植物多酚的定量分析方法和生态作用研究进展

植物多酚是植物体内最重要的次生代谢物质.由于其特殊的结构特征和生物学活性,植物体中多酚潜在的生态学意义受到广泛关注.本文综述了植物多酚在生态领域的研究进展,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望和预测;通过分析各种植物多酚的定性定量方法的优缺点,试图为研究植物多酚的非化学专业研究人员提供一些简单通用的分析方法.     

植物营养中新的必要,有益和毒害元素

至今为止,将近一个半世纪的研究,证明了18种化学元素是植物生命活动所必需的营养物质,其中的氯和钠在本世纪SO年代才被发现它们是植物的必需营养元素。进入SO年代又确认了镍是植物必需的微量营养元素。在植物体内已发现几乎含有化学元素周期表中自然存在的全部化学元素,这些化学元素存在于植物体内是来源于它们的生活环境——形成土壤的母质,以及环境的污染。在植物体内的化学元素,基本上可分为3类：（1）植物生命活动必需的,这些化学元素组成了植物体,成为植物体的结构物质,或参与植物生命活动中的新陈代谢活动。（2）虽然是非…     

干旱、盐、温度对植物体NADP-苹果酸酶的影响与机理

NADP-苹果酸酶是植物体代谢的重要酶之一,参与了多个代谢过程,在植物体内广泛存在,与各种环境胁迫关系密切。目前,胁迫条件下的植物体NADP-苹果酸酶基因的表达情况以及酶活性的变化是关注的重点,同时,NADP-苹果酸酶在抗胁迫方面的机理研究也在逐渐的展开。综述了干旱、盐、高温和低温胁迫条件下NADP-苹果酸酶活性及该酶基因表达变化的特点,揭示了其在对植物体抵御各种胁迫带来的危害时所发挥的作用以及作用机理。     

砷超富集植物中砷化学形态其转化的EXAFS研究

通过同步辐射扩展X射线吸收精细结构(SR EXAFS)研究砷超富集植物大叶井口边草(Pteris nervosa)中砷的化学形态及其在植物体中的转化. 结果表明, 在大叶井口边草中砷主要与O配位, 根部存在与谷胱苷肽(GSH)结合的砷, 但是在羽叶中没有发现与GSH结合的砷. 在NaAsO2和Na2HAsO4处理中, 植物根系的砷分别以As(Ⅲ)和 As(Ⅴ)为主, 但是在叶柄和羽叶中砷都以As(Ⅲ)的形态为主. 植物根系吸收的As(Ⅴ)在向上转运的过程中具有向As(Ⅲ)转化的趋势, 其转化过程主要发生在根部. 实验证明, 与GSH结合并不是大叶井口边草中砷解毒的主要机理, 超富集植物可能具有与一般耐性植物不同的重金属解毒机制.     

类固醇雌激素在土壤-植物体系中的迁移转化及其毒理效应

类固醇雌激素(steroidal estrogens, SEs)作为典型的内分泌干扰物,在环境介质中被广泛检出,其进入生物体后可模拟细胞内源性激素作用对生物体生长、发育、生殖等产生不利影响,因此越来越引起关注。目前关于SEs的研究报道多集中于粪便、土壤、水体等介质中的检出及环境行为,以及SEs在水生生物体内的迁移和转化,其累积效应及其机制研究较为系统和全面。相较而言,SEs在土壤-植物体系中的迁移累积报道较少,但是对于掌握农田系统中SEs迁移转化的需求更为迫切。结合现有的国内外相关研究,总结了SEs在土壤-植物体系中的吸收累积和迁移转化行为特征,概述了植物吸收代谢SEs的影响因素以及SEs对植物生长发育的毒理效应。目前针对SEs的植物体吸收大多数仍基于室内模拟实验,对于其在土壤-植物多相态体系中迁移转化机理尚不清楚。因此,对今后的研究方向提出以下几点建议:(1)除室内模拟实验外,对实际土壤-植物系统中的研究更具价值,特别是SEs土壤-土壤水-植物多相态体系中的迁移转化等过程;(2)应结合SEs的来源,探究畜禽粪便、城市污泥及污水等不同源SEs对植物吸收、累积污染物的影响及污染风险;(3)加强对农作物体内SEs残留的监测和风险评估,制定SEs农作物检出及人体摄入的相关标准。     

金属矿区植物内生菌资源研究进展

矿区植物内生菌是在整个生命周期内都生活在矿区植物体内,与植物体形成互利共生关系,促进植物在矿区极端环境条件下生长的微生物,包括细菌、放线菌和真菌.目前,对矿区植物内生真菌生物多样性和生态分布规律的调查,以盆栽试验结合生化检测分析内生菌对植物修复的促进机理等研究已获得了较多的研究成果.本研究首次综述了国内矿区植物内生菌资...     

碳稳定同位素技术在植物水分胁迫研究中的应用

植物体的碳稳定同位素组成主要由植物本身的生物学特性决定 ,但环境胁迫对其影响也十分明显。综述了碳稳定同位素技术在研究植物水分利用效率、生物量高低及判断历史气候依据等研究领域的进展 ,阐明了植物体的 δ1 3C值对干旱、盐分及其它环境因素的变化所引起的水分胁迫的响应 ,并对碳稳定同位素对水分胁迫的响应机理进行了归纳和推断     

問题解答

问:什么叫常量元素和微量元素?它們是怎样区分的? 答:植物在生长发育过程中需要吸收各种营养元素,以构成植物体的各种物质。根据分析结果,在植物体內所发現的元素約有六、七十种之多,但它們在含量上,相差极为悬殊,从百分之几十直到十万分之几以下。一般把含量占植物体干重千分之几以上元素叫常量元素,含量在万分之几到十万分之几的叫做微量元素。植物体內含有的几十种元素,是否都是植物生活不可缺少的呢?在这方面科学家进行了很多研究工作。研究的方法是利用水培法或砂培法,有意地不供給植物某种元素,看它能否正常生长发育。早在十九世紀五十到六十年     

植物化学发展趋势与战略

植物化学(phytochemistry)是植物科学中的一个重要分支。传统认为,植物化学研究对象是指植物体内的次生产物,即小分子化合物,如萜类化合物、生物碱、黄酮类化合物和其它酚性化合物。研究途径主要是从植物体中提取、分离和鉴定上述那些化学成分。其目的是要进行资源利用和发现新化合物,为医药、食品和工业上提供可潜在利用的化学成分。五十     

砷超富集植物中砷化学形态及其转化的EXAFS研究

通过同步辐射扩展X射线吸收精细结构(SR EXAFS)研究砷超富集植物大叶井口边草(Pteris nervosa)中砷的化学形态及其在植物体中的转化. 结果表明, 在大叶井口边草中砷主要与O配位, 根部存在与谷胱苷肽(GSH)结合的砷, 但是在羽叶中没有发现与GSH结合的砷. 在NaAsO₂和Na₂HAsO₄处理中, 植物根系的砷分别以As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)为主, 但是在叶柄和羽叶中砷都以As(Ⅲ)的形态为主. 植物根系吸收的As(Ⅴ)在向上转运的过程中具有向As(Ⅲ)转化的趋势, 其转化过程主要发生在根部. 实验证明, 与GSH结合并不是大叶井口边草中砷解毒的主要机理, 超富集植物可能具有与一般耐性植物不同的重金属解毒机制.     

Biological effects of high copper and zinc concentrations and their interaction in rapeseed plants

In experiments with rapeseed (Brassica napus L., cv. Westar) plants, it was confirmed that copper was considerably more toxic than zinc. The toxic effects of 50 and 150 μM CuSO₄ were comparable to those of 1000 and 2500 μM ZnSO₄. The analysis of the effects of these concentrations of copper and zinc on photosynthetic pigment contents and on the rate of lipid peroxidation did not reveal any reasons for different toxicities of these heavy metals (HM). Among biological effects studied, significant differences were found in the organ distribution of these metals in plants grown on both the standard medium and the medium with high concentrations of copper or zinc. Copper retained in the roots in relatively small amounts and was poorly transported over the aboveground part of the plants. It stayed mainly in the lower leaves, and its distribution changed only a little during the recovery of plants following the HM treatment. In contrast, zinc proved to be highly mobile, it was concentrated in the upper leaves and actively transported when the plants were transferred to a medium with the optimal HM concentrations. High copper concentrations slowed strongly zinc uptake by the roots but practically did not change its movement over the plant. In contrast, high zinc concentrations facilitated copper uptake by the roots but reduced its transfer to the aboveground organs. The data presented here allow us to hypothesize that biological peculiarities of organ and cellular distribution of copper and zinc in plants and interaction of these HM play an important role in the toxic effects of high concentrations of these HM and the mechanisms of adaptation to them at industrial environmental pollution used by rapeseed plants.     

Accumulated forms of thallium and cadmium in Lemna minor. I. Distribution in aqueous soluble and insoluble fractions

Abstract

The distribution and chemical forms of thallium (Tl) and cadmium (Cd) in Lemna minor have been investigated using extractants of different polarity, enzyme digestion and ultrafiltration and chromatographic methods. Over 80% of Tl and 60% of Cd taken up by the plant was found in aqueous soluble forms. Water was more efficient than ethanol in extracting both elements; about 30% of bound Cd was released by dilute HCI treatment and Cd was mainly bound to pectins and proteins in the cell wall fractions but only a small proportion of Tl was associated with these components. In the aqueous soluble extracts a sizeable proportion of Cd was complexed with soluble moieties, including proteins; whereas Tl seems to be mainly present in the free ionic form.     

不同类型镉积累水稻细胞镉化学形态及亚细胞和分子分布

利用水培试验结合亚细胞组分分级分离和凝胶过滤等技术,研究了水稻根和叶中镉的化学结合形态及其亚细胞和分子分布,比较了低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”和高镉积累品种 “珍桂矮”的差异.结果表明：随着营养液中镉浓度的升高,根和叶亚细胞镉含量显著上升,大部分镉积累在细胞壁（F_Ⅰ）和细胞可溶部分（F_Ⅲ）.高镉积累品种“珍桂矮”根和叶中可溶部分镉含量显著高于低镉积累品种“广源占No.3”.根和叶各种形态镉中,以氯化钠提取态占优势,其次是醋酸提取态,盐酸提取态镉含量最低.与“广源占No.3”相比,“珍桂矮”中迁移性较强的去离子水和乙醇提取态镉比例较高.凝胶过滤结果表明,两种类型的水稻可溶部分镉的出峰位置与样品流份中可溶性蛋白的出峰位置大致相同.可溶部分中的镉大多与分子量为3kD的物质结合,属于植物鳌合肽（PCs）或低分子量物质.“广源占No.3” 根系中镉与PCs配合的组分（Cd-PCs）含量远小于“珍桂矮”.“广源占No.3”细胞可溶部分较低的镉含量以及根系中较少的Cd-PCs形成量,降低了镉的移动及其向地上部转运的可能性.     

烟草根际土壤硒、硫形态相互作用与烟草对硒、硫吸收的研究

通过烟草根际营养试验研究发现,烟草根际土壤Se总量及可溶态Se、交换态Se及有机Se均表现出明显的亏缺.而根际土中S总量及吸附性S、有机S则表现明显的富集.施S对根际土Se亏缺程度的影响与施Se处理有关,而施Se对根际土S富集程度的影响随施S的水平而有一定差异.未施Se处理时,施S降低了烟草根际土中相应几种Se形态的亏缺率,施Se处理时施S的影响则相反.不施S时,加入Se可以增加根际土全S量的富集程度;施S时,加入Se则减少根际全S量的富集程度.前期烟草的Se含量主要受根际土壤可溶态Se的影响,而Se积累量除受土壤可溶态Se的影响外,还受到根际土壤交换态Se、有机Se及酸溶态Se的影响.前期烟草地上部分中S含量主要受根际土壤可溶性S及有机S影响.     

Exogenous spermidine elevating cadmium tolerance in Salix matsudana involves cadmium detoxification and antioxidant defense

In this study, exogenous spermidine role on Salix matsudana tolerance to cadmium was evaluated. Spermidine and cadmium presented antagonistic effects on the biomass, copper and zinc concentrations in S. matsudana. cadmium mainly distributed in the cell wall of subcellular fraction; 46.97%–60.43% of cadmium existed in a sodium chloride-extracted form. Cadmium contents in roots, leaves, and twigs ranged from 2002.67 to 3961.00, 111.59 to 229.72, and 102.56 to 221.27?mg/kg, respectively. Spermidine application elevated cadmium concentrations in the roots, cuttings, and cell wall and the ratio of deionized water-extracted cadmium, but decreased cadmium levels in the twigs and leaves and the fractions of cadmium extracted by ethanol and sodium chloride, respectively. Putrescine and malondialdehyde were important indicators of cadmium-induced oxidative damage. Exogenous spermidine alleviated the accumulation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde via promoting the levels of spermidine, soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, reductive ascorbate, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase in S. matsudana leaves under the corresponding cadmium stress. The results indicated that S. matsudana was a candidate for cadmium rhizoremediation and extraction in leaves; the spermidine application enhanced the cadmium tolerance of S. matsudana through promoting cadmium accumulation in roots, cell wall, and less bioactive chemical forms and the antioxidative ability.     

Alcohol dehydrogenases in Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N: role in hexadecane and hexadecanol metabolism.

Multiple alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) were demonstrated in Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N. ADH-A and ADH-B were distinguished on the basis of electrophoretic mobility, pyridine nucleotide cofactor requirement, and substrate specificity. ADH-A is a soluble, NAD-linked, inducible ethanol dehydrogenase (EDH) exhibiting an apparent Km for ethanol of 512 microM and a Vmax of 138 nmol/min. An ethanol-negative mutant (Eth1) was isolated which contained 6.5% of wild-type EDH activity and was deficient in ADH-A. Eth1 exhibited normal growth on hexadecane and hexadecanol. A second ethanol-negative mutant (Eth3) was acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficient, having 12.5% of wild-type ALDH activity. Eth3 had threefold-higher EDH activity than the wild-type strain. ALDH is a soluble, NAD-linked, ethanol-inducible enzyme which exhibited an apparent Km for acetaldehyde of 50 microM and a Vmax of 183 nmol/min. Eth3 exhibited normal growth on hexadecane, hexadecanol, and fatty aldehyde. ADH-B is a soluble, constitutive, NADP-linked ADH which was active with medium-chain-length alcohols. Hexadecanol dehydrogenase (HDH), a soluble and membrane-bound, NAD-linked ADH, was induced 5- to 11-fold by growth on hexadecane or hexadecanol. HDH exhibited apparent Kms for hexadecanol of 1.6 and 2.8 microM in crude extracts derived from hexadecane- and hexadecanol-grown cells, respectively. HDH was distinct from ADH-A and ADH-B, since HDH and ADH-A were not coinduced; Eth1 had wild-type levels of HDH; and HDH requires NAD, while ADH-B requires NADP. NAD- and NADP-independent HDH activity was not detected in the soluble or membrane fraction of extracts derived from hexadecane- or hexadecanol-grown cells. NAD-linked HDH appears to possess a functional role in hexadecane and hexadecanol dissimilation.     

The production of copper,zinc and molybdenum deficiencies in crop plants grown in sand culture with special reference to some effects of water supply and seed reserves

Summary (1) A method is described for the production of acute deficiencies of copper, zinc or molybdenum in large scale sand cultures in which an adequate and satisfactory supply of water was obtained by treating rain water with ion-exchange resins. Results compared favourably with the use of glass distilled water.(2) Visual symptoms of copper, zinc and molybdenum deficiencies in large seeded leguminous crops, and in other species are summarised.(3) Seed reserves played an important part in the incidence of copper and molybdenum deficiencies and to a lesser extent of zinc deficiency in pea, runner bean, dwarf bean and broad bean.(4) The deficient seed was obtained by harvesting seed from plants grown in the respective deficiency sand cultures, and was compared with seed obtained similarly from complete nutrient sand cultures or commercially from field-grown plants.(5) Seed reserves of molybdenum were usually sufficient for a complete generation but reserves of copper and zinc were not adequate for the whole copper or zinc requirements of the plants.(6) Analytical data showed a marked decrease in the copper or molybdenum content of deficient seed, and a less striking decrease in zinc.(7) Foliage of deficient plants showed decreased content of copper and molybdenum and often of zinc compared with plants given the complete nutrient treatment, but use of deficient seed only decreased yields without further appreciably decreasing the mineral content of the foliage.     

Fractionation of Soluble Copper- and Zinc-Binding Proteins From Cattle Liver

The distribution of copper and zinc among soluble proteins in liver from normal slaughter cattle was examined after gel filtration of the proteins. Gopper- and zinc-binding proteins were mainly separated into three fractions. Varying amounts of zinc were eluted in a fourth fraction of molecular weight less than 2,000. A clear relationship was noted between the amount of copper bound to the low molecular weight fraction (m.w. ~ 10,000) and the total liver zinc concentration. The high molecular weight protein fraction (m.w. > 65,000) dominated in liver with zinc concentrations below 40 µg/g wet weight and total copper concentrations from 16 to 240 µg/g, while in liver with zinc concentrations above 40 µg/g and copper concentrations ranging from 20 to 107 µg/g, the low molecular weight metallothionein-like fraction dominated.     

Role of bound zinc in dimer stabilization but not enzyme activity of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase

Nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) are homodimeric proteins and can form an intersubunit Zn(4S) cluster. We have measured zinc bound to NOS purified from pig brain (0.6 mol/mol of NOS) and baculovirus-expressed rat neuronal NOS (nNOS) (0.49 +/- 0.13 mol/mol of NOS), by on-line gel-filtration/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium were all undetectable. Baculovirus-expressed nNOS also bound up to 2. 00 +/- 0.58 mol of copper/mol of NOS. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) reduced the bound zinc to 0.28 +/- 0.07 and the copper to 0.97 +/- 0.24 mol/mol of NOS. Desalting of samples into thiol-free buffer did not affect the zinc content but completely eliminated the bound copper ( or =75%) of the bound zinc was released from baculovirus-expressed rat nNOS by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (PMPS). PMPS-treated nNOS was strongly (90 +/- 5%) inactivated. To isolate functional effects of zinc release from other effects of PMPS, PMPS-substituted thiols were unblocked by excess reduced thiol in the presence of DTPA, which hindered reincorporation of zinc. The resulting enzyme contained 0.12 +/- 0.05 mol of zinc but had a specific activity of 426 +/- 46 nmol of citrulline.mg(-1).min(-1), corresponding to 93 +/- 10% of non-PMPS-treated controls. PMPS also caused dissociation of nNOS dimers under native conditions, an effect that was blocked by the pteridine cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)biopterin). H(4)biopterin did not affect zinc release. Even in the presence of H(4)biopterin, PMPS prevented conversion of NOS dimers to an SDS-resistant form. We conclude that zinc binding is a prerequisite for formation of SDS-resistant NOS dimers but is not essential for catalysis.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on some hair trace elements

This study was performed in order to analyze the relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on hair copper, zinc, manganese, and iron content in four groups of seven animals each which were pair-fed during 8 wk with (1) a nutritionally adequate diet, (2) a 36% (as energy) ethanol-containing isocaloric diet, (3) a 2% protein, isocaloric diet, and (4) a 36% ethanol, 2% protein isocaloric diet, respectively, following the Lieber-DeCarli model, and to analyze the relationship between hair copper, zinc, manganese, and iron content, and the liver and muscle content of these elements. Although there was a trend to higher levels of all the elements analyzed in the the hair of the low-protein fed animals, differences were statistically significant regarding copper and manganese, effects being solely attributable to the low protein diet, not to ethanol. Moreover, hair copper was significantly, inversely related with final weight and weight loss. There were significant relationship between liver zinc and muscle zinc (r=0.57, p=0.002), but not between liver or muscle zinc and hair zinc; no correlations were observed between muscle copper and hair copper, nor between liver manganese and hair manganese. An inverse, statistically significant correlation was observed between liver copper and hair copper (r=−0.39, p<0.05).