意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在温室桃园的传粉行为及其影响因素

意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica和小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国设施农业中的两种主要授粉昆虫, 二者的传粉方式和传粉效率因不同作物而各有不同。为了选用最理想的蜂种为温室作物授粉, 提高作物的授粉效率, 我们于2008-2010年连续3年在北京的温室桃园进行了意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂的传粉行为及其影响因素的研究。结果表明, 两种蜂的日活动规律不同, 和意大利蜜蜂相比, 小峰熊蜂的活动起点温度低、 日工作时间长、 单花访问时间长, 采集蜂在温室内距离蜂巢不同距离之间扩散比较均匀。而意大利蜜蜂采集蜂的数量随授粉半径的增大而明显减少。温室内环境因子对两种蜂传粉活动的影响基本一致, 温度对两种蜂的传粉活动影响最大, 其次是湿度、 单花花蜜浓度和光照强度, 而单花花蜜体积对蜂活动无明显影响。本研究认为对于温室桃授粉应优先选用授粉性能稳定的小峰熊蜂, 并且适当调节温室内环境条件, 以提高其授粉效率。     

意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为比较研究

应用意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉,对其授粉行为和活动方式进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)采集过程中意蜂和中蜂的行为存在差异,意蜂头部探进铃铛花,将喙伸入花管中吸食花蜜,头部粘附花粉,花粉一部分被收集到花粉框,另一部分被带到其他花上;中蜂采集行为不同,一部分采集蜂探入铃铛花采食,采集时间短暂,另一部分采集蜂停靠在花托部位,采食花瓣掉落的花朵,不易粘附花粉和携带花粉。(2)授粉活动方式不同,意大利蜜蜂每分钟平均访花数为5.05±0.14次,中华蜜蜂为4.77±0.13次,两者差异不显著;而意蜂单次访花时间为9.16±0.43 s极显著长于中蜂的4.89±0.22 s,意蜂较中蜂在花朵的采集时间长,采集间隔时间短,而中蜂较意蜂寻找花朵的时间长,采集间隔时间长。单位面积意蜂采集蜂数量为平均12.00±0.90头,中蜂采集蜂数量平均为1.73±0.42头,两者差异极显著。同时意蜂蓝莓花粉携粉率27.51%,中蜂采集蓝莓花粉携粉率为11.38%,意蜂的授粉蜂数量及授粉专一性优于中蜂。本研究阐明了蓝莓花期不同蜂种的授粉行为及活动方式,据此得出意蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为和活动特性优越于中蜂,两者相比意蜂具有更高的授粉效率。     

中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂夏季高温下为长季节栽培设施西瓜授粉行为观察

应用中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为设施西瓜授粉,对其高温条件下的授粉行为进行对比观察。结果表明:两种蜜蜂的授粉行为相似,但在访花时间、访花间隔、访花频率和采集专一性等行为上存在差异。中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂的棚内活动时间分别为5.54 h和5.50 h,与西瓜开花时间基本重合;意大利蜜蜂的单花访花时间3.03±0.17 s比中华蜜蜂的访花时间2.66±0.15 s长,而访花间隔3.22±0.24 s显著低于中华蜜蜂的4.07±0.30 s,访花频率9.53±0.38朵/min显著高于中华蜜蜂的8.09±0.29朵/min。中华蜜蜂在5∶00-7∶00、7∶00-9∶00、9∶00-11∶00采集花粉中西瓜花粉的比例分别为11.03%、13.31%和12.62%,意大利蜜蜂在相应时间段采集花粉中西瓜花粉的比例分别为54.31%、55.97%和32.32%,差异显著。本研究认为中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂都能高效地完成设施西瓜的授粉任务,而且意大利蜜蜂在西瓜授粉上更具优势。     

明亮熊蜂的生物学特性及其授粉应用

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorumL.是我国重要的授粉昆虫之一,该种熊蜂在北京地区1年1代,以蜂王休眠方式越冬。越冬蜂王4月中旬出蛰,2周以后开始产卵,5月下旬第1批工蜂开始出房,7月上旬工蜂数量达到150只左右,随后蜂群中出现雄蜂和蜂王,8~9月蜂王和雄蜂交配。10月上旬,天气逐渐变冷,交配后的蜂王开始在地下休眠越冬。在人工控制条件下可以打破蜂王的休眠期、实现1年多代繁育,提供设施农业授粉应用。     

不同蜂在温室草莓园的访花行为和传粉生态学比较

应用意大利蜜蜂、本土小峰熊蜂和引自欧洲的地熊蜂3种蜂在北京为温室草莓传粉,对其传粉行为和生态特性进行研究。结果表明:意大利蜜蜂的出巢温度、工作起点温度、平均单花停留时间和访花间隔时间均显著高于小峰熊蜂和地熊蜂(P<0.01),而这些行为在2种熊蜂之间差异不显著(P>0.05);3种蜂携带花粉回巢的比例依次为意大利蜜蜂>小峰熊蜂>地熊蜂,而其携带的花粉活性依次为意大利蜜蜂>小峰熊蜂=地熊蜂;2种熊蜂开始活动的时间比意大利蜜蜂早,日活动时间比意大利蜜蜂长;地熊蜂在一天中的活动频率最高(P<0.01);经3种蜂授粉的草莓果实营养品质差异不显著(P>0.05),与对照相比也无差异,而经过3种蜂授粉的草莓果实畸形率降低、单果质量增大;经2种熊蜂授粉的草莓果实畸形率低于意大利蜜蜂(P<0.05)。本土小峰熊蜂能够有效替代意大利蜜蜂或地熊蜂为温室草莓授粉。     

明亮熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂在温室桃园的访花行为和传粉生态学比较

2004—2006年连续3年应用明亮熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂在北京为温室桃园传粉,对其访花行为和传粉生态学进行研究.结果表明：两种蜂都可以替代人工掸花为温室桃园提供有效的传粉服务.两种蜂的访花行为和传粉效果不同,明亮熊蜂偏爱于采集花粉,主要以震动翅膀的方式来使花粉释放和传播,而意大利蜜蜂偏爱于采集花蜜,主要以身体接触的方式来粘附和传播花粉;明亮熊蜂的活动起点温度低、日工作时间长、访花速度快,在低温条件下比意大利蜜蜂的传粉效果好;意大利蜜蜂的趋光性强,飞撞温室塑料薄膜的现象严重,受温度和光照条件的影响较大,对温室环境的适应性较差.     

授粉用明亮熊蜂的人工饲养技术

为提高授粉用熊蜂人工繁育效率,降低生产成本,对明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorumL.人工饲养中诱导蜂王产卵和人工控制下的交配2个技术环节进行了研究。结果表明,采用诱导器和伴饲2~3只蜜蜂工蜂的诱导方法,蜂王产卵率和蜂群成群率最高,成群时间最短;使用塑料诱导器和木制诱导器的效果没有显著差异。将8~9日龄的蜂王和11~12日龄的雄蜂放入交配笼时,其交配成功率最高。交配笼内的蜂王数量应控制在30只/m3左右。在晴天,交配笼放置在室外(758 000 lux),其交配成功率最高;在阴天,交配笼应放在交配室内,并开启荧光灯照明(35 000 lux),其交配成功率最高。     

壁蜂及蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃授粉服务功能分析

【目的】传粉昆虫在果树生产中发挥着非常重要的授粉服务功能。但有关壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃的服务功能不清楚。本论文针对苹果、大樱桃传粉昆虫不足、果品品质不高等科学问题,连续3年系统地调查和分析了胶东半岛主要传粉昆虫(壁蜂、蜜蜂)对苹果、大樱桃的产量与品质促进作用,以评价传粉昆虫对苹果与大樱桃的生态服务功能。【方法】2015-2018年在山东省胶东半岛选择了6个果园进行了壁蜂、蜜蜂释放与不放蜂对照处理,系统测定了经壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、常规授粉等不同的授粉处理后苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖及产量的变化。【结果】利用壁蜂、蜜蜂授粉可以显著提高苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸含量及风味(固酸比)值;可以增加苹果、大樱桃产量,显著提高其果品品质;而且壁蜂授粉的效果均高于蜜蜂授粉。【结论】在胶东果园可以通过释放壁蜂和蜜蜂,以提高苹果、大樱桃的授粉服务功能;且由于壁蜂具有耐低温、采集速度快、授粉效率高、管理简便、应用成本低的优势,壁蜂的应用前景更为广阔。     

蜜蜂的行为

简要介绍了蜜蜂的生活方式（独栖性,社会性和盗寄生性）,全年的生活周期;筑巢地点的选择和建造巢房的工艺,采食花粉,花蜜的习性和酿蜜的过程,蜜蜂种群内部及与植物间的信息传递方式,化学通讯是主要藉化学信息物质保持蜂群的内在联系,行为和物理通讯,主要是通过蜜蜂的“舞蹈”和光,声等因素传递蜜源植物的方位及距离等。     

Pollination of strawberry by the stingless bee,Trigona minangkabau,and the honey bee,Apis mellifera: An experimental study of fertilization efficiency

To know basic information about the stingless bee, Trigona minangkabau, and the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, as pollinator of strawberry, we set three greenhouse areas: the honey bee introduced area, the stingless bee introduced area and the control area. Foraging and pollination efficiencies of the two bee species were studied comparatively. During the experimental period (10 days), the stingless bee foraged well and the nest weight did not change, though the honey bee often foraged inefficiently and the nest weight decreased by 2 kg. The average nectar volume of a flower was lower in the honey bee area (0.02 μl) and nearly the same in the other two areas (0.1 μl). We make a numerical model to describe pollination and fertilization process. This model shows that one visit of the honey bee pollinated 11% of achenes and one visit of the stingless bee did 4.7% on average and that 11 visits of the honey bee or 30 visits of the stingless bee are required per flower to attain normal berry (fertilization rate, 87%). In this study, the rate of deformed berries in the stingless bee area (73%) was lower than that of the control area (90%), but higher than that of the honey bee area (51%). From our numerical model, we conclude the stingless bee could pollinate strawberry as well as the honey bee if we introduced 1.8 times of bees used in this experiment.     

Detection of Deformed wing virus, a honey bee viral pathogen, in bumble bees (Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum) with wing deformities

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) productively infected with Deformed wing virus (DWV) through Varroa destructor (V. destructor) during pupal stages develop into adults showing wing and other morphological deformities. Here, we report for the first time the occurrence of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris, Bombus pascuorum) exhibiting wing deformities resembling those seen in clinically DWV-infected honey bees. Using specific RT-PCR protocols for the detection of DWV followed by sequencing of the PCR products we could demonstrate that the bumble bees were indeed infected with DWV. Since such deformed bumble bees are not viable DWV infection may pose a serious threat to bumble bee populations.     

Development of a 44K SNP assay focussing on the analysis of a varroa-specific defence behaviour in honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica)

Honey bees are exposed to a number of damaging pathogens and parasites. The most destructive among them, affecting mainly the brood, is Varroa destructor. A promising approach to prevent its spread is to breed for Varroa-tolerant honey bees. A trait that has been shown to provide significant resistance against the Varroa mite is hygienic behaviour, a behavioural response of honey bee workers to brood diseases in general. This study reports the development of a 44K SNP assay, specifically designed for the analysis of hygienic behaviour of individual worker bees (Apis mellifera carnica) directed against V. destructor. Initially, 70,000 SNPs chosen from a large set of SNPs published by the Honey Bee Genome Project were validated for their suitability in the analysis of the Varroa resistance trait 'uncapping of Varroa-infested brood'. This was achieved by genotyping of pooled DNA samples of trait bearers and two trait-negative controls using next-generation sequencing. Approximately 36,000 of these validated SNPs and another 8000 SNPs not validated in this study were selected for the construction of a SNP assay. This assay will be employed in following experiments to analyse individualized DNA samples in order to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the control of the investigated trait and to evaluate and possibly confirm QTL found in other studies. However, this assay is not just suitable to study Varroa tolerance, it is as well applicable to analyse any other trait in honey bees. In addition, because of its high density, this assay provides access into genomic selection with respect to several traits considered in honey bee breeding. It will become publicly available via AROS Applied Biotechnology AS, Aarhus, Denmark, before the end of the year 2011.     

Cellular energy metabolism maintains young status in old queen honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Trophocytes and oenocytes of queen honey bees are used in studies of cellular longevity, but their cellular energy metabolism with age is poorly understood. In this study, the molecules involved in cellular energy metabolism were evaluated in the trophocytes and oenocytes of young and old queen bees. The findings indicated that there were no significant differences between young and old queen bees in β‐oxidation, glycolysis, and protein synthesis. These results indicate that the cellular energy metabolism of trophocytes and oenocytes in old queen bees is similar to young queen bees and suggests that maintaining cellular energy metabolism in a young status may be associated with the longevity of queen bees. Fat and glycogen accumulation increased with age indicating that old queen bees are older than young queen bees.     

Demand for Task Performance and Workforce Replacement: Undertakers in Honeybee, Apis mellifera, Colonies

Undertakers are a specialized task group of honey bees that remove dead bees from the colony. The mean adult age of undertakers is 12.5 days; this is similar to that of other specialized task groups, such as guards. The mean number of undertakers in colonies was 544. However, because the number of bees expressing this behavior is dependent on the demand for task performance, undertaker estimates vary depending on the experimental technique. Increasing the demand for undertaking resulted in more bees engaging in the task. Depleting the number of undertakers by removal of bees carrying corpses resulted in new bees assuming undertaking duties. These results support a response-threshold model for engagement of worker bees in task performance.     

安徽省七种蜜蜂病毒的发生与流行研究

【目的】调查安徽省内7种常见蜜蜂病毒:蜜蜂畸翅病毒(Deformed wing virus,DWV)、以色列急性麻痹病毒(Israeli acute paralysis virus,IAPV)、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(Acute bee paralysis virus,ABPV)、慢性麻痹病毒(Chronic bee paralysis virus,CBPV)、黑蜂王台病毒(Black queen cell virus,BQCV)、囊状幼虫病病毒(Sacbrood virus,SBV)、克什米尔病毒(Kashmir bee virus,KBV)的感染发生情况,为安徽养蜂业可持续健康发展提供理论依据。【方法】运用反转录RT-PCR和序列分析比对的方法对安徽省内21个乡镇中的38个蜂场蜜蜂样品进行研究分析,以获得以上7种蜜蜂病毒的特异性发生情况。【结果】意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂场感染率:DWV(64%),IAPV(43%),CBPV(32%),ABPV(14%),BQCV(11%);中华蜜蜂Apis cerana蜂场感染率:DWV(80%),IAPV(40%),CBPV(30%),ABPV(10%),BQCV(0)。SBV和KBV在所有的蜜蜂样品中均未检测到。【结论】DWV,IAPV,CBPV,ABPV,BQCV在安徽省内大范围都存在发生流行现象,SBV和KBV对安徽蜜蜂的潜在危害可能性小。     

Movement of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queen mandibular gland pheromone in populous and unpopulous colonies

The mode of intranest transfer of the honey bee queen mandibular gland pheromone complex (QMP) was investigated in unpopulous and populous, slightly congested colonies, using synthetic QMP containing tritiated 9-keto-2(E)-decenoic acid, one of the QMP components. Radiolabel was rapidly transported from the center to the peripheral regions of the nest, and in a manner consistent with worker to worker transport. Population size and congestion had no effect on the relative rates of movement from the center to the periphery of the nest or on the mean amounts of radiolabel on individual bees. However, a significantly smaller proportion of the workers in the populous colonies received detectable amounts of radiolabel than in the uncongested colonies, and workers carrying especially large amounts of radiolabel were less numerous in the crowded colonies. It is suggested that, at the stage of colony development that the colonies were in, population size has more of an effect on intranest pheromone transmission than does crowding. Interference with pheromone transfer may occur only at higher levels of congestion than were created, and nearer to the reproductive phase of colony development. An alternative hypothesis is that colony crowding does not significantly affect QMP transport and that the onset of reproductive queen rearing may be associated more with changes in worker thresholds of response to QMP.