈下降趋势,成熟林(40a)的土壤有效钾与缓效钾含量明显低于其它林龄。研究区域各林龄华北落叶松人工林土壤速效钾与缓效钾在含量分级标准中达到中等及高等含量水平,有效钾含量丰富。     

Response of alpine meadow communities to burrow density changes of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a key component of alpine meadow ecosystem in the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau, and the increase of its number leads plant components of alpine meadow ecosystem to adaptively response. A field survey was carried out to determine the response of alpine meadow community to population densities of plateau pika by using available burrow density to replace the population density of plateau pika. This study showed that the height of alpine meadow communities gradually increased, and the cover of alpine meadow communities firstly decreased, and then increased as the available burrow density increased. With the increase of available burrow density, the richness index of alpine meadow communities firstly decreased and then increased, and the evenness index of alpine meadow communities firstly increased and then decreased, however, the diversity index of alpine meadow communities firstly increased, and then decreased, finally increased. In the increasing process of available burrow density, the total plant biomass and the unpalatable plant biomass firstly decreased and then increased, and the palatable plant biomass firstly increased and then decreased, indicating that the palatable plant biomass was the highest and the unpalatable plant biomass was the lowest at 14 available burrow per 625 m². In the economic groups of plant biomass, the weed biomass was the highest and the legume biomass was the lowest at any available burrow densities, and the grass biomass and the sedge biomass were related to available burrow densities, indicating that the sedge biomass were bigger than the grass biomass at 3 available burrow per 625 m², inverse at 54 available burrow per 625 m², similar between 3 and 34 available burrow per 625 m². Accompanying by the increase of available burrow densities, the legume biomass and the sedge biomass significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the legume became disappearance at 54 available burrow per 625 m²; the grass biomass firstly increased and then decreased, peaking at 14 available burrow per 625 m². The weed biomass firstly decreased and then increased, and was the lowest at 14 available burrow per 625 m². This study suggested that the responses of alpine meadow communities to population density of plateau pika at 14 available burrows per 625 m² were more sensitive than that at other available burrow per 625 m² from plant species diversity, biomass, height, cover and economic group.     

The nutrition of the pea

Sand-culture experiments with the pea plant demonstrated that 8.24–32.96 p.p.m. of available nitrogen was the optimum range of concentrations for yield of peas, with a bias in favour of the lower half of the range; adequate supplies of nitrogen appeared to cause branching of the tops into two or more main stems. The best range of concentrations of available phosphorus was 2.73-10.92 p.p.m., while that for available potassium was 5.61-44.88 p.p.m. Deficiency of potassium caused marginal scorch followed by general scorch and death of the foliage progressively up the stem. Absence of boron had not a great effect with this plant, probably because the large seed possibly contains an appreciable amount of boron.     

Estimations of the human 'vitamin D' UV exposure in the USA.

Human exposure to sunlight promotes the formation of pre-vitamin D in the skin. Low or marginal levels of vitamin D has been linked to a wide range of human health outcomes, including the development of various types of cancer. However, few data exist on the actual exposure to human due to vitamin D producing ultraviolet radiation. Most studies of human disease and vitamin D have linked latitude and location of residence to expected exposure form the available ambient UV radiation. Human UV exposure for the development of vitamin D depends on a variety of factors such as time spent outdoors, percent available skin, skin type, UV protective devices used and distribution of UV over the human form. In this paper, we investigate how latitude impacts not only on the amount of UV available for vitamin D synthesis, but also the distribution of UV over the human form.     

沙地云杉幼苗根表土体中NPK的梯度分布

采用水平根和垂直根两种处理方法对6年生沙地云杉幼苗进行栽培实验,应用分层取样方法对幼苗根表不同距离土体进行取样,并测定不同层次土体中速效N、速效P、速效K的含量。结果表明,在沙地云杉根表不同距离的土体中,速效N、P、K呈现有规律的梯度分布,即在根表近距离土体中营养元素由于根系的吸附作用而含量较高,同时根系生命活动对营养元素的大量消耗又使得营养元素随即出现严重的亏缺区,再向外延伸营养元素含量又逐渐上升而达到土壤本底值,在水平根处理中,由于沙地云杉对N、P、K吸收和利用的强度不同,亏缺区出现的位置不同,速效N和速效K的亏缺区出现在距离根表1cm处;速效P出现在距离根表0．5cm处,在垂直根处理中,速效N、速效P、速效K的梯度变化与水平根处理的相似速效N和速效K亏缺区出现在距离根表大约1cm处,而速效P在根表附近土壤中的含量始终少于根表远处,说明沙地云杉幼苗对速效P的吸收和利用强度大,速效P可能成为沙地云杉生长发育的限制因子。因此,在沙地云杉引种栽培时,应该选择含P丰富的土壤,或者对林地适当施用一些P肥。     

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Crop Fertilization and Soil Fertility in the Loess Plateau in China from the 1970s to the 2000s

Increased fertilizer input in agricultural systems during the last few decades has resulted in large yield increases, but also in environmental problems. We used data from published papers and a soil testing and fertilization project in Shaanxi province during the years 2005 to 2009 to analyze chemical fertilizer inputs and yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) on the farmers'' level, and soil fertility change from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Loess Plateau in China. The results showed that in different regions of the province, chemical fertilizer NPK inputs and yields of wheat and maize increased. With regard to soil nutrient balance, N and P gradually changed from deficit to surplus levels, while K deficiency became more severe. In addition, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium increased during the same period. The PFP of N, NP and NPK on wheat and maize all decreased from the 1970s to the 2000s as a whole. With the increase in N fertilizer inputs, both soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen increased; P fertilizer increased soil available phosphorus and K fertilizer increased soil available potassium. At the same time, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium all had positive impacts on crop yields. In order to promote food safety and environmental protection, fertilizer requirements should be assessed at the farmers'' level. In many cases, farmers should be encouraged to reduce nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer inputs significantly, but increase potassium fertilizer and organic manure on cereal crops as a whole.     

On the mechanism of transport of proline in the ciliary body,optic nerve and choroid plexus

An analysis of available data on proline transport in several tissues indicates that a single saturable active transport mechanism, together with a passive process, is not able to account for the data available. Introduction of a parallel transport mechanism which is not saturated below 50 mM, makes it possible to give a reasonably satisfactory account of the available data, from the three tissues, on (1) initial rate of uptake as a function of external concentration and (2) the uptake as a function of time. If the two transport mechanisms occur in two different types of cells, it is possible not only to account for the above two sets of data, but also to account reasonably well for the efflux data. While the model predicts more rapid efflux of tracer into a higher external concentration as found experimentally, an attempt was not made to account quantitatively for all four sets of experiments simultaneously. For the three tissues, the root mean square of the relative error for the 24 data points available from the three different experiments, covering a range of values of concentration of 0.1 to 50 mM, a time range of 0.17 ao 240 minutes, are respectively 5.8, 13 and 9.6%.     

高原鼠兔种群恢复过程中的洞穴分布动态

高原鼠兔洞穴系统的恢复是其种群恢复的关键指标之一,洞穴分布的变化可以反映种群的动态。本研究于2014-2016年在青海省祁连县对2.79 hm2高寒草甸内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)种群密度、洞穴密度和洞穴的相对位置进行跟踪观测。其中包括6个50m×50m 的灭鼠堵洞处理、6个30m×30m 的灭鼠处理和3个50m×50m的对照处理。分别采用平均最近邻指数和平均拥挤度指数分析洞穴系统中有效洞、弃洞、粪坑和嬉戏坑的分布模式及洞系表现面积,并对各参数进行描述性和相关性分析。结果显示：高原鼠兔种群密度恢复过程中（1）有效洞的空间格局由随机向离散分布转变,弃洞由随机向聚集分布转变,粪坑和嬉戏坑无明显变化趋势;有效洞和弃洞分布格局的恢复都朝向灭鼠前状态,但恢复的都不充分;（2）有效洞最近邻指数与其自身密度正相关;弃洞最邻近指数与其自身密度负相关;粪坑、嬉戏坑最近邻指数与其自身密度无显著相关性;其中,仅粪坑的分布最近邻指数与高原鼠兔种群密度呈显著负相关;（3）有效洞与粪坑、嬉戏坑表现面积的变化情况较为一致,与弃洞呈互补态势;洞系表现面积的变异性远小于洞穴密度。结果说明：（1）高原鼠兔洞穴分布格局和洞穴密度的恢复具有滞后性;（2）有效洞、弃洞的分布格局主要受洞穴密度的影响;（3）高原鼠兔种群的恢复过程中对洞系面积的需求优先于洞口数量。     

有机物料对喀斯特地区石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响

为研究不同有机物料对喀斯特石灰土元素有效性的影响,采用40 d的室内培养实验,比较了单独添加不同比例（1%、3%、5%）的生物质炭、鸡粪肥、羊粪肥对喀斯特石灰土有效N、Fe、Zn含量的影响。结果表明：添加生物质炭提高了喀斯特石灰土的pH值,而添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥降低了喀斯特石灰土的pH值;添加3种有机物料均增加了喀斯特石灰土的有机质含量,大小关系为：生物质炭 > 鸡粪肥 > 羊粪肥,但添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥土壤有机质的化学活性和微生物活性更高。受pH、有机质活性、碳氮比等因素的影响,添加鸡粪肥和羊粪肥能增加土壤有效N含量,但两种有机肥对土壤有效N的提高效果相差不大,而添加生物质炭反而降低了土壤有效N的含量;3种有机物料均能提高土壤的有效Fe和有效Zn含量,其中鸡粪肥效果最佳,其次为羊粪肥和生物质炭。当3种有机物料的添加比例为5%时,生物质炭处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的0.92、1.13、1.21倍;鸡粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.22、1.63和3.39倍;羊粪肥处理土壤的有效N、Fe、Zn含量分别是对照处理的1.27、1.34和2.59倍。所以,相对于生物质炭,有机粪肥对喀斯特地区的石灰土有更好的改良效果。     

苏北大丰生态工程区两种植物群落土壤酶活性比较

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演着重要的角色.研究了大丰海滨湿地中实施微地貌水文饰变生态工程后的芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的季节变化动态,并对两种群落的3种土壤酶活性与各理化因子之间作了相关性分析,结果表明:(1)芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤中磷酸酶活性季节变化动态均为单峰型曲线,过氧化氢酶活性均为单谷型曲线,最大值和最小值都出现在夏季(8月份),土壤脲酶活性季节变化规律不明显.(2)相关分析表明,互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤含盐量、植物生物量显著相关,而其过氧化氢酶活性与二者呈显著负相关;芦苇群落土壤磷酸酶活性与有机质和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性则与二者均呈显著负相关.此外,两种群落中的土壤脲酶活性与所测土壤理化因子均无明显相关关系.(3)两种植物群落中土壤酶活性受土壤理化因子的共同影响.通径分析表明,在互花米草群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:土壤含盐量＞速效钾＞速效磷＞有机质＞铵态氮;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞速效磷＞铵态氮.在芦苇群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞铵态氮＞速效钾;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮＞速效磷;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:铵态氮＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞速效磷＞有机质.(4)微地貌水文饰变生态工程在一定程度上改良了土壤,有利于实现芦苇对互花米草的替代.     

The compositional organization and the expression of the Arabidopsis genome

The base composition patterns of genes, coding sequences and gene expression levels were analyzed in the available long sequences (contigs) of Arabidopsis. Chromosome 5 was analyzed in detail and all chromosomes for which sequence data are now available show essentially the same large-scale compositional properties. Guanine+cytosine levels of genes and of their coding regions, as well as gene densities and expression levels, all show a marked tendency to be higher in the distal regions of Arabidopsis chromosomes.     

Spatial variability of soil fertility factors in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region, China

It is essential to understand the spatial variability of soil properties in tobacco planting regions, so that the right decision can be made as to how many fertilizer rates are likely to be appropriated for the high-quality tobacco production. A total of 159 soil samples were taken from the surface soil (0-20cm) in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan Province, in April 2002 to examine the concentration of soil organic matter, pH, available N, available P, and available K. The spatial variability was evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The results show that among those five soil fertility factors, the variation coefficient of soil pH was the smallest, while that of available P was the greatest, which resulted from different cultivation methods and uneven fertilization. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the soil pH, organic matter, and available P semivariogram were well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 21020, 19150, and 8460m, respectively, whereas the available N and available K semivariogram were well described with an exponential model, with the distance of spatial dependence being ranged from 7484 to 25320 m. Soil pH value was strongly spatially dependent with C0/sill being 0.1935, while the other four soil fertility factors were moderately spatially dependent with C0/sill ranging between 0.3528 to 0.5260. Through the Kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of soil properties were drawn using the arcview software. This study provides a scientific basis for field management, which targets soil quality improvement in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region.     

Spatial variability of soil fertility factors in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region, China

It is essential to understand the spatial variability of soil properties in tobacco planting regions, so that the right decision can be made as to how many fertilizer rates are likely to be appropriated for the highquality tobacco production. A total of 159 soil samples were taken from the surface soil (0-20 cm) in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields, Henan Province, in April 2002 to examine the concentration of soil organic matter, pH, available N, available P, and available K. The spatial variability was evaluated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) analyses. The results show that among those five soil fertility factors, the variation coefficient of soil pH was the smallest, while that of available P was the greatest, which resulted from different cultivation methods and uneven fertilization. Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the soil pH, organic matter, and available P semivariogram were well described with spherical models, with the distance of spatial dependence being 21020, 19150, and 8460 m, respectively, whereas the available N and available K semivariogram were well described with an exponential model, with the distance of spatial dependence being ranged from 7484 to 25320 m. Soil pH value was strongly spatially dependent with C0/sill being 0.1935, while the other four soil fertility factors were moderately spatially dependent with C0/sill ranging between 0.3528 to 0.5260. Through the Kriging analysis, the spatial distribution maps of soil properties were drawn using the arcview software. This study provides a scientific basis for field management, which targets soil quality improvement in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting region.