Traitement du cancer du testicule

Significant advances have been achieved in testicular cancer treatment for the last 15 years. Almost 100% of the non seminomatous tumors seen at the precocious stages I and II are cured because of the efficacy of chemotherapy in relapses. For clinical stages I, tendancy is to survey after castration without lymphadenectomy. For advanced metastatic stages, platinum has changed chemotherapy performances, allowing to cure 75 to 80% of these patients. The results of a bad pronosis group with large tumor remain to be improved. Seminomas at a localized stage (the most frequent case) are cured by radiotherapy; at an advanced stage, they are as sensitive to chemotherapy as non seminomatous tumors.     

Histochimie du Pancreas du Chat Avec Discussion du Tissu Langerhansien Endocrine

Résumé Des recherches histologiques et histochimiques sont faites sur le pancréas du chat avec discussion surtout au sujet du tissu endocrine. Quelques particularités sont signalées: la richesse en îlots ganglionnaires, en corpuscules de Pacini et en complexes neuro-insulaires, aussi bien que l'existence dans la partie apicale de l'épithélium des canaux excréteurs de granulations paraldéhyde positives. En principe l'histoenzymologie du pancréas du chat est semblable à celle des autres mammifères mais ne lui est pas toujours identique. Certaines considérations sont faites sur le rôle probable des enzymes étudiées et du Zn dans la cytophysiologie insulaire.

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Summary Morphological and histochemical investigations on the pancreas of cat have been carried out and discussion on the question of the endocrine tissue. Some particularities are marked down: abundance of ganglion islets, of corpuscules of Pacini and neuro-insular complexes, as well as existence of positive paraldehyde granulations in the top portion of the epithelium of the excretory ducts. In general the histoenzymology of the pancreas of the cat is similar to other mammals, but is not always identical. Some considerations on the probable role of the enzymes investigated and on the zinc in the insular cytophysiology are made.

     

Dépistage du cancer du sein

The purpose of this article is to remind why and how the screening mammographic program has been developed in France, and generalized in 2004, and to explain what is the BI-RADS of ACR. Perspectives on emerging new technologies that may change breast cancer screening will be discussed.     

L'evolution postembryonnaire du poids du pigeon domestique

Summary A detailed study of the postembryonic evolution of the weight of the pigeon, by means of daily weighing of the young birds, is given (table). The young bird grows very fast during the first days of its postembryonic life, the classical S shaped growth curve being steep in the beginning. Growth slows down during the period the feeding changes from crop milk to grains regurgitated from the crop of the parents, and also during the period that the young bird begins to come out of the nest and to feed on his own (Fig. 1).The rate of growth is affected by the quantity of food the young bird receives: in normal conditions there are two young for a couple of parents; when there is only one young, it grows faster; the differences are significative till the 16^th day of age (table).     

Incidence du cancer du testicule au niveau mondial

Testicular cancer (TC) is the commonest malignancy in men aged 20 to 34 years. We reviewed the statistical sources of the IARC, and summarized the published studies on the increasing incidence rates of TC in the world. We observed a variation of incidence rates according to the geographical situation. The majority of industrialized countries, North-America, Europe, and Oceania showed higher incidence rates than Asian or African countries. Nevertheless, surprising differences in TC incidence rates were observed between neighboring countries and also between different regions in the same country. Substantial differences in TC incidence were also observed between ethnic groups. A clear trend towards an increase in TC incidence over the last decades was revealed. The increase in TC incidence was associated with a strong birth cohort effect in the USA, and also in European countries. Previous studies have not been able to explain the variation of worldwide incidence rates and its increase. Although male reproductive abnormalities assumed to be related to exposure to high levels of endogenous oestrogens during pregnancy, further studies are required before any conclusions can be drawn.     

L'aspect cytophysiologique du problème du cancer

Sans résumé     

Presence du Messinien dans la vallee du Rhone

According to the paleontological (molluscs and ostracods) and stratigraphical data, the Congeria rhodanicacclays are of Upper Messinian age. This oligohaline facies points out the local transgression of mediterranean origin in the Rhone basin, following a Lower Messinian erosive episode with coarse subaerial partial valley infill.     

Évolution du cancer du testicule en France

As in many countries, the mortality rate of testicular cancer in France has decreased from 0.75 in 1978 to 0.25 per 100,000 in 2000 (standardized on world population). Over the same period, the incidence rate increased from 3.17 in 1978 to 4.82 per 100,000 in 2000 (standardized on world population). However, although the incidence of seminoma has increased continually with all birth cohorts, the incidence of non-seminomas first decreased for the men born between the first and second world wars and then increased at the same rate as the seminoma rate. No explanation for this pattern has yet been provided, but it does not appear to be simply an artefact. A North/South and East/West gradient has been observed, as the incidence varies from 4.0 in the South West to 8.0 in the North East. There is an estimated 1,500 new cases of testicular cancer each year in France, including 960 new cases for men between the ages of 15 and 40.     

Cytologie du lobe anterieur de l'hypophyse du chien

Summary Detailed histochemical studies have been made on the distribution of various enzymes such as phosphatases, cholinesterases, glycolytic enzymes and respiratory enzymes in various components of the hypothalamus with special reference to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the Squirrel Monkey. Cytological studies have also been made by the McManus, Einarson, Gomori and Bargmann methods.A few neurons of these nuclei showed scanty Gomori-positive material in the cytoplasm for the Gomori and Bargmann methods. Nissl granules were located in the peripheral cytoplasm of most neurons. No glycogen granules were observed in these neurons. For these reasons, the Squirrel Monkey, like the rat, may not be a suitable species for the study of neurosecretory phenomena.The axons of these neurons were negative for the specific cholinesterase test, though the perikaryon and some parts of the processes gave a moderately positive reaction. These neurons may be non-cholinergic and the cholinergic fibers from an unknown nucleus may end in synapses on their cell bodies. Blood vessels and glial cells in the neurosecretory nuclei showed non-specific cholinesterase activity. This enzyme may hydrolyze the acetylcholine which has escaped splitting by specific cholinesterase. Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in these neurons may be involved in the metabolism concerned with the production of neurosecretory material. The neurons may be physicochemical receptors and may get enough energy and raw material to synthesize the neurosecretory material from the rich blood supply. Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as well as other hypothalamic neurons, like neurons of other regions of the brain, are well equipped with the enzymes of the glycolytic pathways and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Since the glial cells of these nuclei have amylophosphorylase activity and glycolytic pathways, they may work as energy donators to the neurons of the neurosecretory nuclei. T. R. Shanthaveerappa in previous publications.     

Histochimie des mono-amine-oxydases du tronc cerebral du rat: noyaux latero-dorsal du tegmentum et interpedonculaire

Résumé L'étude histochimique des Mono-Amine-Oxydases (MAO) des noyaux gris du tronc cérébral: interpédonculaire et latéro-dorsal du tegmentum a été réalisée chez 30 rats albinos mâles et femelles.La méthode de Glenner avec les sels de Tétrazolium, modifiée par Shimizu, a été employée et nous a permis de confirmer les travaux de ces auteurs et ceux de Smith.Le noyau latéro-dorsal du tegmentum paraît avoir la plus forte teneur en MAO du cerveau; sa coloration est dense, homogène, diffusant légèrement autour du site observé lors de l'étude histologique par la méthode d'Einarson à la Gallocyanine.Au contraire, celle du noyau interpédonculaire est moins intense, non homogène, plus marquée latéralement.L'action in vivo des inhibiteurs spécifiques des MAO (Phénelzine, Nialamide) confirme la disparité de ces deux noyaux: la dose minimale efficace pour inhiber totalement les MAO du n. interpédonculaire est insuffisante pour le n. latéro-dorsal du tegmentum.La Phénelzine a une action beaucoup plus précoce et plus complète que le Nialamide; leurs durées d'action sont voisines.

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Summary The histochemical study of the Mono-amine-oxidases (MAO) in the nuclei interpeduncularis and latero-dorsalis tegmenti of the brain stem was made over 30 male and female albinos rats.The Glenner's method with Tetrazolium salts, modified by Shimizu, was used and enabled us to confirm the works of these authors and Smith as well.The coloration of the nucleus latero-dorsalis tegmenti is of a strong and homogeneous density and spreading slightly all around the spot observed during the histological study with Gallocyanin after Einarson's method.On the contrary, the coloration of the nucleus interpeduncularis is less strong, without any homogeneity, and of thicker density on the edges.The activity in vivo of the specific inhibitors of MAO (Phenelzin, Nialamid) confirms the disparity of their 2 nuclei. Phenelzin operates earlier and more completely than Nialamid. The time of their action is similar.

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Remerciements. Nous remercions Meile Gontcharoff (lab. Biologie Générale) et Mr Jacquot (lab. Physiologie Animale) de la faculté des Sciences de Reims, qui nous ont acceuilli généreusement dans leur laboratoire et nous ont permis de réaliser cette étude. Nous exprimons notre gratitude envers Mr Jouvet (lab. Médecine expérimentale, faculté de Médecine, Lyon) qui nous a adressé ses critiques.Nos remerciements vont aussi à Mr Lechenault, Maître-Assistant de Biologie Générale (Fac. des Sciences, Reims) qui nous a prodigué ses conseils compétents et sans qui cette étude n'aurait pu être menée à bien.     

La theorie du controle du metabolisme controle et regulation

Resume La théorie du Contróle du Métabolisme (Kacser & Bums, 1973; Heinrich & Rapoport, 1974) décrit comment un réseau métabolique répond à de petites perturbations au voisinage d'un état stationnaire. Deux types de coefficients sont définis: les coefficients d'élaslicité qui quantifient les variations des vitesses des étapes isolées et les coefficients de contrôle qui expriment la réponse globale du réseau aux perturbations d'une étape donnée. Des relations entre ces coefficients existent (Relations de sommation et relations de connexion) (pour une revue, voir Mazat et Jean-Bart (1988)).On ne fait pas toujours la distinction entre Contrôle et Régulation. En fait, il apparait que la notion de régulation, si elle est trés claire lorsqu'il s'agit de la régulation de l'activité d'un enzyme, West plus du tout définie lorsqu'il s'agit d'un réseau métabolique dans son ensemble.Le but de l'exposé est de proposer une définition de la régulation d'un réseau métabolique et de montrer quelles relations peuvent exister entre lee phénomènes de régulation et la théorie du contrôle du métabolisme.Quelques exemples seront donnés pour illustration.     

L'Utrastructure du ganglion cervical supérieur du rat

Résumé Le ganglion cervical supérieur du rat, maintenu in vitro dans une solution de Krebs, peut conserver pendant plus de 48 heures sa capacité de transmettre des excitations nerveuses.L'irradiation aux rayons X. à la dose d'environ 153000 rad en 30 minutes abrège le fonctionement électrophysiologique de la préparation. Elle rend cette dernière plus sensible à des changements de composition de la solution.Du point de vue morphologique, l'irradiation provoque des lésions graves et précoces des cellules satellites. Les changements au niveau des neurones sont plus tardifs; ils intéressent le noyau, les lysosomes, la substance de Nissl et, à un degré moindre, les mitochondries. Les prolongements cellulaires, dendrites et axones, sont les structures nerveuses qui résistent le plus longtemps.Les régions synaptiques ne montrent aucune modification morphologique, même lorsque le fonctionnement des préparations est profondément altéré à la suite de l'irradiation.

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Summary The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of the rat, maintained in vitro in Krebs' solution, may preserve its ability to transmit nervous impulses for more than 48 hours.Irradiation with X-rays at a dose of approximately 153,000 rad in 30 minutes shortens electrophysiological function of the ganglion. It renders the preparation more susceptible to changes in the chemical make up of Krebs' solution.From the morphologic point of view, irradiation produces early and severe lesions of satellite cells. The changes within the neuron occur later and affect the nucleus, the lysosomes, Nissl's substance, and, to a lesser degree, the mitochondria. Cell processes, dendrites and axones show the greatest resistance to irradiation.The synapses do not show any morphologic changes even at a time when the function of the ganglion shows marked deterioration.

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Travail réalisé avec l'aide du Fonds National Suisse pour la Recherche Scientifique.