青藏高原东北部二裂委陵菜叶片生态化学计量随海拔变化的特征

海拔对陆地生物地球化学循环过程具有重要影响。研究植物叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量沿海拔的变化特征,有助于深入了解植物对环境的适应策略。通过对青藏高原东北缘不同海拔(2980—3280,3281—3580,4180—4480,4481—4780 m)二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比的首次研究,对其生态适应性和限制元素进行了初步探讨,结果发现:(1)二裂委陵菜叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为411.58 g/kg、22.47 g/kg和1.35 g/kg;C∶N、C∶P、N∶P的均值分别为18.51、321.81和17.33。(2)随着海拔升高,二裂委陵菜叶片C含量和N∶P呈上升趋势,分别从400.40 g/kg增加到418.08 g/kg、12.73增加到18.81;N、P含量呈先降后增趋势,其最大和最小值分别为23.88 g/kg和20.48 g/kg、1.89 g/kg和1.12 g/kg;C∶N、C∶P呈先增后降趋势,分别从20.42减少到17.79、372.18减少到334.72。(3)二裂委陵菜叶片C与N、C∶N不相关,与P显著负相关,而与C∶P、N∶P显著正相关;N与N∶P不相关,与P显著正相关,而与C∶N、C∶P显著负相关;P与C∶N、C∶P、N∶P显著负相关;C∶N与C∶P显著正相关,与N∶P不相关;C∶P与N∶P显著正相关。(4)二裂委陵菜生长主要受P限制。     

不同林龄刺槐林土壤团聚体化学计量特征及其与土壤养分的关系

土壤团聚体化学计量特征分析可以为土壤养分的评价提供依据,对陕北黄土丘陵区20 a、25 a、40 a、50 a刺槐林土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比及其与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比的相关性采用逐步回归分析方法进行了分析。结果表明:随着林龄的增加,刺槐林各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮含量及其有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比显著增加(P0.05),均表现为在0—20 cm土层高于20—40 cm土层,而刺槐林土壤团聚体全磷含量变化较小;相同林龄刺槐林在0—20 cm和20—40cm土层中0.25—2 mm粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷含量及其化学计量比最高。刺槐林0.25—2 mm粒径团聚体对土壤原土有机碳、全氮含量及其有机碳、全氮、全磷化学计量比有显著影响。营造刺槐林对各粒径土壤团聚体全效养分分配及其平衡关系存在积极的影响,主要体现在0.25—2 mm粒径土壤大团聚体中,通过影响0.25—2 mm粒径团聚体提高了土壤全效养分的供应和保持能力。     

氮素添加和功能群去除对糙隐子草和大针茅根系特征的影响

由于草地不合理利用,中国北方草原严重退化,导致生态系统结构性破坏甚至功能性紊乱。随着草原退化,中能值功能群植物糙隐子草会取代高能值功能群植物大针茅成为群落中优势度最大的植物。为了解大针茅和糙隐子草在氮素添加以及去除功能群的情况下根系特征的变化趋势,选取锡林郭勒盟典型草原中的退化草原群落,分别开展两项实验,实验1:氮素添加梯度实验(0、10.5、17.5、28 gN/m~2),实验2:同时进行功能群的去除和氮素的添加,功能群去除实验(将植物分为高能值植物功能群、中能值植物功能群、低能值植物功能群3个功能群;每个处理分别剪除另外两个功能群,留取单一功能群),并同时进行氮素添加实验(0、17.5 gN/m~2)。在进行两年的实验处理后,通过Delta-T SCAN根系分析仪测量大针茅和糙隐子草根系的长度、直径、面积、体积指标。分析植物根系对氮素添加的响应,以及功能群去除是否改变这两种植物对氮素添加的响应格局。实验1研究结果表明:在受到其他功能群的竞争压力下,大针茅根系长度、面积、体积均在高氮素添加(28 gN/m~2)情况下显著增加,糙隐子草根系直径和体积在中氮素添加(17.5 gN/m~2)的情况下显著高于其他3个处理,退化样地中土壤氮素的增加,促使大针茅根系主要通过增加根系长度扩大在土壤中的空间分布,而促使糙隐子草主要通过增粗生长来扩大土壤分布空间。实验2研究结果表明:功能群的去除,中氮素添加对根系的影响,只有糙隐子草的根系直径显著增加。综合来看,功能群去除实验对大针茅的根系长度和面积有影响,对糙隐子草的根系长度、直径和面积有影响。功能群去除处理与氮素添加的交互作用对大针茅根系没有影响,对糙隐子草的根系直径和体积有影响。     

不同林龄油茶人工林土壤-叶片碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

油茶是世界四大木本油料植物之一,在我国有着2000多年的栽培和利用历史。碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量元素是近年来研究的热点,通过C、N、P化学计量我们可以深入了解植物-土壤间元素相互关系,并能揭示土壤养分限制状况。为了解油茶人工林生态系统C、N、P化学计量特征及油茶人工林养分元素限制因素,以长江中下游油茶适宜栽培区湖南、江西和湖北三省油茶林为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的研究方法,在区域尺度上随机选择32个典型油茶人工林并分为4个林龄组(9年低龄林;9—20年高产林;21—60年低产林; 60年生产退化林)。测定油茶人工林土壤与油茶叶片中的C、N、P含量并分析其化学计量特征。研究结果表明:(1)随林龄增加,油茶人工林土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量增大,而土壤全磷(TP)和速效/kg和5.43 mg P在一定的林龄(60 a)内具有增加的趋势。(2)随林龄增加,油茶人工林叶片C含量无显著变化,N、P含量降低,叶片的C、/kg、11.66—15.46 g增大。此外,叶片N∶P阈值分析发现,叶片N∶P比在四个林龄段均16。(3)相关分析结果表明,油茶人工林土壤SOC和TN具有显著正相关,油茶叶片N和P具有显著正相关。同时,叶片N含量与土壤TN无相关性,而油茶叶片P含量与土壤Olsen-P显著正相关。油茶人工林土壤化学计量C∶N、C∶P和N∶P与叶片C∶N、C∶P呈显著正相关,以及叶片N∶P与土壤C∶P、N∶P呈显著正相关(P0.05)。由以上可见,油茶人工林土壤主要受P养分限制,且随林龄增加,P限制增加。此外油茶叶片N、P吸收具有协同效应,且油茶叶片与土壤元素存在广泛的计量耦合关系。本研究综合分析油茶林叶片与土壤的C、N、P计量特征及其关系,有助于全面系统的揭示油茶人工林生态系统的养分状况,对油茶林高效培育、养分补充或退化林诊断等具有指导意义。     

香樟凋落叶分解对辣椒及土壤氮营养的限制作用

香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)凋落叶分解能够明显干扰受体植物的生长、生殖、光合生理和活性氧代谢。该研究继续采用盆栽试验,探讨了不同量[0(对照)、25、50和100g]的香樟凋落叶添加到土壤(10kg/盆)中对受体植物辣椒(Capsicum annuum)及其土壤氮营养状况的影响,外源氮(尿素)输入对凋落叶分解的交互作用,以及凋落叶分解效应的产生是否因为其较高的C/N比而导致微生物争氮。结果显示:(1)各剂量(25~100g/盆)凋落叶处理下,辣椒幼苗硝态氮、可溶性蛋白和全氮含量均在至少2个月内大幅显著降低。(2)土壤硝态氮与辣椒硝态氮、全氮间均具有极显著的协同下降趋势;土壤微生物生物量氮则在总体上高于对照,而土壤全氮和铵态氮的响应较小。(3)施氮不仅使辣椒各氮组分和土壤硝态氮含量整体提升,还使凋落叶分解在这些指标上的抑制作用显著减弱。(4)香樟凋落叶的初始C/N为125.61±4.89,其在土壤中分解48~137d后的C/N始终远高于Hodge假说指出的可导致微生物争氮的临界值,但经过分解120d和135d的凋落叶添加到土壤中并不抑制辣椒的生长。研究认为,香樟凋落叶分解初期可能释放了不利于土壤硝化过程的物质,造成土壤硝态氮匮乏,以致受体植物的氮素吸收和积累减少,而凋落叶较高的C/N比及土壤微生物争氮并非主导因素。     

广西夹竹桃内生真菌的多样性和抑制几种水产病原菌活性筛选

为研究夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)内生真菌的多样性并评价其次生代谢产物的活性，该研究对广西夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)的内生真菌进行分离纯化，采用形态学和ITS序列分析结合的方法进行鉴定，以5种指示菌(其中有3种弧菌)对内生真菌提取物进行抑菌活性筛选。结果表明：(1)从广西夹竹桃中共得到19株内生真菌，这19株内生真菌都属于子囊菌门，涵盖5个目7个属，包括炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum)、球座菌属(Guignardia)、叶点霉属(Phyllosticta)、新壳梭孢属(Neofusicoccum)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、隔孢壳科新属(Nothophoma)和间座壳属(Diaporthe),优势属为炭疽菌属(分离率为36.85%)和球座菌属(分离率为21.05%),其中炭疽菌属主要分布于茎，球座菌属全部来源于叶。(2)jing-117(Neofusicoccum sp.)和ye-130(Guignardia sp.)对坎氏弧菌有较为特异的抑菌效果，ye-136(Aspergillus sp.)能同时抑制蜡样芽孢杆菌和坎氏弧菌，ye-135(A...     

Study on the diuretic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn. seed extract in albino rats

Methanol extract of Strychnos potatorum Linn. seeds (SPSE) was evaluated for its diuretic activity in Wistar albino rats. The SPSE was administered at the graded doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. The parameters which were taken into account during the experimental on each rat were: total urine volume (corrected for water intake during the test period), body weight before and after the experiment, and the concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in urine. The total urine volumes of the SPSE (600 mg/kg)-treated rats were evaluated nearly two and half fold then compared with the control (saline treated) group. Excretion of cations (sodium and potassium ions) and anions (chloride ions) also increased significantly with respect to the control group. The diuretic effect was comparable with that of the standard drug Furosemide. The increase of cations in the urine on treatment with Strychnos potatorum seed extract (SPSE) was dose-dependent. This effect supports the use of the Strychnos potatorum seeds as a diuretic in folk remedies.     

Schistosoma mansoni: Antischistosomal activity of the four optical isomers and the two racemates of mefloquine on schistosomula and adult worms in vitro and in vivo

Recent studies have shown that mefloquine (MQ) reveals interesting antischistosomal properties. We examined the antischistosomal activities of the erythro and threo isomers and racemates of MQ on newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) and adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in mice harbouring adult S. mansoni. The in vitro effects in the presence and absence of haemin were monitored by means of microcalorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and phenotypic evaluation. Incubation of NTS with the erythro derivatives at concentrations of 3 μg/ml and above resulted in convulsions, granularity, decrease in heat flow, and death while NTS incubated with the threo derivatives were only affected at high concentrations (100 μg/ml). Extensive tegumental alterations, decrease in metabolic activity, viability, and death were observed when adult schistosomes had been exposed to 10 μg/ml of the erythro compounds. Moderate tegumental and viability changes but reduced heat production rates were observed with the threo derivatives at 10 μg/ml. In the presence of haemin, all MQ derivatives showed pronounced antischistosomal properties against adult S. mansoni in vitro. In vivo, MQ derivatives achieved statistically significant total and female worm burden reductions ranging between 65.4% and 100%. The highest total worm burden reductions of 93.4% and 90.2% were observed following treatment with the erythro and threo racemates, respectively. In conclusion, the optical isomers and racemates of MQ show only moderate stereoselectivity, in particular in vivo. Our results may enhance our understanding of the mechanism of action and therapeutic profile of MQ derivates on schistosomes.     

Diet and physiological responses of Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) to the Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea invasion

Marine invasions are a worldwide problem that involves changes in communities and the acclimation of organisms to them. The invasive Chlorophyte Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea is widespread in the Mediterranean and colonises large areas from 0 to 70 m in depth. The omnivorous fish Spondyliosoma cantharus presents a high frequency of occurrence of C. racemosa in the stomach contents at invaded areas (76.3%) while no presence of C. racemosa was detected in control areas. The isotopic composition of muscle differed significantly between invaded and non-invaded sites for δ¹³C (− 16.67‰ ± 0.09 and − 17.67‰ ± 0.08, respectively), δ¹⁵N (10.22‰ ± 0.22 and 9.32‰ ± 0.18, respectively) and the C:N ratio (2.01 ± 0.0002 and 1.96 ± 0.009, respectively). Despite the high frequency of occurrence of C. racemosa in the stomach contents of S. cantharus and its important contribution to the δ¹³C source (20.7% ± 16.2), the contribution of C. racemosa to the δ¹⁵N in S. cantharus food sources was very low (6.6% ± 5.8). Other invertebrate prey such as decapods and polychaetes were more important contributors to the δ¹⁵N source at both invaded and non-invaded sites. Activation of enzymatic pathways (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-tranferase, 7-ethoxy resorufin O-de-ethylase) but not a significant increase in lipid peroxidation MDA (0.49 ± 0.01 nmol/mg prot at non-invaded and 0.53 ± 0.01 nmol/mg prot at invaded sites) was observed in S. cantharus individuals living in C. racemosa-invaded sites compared with control specimens. The low δ¹⁵N contribution values of C. racemosa by S. cantharus together with the toxicity demonstrated by the activation of the antioxidant defences and the important contribution of invertebrate prey to the δ¹⁵N could mean that the ingestion of C. racemosa by S. cantharus might be unintentional during the predation of invertebrate preys living underneath the entanglement of the C. racemosa fronds and stolons mats.     

The potential of Commelina benghalensis as a forage for ruminants

To evaluate the potential of Commelina benghalensis as a forage for ruminants, effects of plant maturity on chemical composition, rumen degradability as well as its increased dietary inclusion level on intake, digestibility and N balance in sheep fed Sorghum almum were investigated with forage obtained from the wild, re-established and harvested at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of growth. Composite herbage samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), chemical components, total extractable phenolics (TEP) and amino acid content. In sacco rumen degradability measurements used six individually confined wethers (8 ± 0.5 months of age; 21 ± 2.6 kg live-weight (LW)) fitted with rumen cannulae and fed a ration of 3:1 fresh S. almum and Medicago sativa hay (about 1:2 on a DM basis). In sacco bags containing 5 g each of dry herbage were inserted into the rumen and withdrawn sequentially after 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated from 24 h in vitro gas production. In the digestibility study, 12 wethers fitted with rumen canula were housed in metabolic crates and allotted to four treatment diets (i. e., D0, D10, D20 and D30) constituted from fresh S. almum and pre-wilted C. benghalensis in a randomized complete block design. The control diet (D0) was 3 kg fresh S. almum (≈535.5 g DM/wether/d about 30 g/kg LW), whereas D10, D20 and D30 were D0 +300, 600 or 900 g of wilted C. benghalensis (≈34, 68 or about 102 g DM/wether/d), respectively. The study lasted for 21 d. Dry matter, fibre and TEP content increased (P<0.001) with maturity of the forage, whereas those of CP and EE decreased (P<0.0001) over the same period. Amino acids (AA) also declined with maturity (P<0.05). Rumen degradability of DM and OM were unaffected, but DM intake increased linearly (P<0.0001) at a decreasing rate (Q: P<0.05) and DM digestibility (DMD) and N intake increased linearly (P<0.01 and P<0.0001, respectively) as level of C. benghalensis in the diet increased. Results indicate that advancing maturity affected chemical composition, but not rumen degradability, of C. benghalensis and also demonstrated that inclusion of C. benghalensis in S. almum diet improved intake, digestibility and N intake, suggesting its potential use as a feed supplement.     

紫茎泽兰入侵前后抗虫物质含量差异及其对泽兰实蝇寄生的响应

【目的】紫茎泽兰是我国重要的入侵杂草,对我国生态环境和农、林、牧业造成重大危害。本研究通过比较紫茎泽兰原产地与入侵地种群地上部抗虫物质含量的差异及其对泽兰实蝇寄生的响应,为探明紫茎泽兰入侵种群持续扩张的化学生态机制提供依据。【方法】选取5个紫茎泽兰种群(3个中国云南种群:C1,C2,C3;2个墨西哥种群:M1,M2),比较原产地和入侵地种群地上部分碳氮比、单宁类(单宁酸、儿茶素、鞣花酸)和类黄酮物质(槲皮素、异槲皮素、山奈酚)含量差异,以及泽兰实蝇寄生前后这些抗虫物质的含量变化。【结果】入侵地种群地上部分碳氮比不同程度地低于原产地种群,茎秆部位差异最明显。紫茎泽兰入侵地种群的单宁类和类黄酮物质含量亦低于原产地种群,其中,芽尖部位单宁酸和儿茶素含量差异尤为明显,分别比原产地种群低26.4%和32.3%。泽兰实蝇寄生后,原产地和入侵地种群单宁类和类黄酮物质含量基本呈上升趋势,其中,M1种群寄生植株在虫瘿破膜前,儿茶素含量比未寄生植株升高了163.2%。【结论】紫茎泽兰入侵种群在抗虫特性方面产生了资源再分配的适应性变化,有利于其在新生境天敌缺乏条件下的持续扩张。虽然泽兰实蝇寄生会诱导紫茎泽兰原产地种群和入侵地种群抗虫物质的增加,但原产地种群增加的幅度更大,表明紫茎泽兰入侵后对专食性天敌胁迫的适应性明显下降。     

南方红豆杉水浸提液对喜树种子发芽和幼苗生长的化感作用

化感作用是影响人工混交林种间关系的重要因素之一。已有研究表明：喜树南方红豆杉混交对喜树生长有明显促进作用,并从混交改善混交林地微气候角度解释了这种促进作用,但未从种间化感作用角度探讨这种作用。为了探究南方红豆杉是否对喜树具有潜在的化感促进作用,从而更全面了解喜树南方红豆杉混交林种间关系,考察了不同浓度（25、50 g/L和100 g/L）的南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var.mairei）鲜叶、凋落叶、枝和根水浸提液对喜树（Camptotheca acuminata）种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）南方红豆杉凋落叶浸提液对喜树种子发芽和幼苗生长无显著影响（P>0.05）,而鲜叶、枝和根浸提液对喜树发芽和幼苗生长均具有不同程度的促进作用（P<0.05）,且作用强度大体与浓度呈正相关;（2）100 g/L的南方红豆杉鲜叶、枝和根浸提液浸泡的喜树种子,其发芽率比对照组分别提高8.1%、14.9%和25.6%;（3）南方红豆杉鲜叶浸提液只有在高浓度（100 g/L）时,对喜树幼苗基径生长具有促进作用（P<0.05）,而对其株高、全株干重和净光合速率无显著影响;南方红豆杉根和枝浸提液对喜树幼苗株高、基茎、干重和净光合速率均具有促进作用（P<0.05）,与对照组相比,100 g/L的根和枝浸提液浇灌喜树幼苗,可以使喜树幼苗株高分别提高14.2%和8.4%,基径分别提高19.0%和15.3%,干重分别提高23.1%和15.9%,净光合速率分别提高11.6%和6.1%。研究结果表明,在喜树南方红豆杉混交林中,南方红豆杉对喜树的正向化感作用可能是促进喜树生长的重要因素之一。     

Effect of feeding sun-dried seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by feedlot cattle and on growth performance of lambs

Thirty-two steers orally inoculated with a four-strain mixture (10¹⁰ CFU) of nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 had sun-dried Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed (Tasco-14™) added to their barley-based diet (860 g/kg barley grain and 90 g/kg whole crop barley silage, dry matter basis) to assess its effectiveness in reducing fecal shedding of the pathogen. Steers were housed in four groups of eight and received Tasco-14™ in the diet, in place of barley, at levels (as fed) of 10 g/kg for 14 days (T1-14), 20 g/kg for 7 days (T2-7), 20 g/kg for 14 days (T2-14), or not at all (i.e., control, CON). The dietary treatments commenced 7 days after E. coli O157:H7 inoculation and fecal shedding patterns were examined over 14 weeks. Water, water–trough interface, feed and fecal pat samples were also collected weekly and cultured for E. coli O157:H7. Detection of the pathogen in fecal samples was less frequent (P<0.05) in T1-14 (99/168) and T2-7 (84/168) versus CON (135/168) and T2-14 (115/168), and the concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 recovered in feces from T1-14 and T2-7 steers were lower (P<0.005) than from CON or T2-14 steers. Rates of decline in shedding of E. coli O157:H7 were similar among treatments, but final numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were lower (P<0.05) in T1-14 and T2-7 as compared to T2-14 and CON. Fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH were similar among treatments, suggesting no fecal alterations that were antagonistic to survival. E. coli O157:H7 was present in 1 (from T2-7) of 56 cattle drinking water samples, 2 of 56 (T1-14, CON) feed samples and 32 of 56 fecal pats. A second experiment investigated effects of the dietary treatment on growth performance of non-inoculated sheep. Tasco-14™ was administered to 40 individually fed Canadian Arcott lambs beginning at day 56 of a 105-day finishing period. The lambs received Tasco-14™ at 0 g/kg (control, CON), at 10 g/kg for 14 days (T1-14), 20 g/kg for 14 days (T2-14), 10 g/kg for 28 days (T1-28) or at 20 g/kg for 7 days (T2-7) as a top-dress on their pelleted, barley grain-based diet (n = 8). E. coli O157:H7 was not isolated from fecal samples collected at 4-week intervals, but generic E. coli populations were lower (P<0.05) in T1-28 lambs than in other treatments. Average daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass traits did not differ among treatments. Our challenge study supports past studies showing that Tasco-14™ decreases shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle. The lamb study shows that this additive did not directly affect feed intake or animal growth.     

Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot

Footrot is a debilitating disease of sheep resulting in lameness, production losses and suffering. To study the basic bacteriology of the disease, a survey was initiated across commercial farms and non-commercial research flocks to compare the bacteriology of symptomatic footrot infected sheep with healthy asymptomatic sheep. Of the 80 farmers initially contacted, 14 collected hoof swabs and returned the swabs by post. Following DNA extraction, species-specific PCR was used to identify if Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) or Fusobacterium necrophorum (F. necrophorum) species were present on each swab. Of the 42 swabs taken from symptomatic footrot infected sheep, 17 were positive for both F. necrophorum and D. nodosus, two were positive for F. necrophorum only, two for D. nodosus only and 23 swabs were negative for both F. necrophorum and D. nod osus. Of the 50 swabs received from healthy asymptomatic sheep, one was positive for F. necrophorum only and 49 were negative for both D. nodosus and F. necrophorum. This suggests that both F. necrophorum and D. nodosus are linked to footrot in the field in a pastoral farming system. If these bacteria are linked together and collectively cause footrot, this may need to be considered when managing a footrot outbreak, or maintaining a quarantine.     

Conidial germination and germ tube elongation of Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi on leaf surfaces of seven Amaranthus species: Implications for biological control

Microsphaeropsis amaranthi and Phomopsis amaranthicola are potential biological control agents for several Amaranthus species. In an effort to understand the initial infection processes with these pathogens, a study was conducted of the conidial germination and germ tube length (μm) on the weed leaf surfaces at 21 °C and 28 °C. Weeds included Amaranthus rudis, A. palmeri, A. powellii, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. hybridus, and A. albus. For P. amaranthicola, conidial germination and germ tube length varied among the seven weed species at both temperatures, while for M. amaranthi the differences in germ tube lengths were significant among weed species only at 21 °C. While the conidia of M. amaranthi and P. amaranthicola germinated on the leaf surfaces of all seven weed species, temperature appeared to impact the number and length of germ tubes on the leaf surfaces. The percentage of germinated conidia and the length of germ tubes at both temperatures were often greater for M. amaranthi than for P. amaranthicola. In order for the fungal pathogen to successfully infect and kill a weedy host, conidia must germinate and form a germ tube, two processes that vary with host species and temperature for M. amaranthi and P. amaranthicola. The extent to which successive infection processes, e.g., penetration, invasion and colonization, contribute to host specificity warrants study.     

Colonization of cucumber plants by the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata

Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata (Gliocladium catenulatum) strain J1446 (formulated as Prestop WP) suppressed Fusarium root and stem rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) on cucumber plants grown hydroponically in rockwool medium. Sixty days following application at seeding, the biocontrol agent had proliferated through the rockwool blocks and was present on cucumber roots and the crown region of the stem at populations >1 × 10⁵ CFU/g fresh weight. Scanning electron micrographs showed that C. rosea had rapidly colonized the root surface and was associated with root hairs and epidermal cell junctions. Following transformation of the fungus with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL-1 containing the hygromycin resistance (hph) and β-glucuronidase (uidA) genes, blue-stained mycelia could be seen growing on the surface and within epidermal and cortical cells of roots, stems and shoots 3 weeks after treatment. Quantification of GUS activity by fluorometric assays showed that fungal biomass was highest in the roots and crown area, while the extent of colonization of upper stems and true leaves was variable. Higher population levels resulted following application to rockwool blocks compared to seed treatment. Application of C. rosea preceding inoculation with Forc significantly reduced pathogen populations on roots compared to plants inoculated with Forc alone. Colonization of infection sites in the root zone reduced pathogen development and disease incidence. Densities of the biocontrol agent appeared to increase in the presence of the pathogen.     

川南地区毛竹和林下植被芒箕细根分解特征

揭示竹林与其林下植被细根单独和混合分解特征,探讨竹林细根与其林下植被细根之间相互影响的潜在机制,为毛竹林林下植被的合理经营管理提供理论参考。采用原位分解袋法研究了四川长宁毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)与林下植被芒箕(Dicranopteris pedata)细根分解和养分释放过程,试验周期为1年。结果表明(1)毛竹和芒箕细根初始化学组分有着明显差异,碳(C)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和碳磷比(C/P)毛竹显著高于芒箕(P0.05),而氮(N)含量、磷(P)含量和氮磷比(N/P)均芒箕高于毛竹(P0.05)。(2)毛竹和芒箕细根分解系数(k)分别为0.66±0.04和0.42±0.41,毛竹细根分解速率显著高于芒箕;土壤温度与分解速率呈显著正相关,是影响细根分解速率的关键环境因子。(3)毛竹和芒箕细根碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分释放均表现为净释放,毛竹细根碳(C)释放速率高于芒箕,但细根氮(N)和磷(P)释放率均低于芒箕。(4)混合分解的实测值和期望值对比结果表明毛竹和芒箕细根混合对分解速率和磷(P)元素的释放没有显著影响,但显著促进了碳(C)元素的释放,抑制了分解初期氮(N)元素的释放。毛竹与林下植被芒箕单独细根分解和养分释放特征均表现不同;细根混合分解速率无显著混合效应,但养分释放的混合效应表现出不同阶段性和不同方向(正或负),说明林下植被通过影响细根养分释放而影响竹林生态系统的养分循环。     

The potential of Ulocladium botrytis for biological control of Orobanche spp.

A strain of Ulocladium botrytis isolated from diseased Orobanche crenata shoots caused disease on the parasitic weed in pathogenicity tests. The potential of the fungus to be developed as a mycoherbicide for Orobanche spp. was further investigated. Although the fungus significantly decreased O. crenata germination in vitro by 80%, it did not generally lead to a decreased number of O. crenata shoots or tubercles in inoculated root chambers or pots. However, the number of diseased or dead tubercles and underground shoots was significantly increased compared to the noninoculated treatments. Postemergence inoculation of O. crenata shoots with a conidial suspension resulted in the death of almost all inoculated plants 14 days after application under greenhouse conditions. In preliminary host-range studies, the pathogen caused disease on Orobanche cumana on sunflower whereas on Orobanche aegyptiaca shoots parasitizing tomato only minimal disease symptoms could be detected after postemergence inoculation. Based on the results of our investigations, we conclude that Ulocladium botrytis has only a limited potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against Orobanche spp.     

再生水补水河道芦苇碳氮化学计量特征及其对环境的响应

在再生水补水河道内,芦苇（Phragmites australis）受高氮再生水的长期影响,具有独特的碳（C）、氮（N）化学计量特征。为查明芦苇C、N化学计量特征及其对高氮环境的响应,在芦苇生长季节（5、7、9月份）,分析了再生水补水的潮白河顺义段内河水、土壤及芦苇各器官（根、茎和叶）中C、N含量及碳氮比（C/N）。结果表明：河水中C、N含量和C/N比分别在22.20-37.25 mg/L、2.24-11.20 mg/L和3.33-9.92之间。土壤中C、N含量和C/N比的范围为5.69-35.17、0.28-2.63、8.77-25.39。在整个生长季节的所有采样点内,芦苇根、茎和叶中C含量的平均值分别为（170.84±63.56）、（369.02±39.12）、（431.80±96.70） mg/g;N含量的平均值分别为（8.20±3.96）、（14.11±6.22）和（30.73±8.66） mg/g;C/N比的平均值分别为23.89±12.84、32.65±18.48、15.21±5.60。方差分析表明,芦苇各器官中C、N计量特征具有显著的季节性差异（P<0.05）,这主要与芦苇在生长过程中的生理作用有关。环境中C、N计量特征具有显著的空间差异（P<0.05）,受环境变量的影响,芦苇叶中N含量和C/N比从上游到下游显著降低（P<0.05）。逐步回归分析的结果显示,土壤和河水中的C、N含量能够解释芦苇叶中71.0%的变量（P<0.05）;土壤中C、N含量和河水中N含量能够解释芦苇叶C/N比82.6%的变量（P<0.05）。相关分析指出,河水中N含量与土壤中N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）,说明土壤受到高氮再生水的影响而具有较强的供N能力。高氮环境下,芦苇叶中N含量较高;相较于芦苇茎和叶,根中C含量较小。研究证明在再生水补水河道中,芦苇对环境中的N有良好的吸收能力,其C、N计量特征对高氮环境表现出明显的响应。     

Schistosoma mansoni: In vitro schistosomicidal activity of piplartine

Schistosomiasis is one of the world’s greatly neglected tropical diseases, and its control is largely dependent on a single drug, praziquantel. Here, we report the in vitro effect of piplartine, an amide isolated from Piper tuberculatum (Piperaceae), on Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. A piplartine concentration of 15.8 μM reduced the motor activity of worms and caused their death within 24 h in a RPMI 1640 medium. Similarly, the highest sub-lethal concentration of piplartine (6.3 μM) caused a 75% reduction in egg production in spite of coupling. Additionally, piplartine induced morphological changes on the tegument, and a quantitative analysis carried out by confocal microscopy revealed an extensive tegumental destruction and damage in the tubercles. This damage was dose-dependent in the range of 15.8–630.2 μM. At doses higher than 157.6 μM, piplartine induced morphological changes in the oral and ventral sucker regions of the worms. It is the first time that the schistosomicidal activity has been reported for piplartine.