5-脂氧合酶抑制剂的研究进展

脂氧合酶是一种含铁的氧化还原酶,存在于动植物的组织和细胞中。脂氧合酶主要分为1、3、5、8、12、15-脂氧合酶6种亚型。5-脂氧合酶(5-lipoxygenase,5-LOX)是LOX同工酶中研究较为深入的非血红素铁蛋白氧化代谢酶,是许多高活性氧化脂质生物合成中的关键酶,参与多种炎症性疾病,如炎症、哮喘、脑缺血、部分恶性肿瘤及阿尔茨海默症等疾病的发生和发展过程。因此,开发有效的5-LOX抑制剂对治疗上述疾病至关重要。本文介绍了5-LOX抑制剂的研究成果,并对其分类、来源、治疗药效和优缺点进行了讨论,为深入研发创新型5-LOX抑制剂提供理论依据。     

大麻素Ⅰ型受体参与异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受

目的:探讨大麻素Ⅰ型受体(CB1受体)是否参与异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受.方法:48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组(n=8):假手术组SHAM:仅暴露颈总动脉,不结扎血管;对照组MCAO:阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2h;异氟醚预处理组ISO:大鼠吸入异氟醚(1.5％)1 h/d,连续5d;溶剂+异氟醚预处理组(Vehicle+ISO)和CB1受体拮抗剂+异氟醚预处理组(AM251 +ISO):每日在吸入异氟醚前30 min分别给予溶剂(二甲基亚砜:Tween-80:生理盐水=1∶1∶18)3 mL/kg (ip)和AM251(i.p),连续5d;CB1受体拮抗剂组(AM251):每日腹腔注射(i.p.)AM251)1 mg/kg,连续5d.除SHAM组外其余各组均在最后一次预处理24h后行颈内动脉线栓法致大脑中动脉栓塞(2 h)模型,观察再灌注后24 h神经行为学评分,然后取大脑行2,3,5-氯化三苯四唑(TTC)染色以计算脑梗死容积百分比.结果:SHAM组神经行为学正常且未见梗死灶;ISO组和Vehicle+ISO组脑梗死体积百分比分别(29.3±4.2％)和(31.5±3.4)％,明显小于MCAO组、AM251组和AM251 +ISO组(P＜0.05);神经行为学评分ISO组(12.1±0.6)和Vehicle+ISO组(11.1±0.8)明显高于MCAO组(7.4±1.2)、AM251组(7.6±1.1)和AM251 +ISO组(8.6±1.2)(P＜0.05);而AM251组、AM251 +ISO组与MCAO组之间神经行为学评分和脑梗死体积百分比均无统计学意义.结论:CB1受体可能参与了异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受.     

不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

摘要 目的：探究不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将48只成年雄性大鼠随机分为六组：假手术组、缺血对照组、脂肪乳组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组、中剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,每组8只。检测血清中酶的含量,观察肝细胞损伤程度,直观的反应乳化异氟醚预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响。结果：不同组别大鼠肝脏再灌注后ALT、AST、LDH和MDA含量,SOD活性和肝细胞坏死比例均具有显著差异,随着再灌注时间的延长,各组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均明显增加（均P＜0.05）。再灌注后1 h、2 h和4 h中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠肝组织匀浆中MDA含量和肝细胞坏死比例均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,SOD活性显著高于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。结论：中等剂量乳化异氟醚预处理组中血清中酶含量最低,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量最低,SOD活性水平最高,肝细胞损伤程度最轻,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注的保护作用最好。     

Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷预处理脑保护中的作用

目的：探讨Homer-1a蛋白在异氟烷（Iso）预处理脑保护中的作用。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠（250~270g）,随机分为三组：Sham组（n=20）,仅分离血管不留置线栓;IR组（n=20）采用线栓法栓塞大脑中动脉致局灶性脑缺血模型,2h再灌注;IP组（n=20）,接受1h的异氟烷预处理（2％异氟烷,98％氧）,预处理后24h制作Mcao模型,分别于24h、48h、72h、7天后观察动物神经行为学改变。用Westernblot于24h、48h、72h、7天后对Homer-1a蛋白表达量进行分析。结果：24h时,IR组Homer-1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组（P〈0．05）．IP组Homer—1a蛋白表达量明显高于Sham组（P〈0．01）,IP组Homer-1a蛋白表达量高于IR组（P〈0．05）;48h时,IP组Homer．1a蛋白表达量高于Sham组（P〈0．05）,IR组Home〉1a蛋白表达量低于Sham组,IP组Home-1a蛋白表达量与IR组没有统计学意义;72h时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义;7天时,Sham组与IR组、IP组之间均无统计学意义。结论：在局灶性脑缺血中异氟烷预处理提高了Home-1a蛋白表达。     

血红素氧合酶-1 mRNA在离体大鼠心肌缺血预处理中的变化

目的:观察血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)mRNA在缺血预适应中的变化.方法:实验动物随机分为对照组(CN)、缺血/再灌损伤组(I/R)、缺血预适应 缺血/再灌损伤组(PC).结果:PC组的心功能恢复率高于I/R组(P<0.05),MDA含量低于I/R组(P<0.05),HO-1 mRNA又高于I/R组(P<0.05).结论:HO-1mRNA表达上调与缺血预适应保护缺血/再灌注损伤心肌有关.     

异氟醚经Pink1/Parkin信号通路激活线粒体自噬对小鼠心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用

目的 探究异氟醚（isoflurane, ISO）通过Pink1/Parkin信号通路对小鼠心肌缺血再灌注（ischemia-reperfusion,IR）损伤中线粒体自噬的影响。方法 本研究建立小鼠心肌IR模型,并将24只小鼠分为4组：假手术（Sham）组、假手术+异氟醚（Sham+ISO）组、缺血再灌注（IR）组、缺血再灌注+异氟醚（IR+ISO）组。通过HE染色评估心肌组织损伤,利用TUNEL染色观察心肌细胞凋亡,通过Western blot检测心肌细胞线粒体自噬相关蛋白（包括Pink1、parkin、Beclin、P62和LC3）的表达,并使用相关试剂盒测定心肌细胞线粒体内膜电位及ATP含量。结果 与Sham组相比,IR组的心肌细胞损伤更为严重,心肌组织损伤评分增加,细胞凋亡率升高。线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达紊乱,线粒体内膜电位和ATP含量显著下降。值得注意的是,在ISO处理的IR小鼠中,IR损伤导致的心肌组织损伤评分和心肌细胞凋亡率明显减轻;线粒体自噬相关蛋白的表达部分恢复,线粒体内膜电位和ATP含量的降低也得到了显著改善。结论 ISO可以通过Pink1/Parkin信号通路抑制...     

血红素氧合酶-1在离体大鼠心肌缺血预适应中的作用

目的:分别观察给予HO-1诱导剂和抑制剂对心肌相对缺血再灌注损伤和缺血预适应的影响,探讨HO-1在缺血预适应中的作用.方法:实验动物随机分为对照组(CN)、缺血/再灌损伤组(I/R)、缺血预适应 缺血/再灌损伤组(PC)、HO-1诱导剂 缺血/再灌损伤组(HM)、HO-1抑制剂 缺血预适应组(ZP).心肌缺血/再灌损伤采用相对缺血/再灌损伤模型,缺血预适应则为相对缺血5min恢复5min,反复2次.测定心功能、MDA及HO-1活性变化.结果:HM组HO-1活性升高,心功能恢复率均显著高于IR组(P＜0.01),MDA含量显著低于IR组(P＜0.05).ZP组活性降低,心功能恢复率显著低于PC组(P＜0.05),MDA含量显著高于PC组(P＜0 05).结论:HO-1是缺血预适应释放的内源性活性物质之一.     

七氟醚预处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经保护作用及机制研究

目的:探讨七氟醚对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:选取48只体重260 g±10 g的健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、损伤组及七氟醚组。假手术组大鼠分离右侧颈总动脉及颈外动脉结扎,不进入颅内置入线栓。损伤组吸入100%纯氧60min之后对右颈内动脉采用尼龙线线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻闭模型(MCAO),七氟醚组吸入2.5%七氟醚(2.5%七氟醚及97.5%氧气)60 min后再行MCAO模型制备。3组大鼠缺血2 h后,进行再灌注24 h。观察三组大鼠的神经功能评分及脑组织TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平。结果:假手术组大鼠神经功能评分中位数为18分;损伤组评分中位数为7分;七氟醚组大鼠评分中位数为13分,三组大鼠的评分分布差异具有统计学意义(x2=35.784,P=0.000)。各组大鼠脑组织TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白总体水平差异具有统计学意义(F=15.201,P=0.00;F=26.879,P=0.000)。进一步两两比较后,损伤组TNF-α和IL-1β蛋白水平高于七氟醚组及假手术组,七氟醚组高于假手术组,但远低于损伤组水平,P=0.000。结论:七氟醚对大鼠神经功能有一定保护作用,其机制可能与其影响大鼠脑组织TNF-α及IL-1β蛋白水平,减轻脑缺血再灌注后组织炎症反应有关。     

木犀草素预处理对缺血/再灌注大鼠肝脏的保护作用

本研究用Sprague-Dawley大鼠建立肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型,探讨木犀草素预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制,并观察血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)活性变化对肝缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.将火鼠随机分为正常组、模犁组、木犀草素组、木犀草素+锌原卟啉(HO-1抑制剂)组及...     

诱导血红素加氧酶-1表达在器官移植中的保护作用

器官移植术中及术后移植器官的缺血再灌注损伤（ischemia-repeffusion injury,IRI）和免疫排斥反应一直困扰着外科医生.血红素加氧酶-1（heme oxygenase-1,HO-1）是血红素代谢过程中的限速酶,广泛分布于哺乳动物的各种组织细胞中.血红素在它的催化下降解代谢为一氧化碳（CO）、胆绿素和游离铁离子.HO-1在氧化应激、炎性反应、低氧和缺血等状态下均能高度表达.HO-1及其催化血红素代谢产物主要通过抗炎性反应、抗氧化反应、调节同种异体反应性T细胞的活性及增殖、抗内皮细胞凋亡、抑制内皮细胞活化等作用机制,对移植器官起到抗IRI和抗免疫排斥作用,从而增加移植器官成活率及延长其存活时间.     

The influence of 5-lipoxygenase on cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice

Background

Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by the loss of lung architecture. Our hypothesis is that the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) production may be an important strategy to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and metalloproteinases in lung tissue resulting from cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema.

Methods

5-LO knockout (129S2-Alox5^tm1Fun/J) and wild-type (WT) mice (129S2/SvPas) were exposed to CS for 60 days. Mice exposed to ambient air were used as Controls. Oxidative, inflammatory, and proteolytic markers were analyzed.

Results

The alveolar diameter was decreased in CS 5-LO^−/− mice when compared with the WT CS group. The CS exposure resulted in less pronounced pulmonary inflammation in the CS 5-LO^−/− group. The CS 5-LO^−/− group showed leukotriene B4 values comparable to those of the Control group. The expression of MMP-9 was decreased in the CS 5-LO^−/− group when compared with the CS WT group. The expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the CS 5-LO^−/− group when compared with the Control group. The protein expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 was reduced in the CS 5-LO^−/− group when compared to the CS WT group.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we show for the first time that 5-LO deficiency protects 129S2 mice against emphysema caused by CS. We suggest that the main mechanism of pathogenesis in this model involves the imbalance between proteases and antiproteases, particularly the association between MMP-9 and TIMP-1.General significanceThis study demonstrates the influence of 5-LO mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and proteolytic markers in CS exposed mice.     

Roles of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein in cell proliferation and apoptosis

5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) functions as a facilitator of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity. However, on the basis of the induction of apoptosis by the FLAP inhibitor MK886 in cells lacking 5-LOX, it is possible that this fatty acid-binding protein has other activities. This study was designed to examine potential roles of FLAP in apoptosis and cell proliferation. Overexpression of FLAP protein (2.2-fold) was achieved by stable transfection of IL-3-dependent murine prolymphoid progenitor cells (FL5.12) with a construct expressing the cDNA under a CMV promoter. The overexpressed protein was localized to nuclear membranes as with endogenous FLAP. The initial growth rate of FLAP-transfected cells was greater than that of control cells. After 48 h, when cell density had increased, the growth rate of FLAP-transfected cells declined substantially and there and there was a decrease in viability relative to control transfected cells. The FLAP-transfected cells were also more susceptible to withdrawal of IL-3 than were control cells. There was, however, no difference between FLAP and control cells in their susceptibility to MK886, NDGA, or etoposide during the log growth phase. Overexpression of FLAP did not alter Bcl-x_L protein expression, but did decrease Bax protein and somewhat increased COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA levels. The failure of increased FLAP to alter susceptibility to MK886 provides further support to the concept that this agent induces apoptosis by mechanisms unrelated to FLAP. The data also suggest that FLAP can affect cell proliferation.     

STAT蛋白在心脏疾病中作用的研究进展

细胞信号转导途径JAK-STAT通路是细胞因子由细胞膜外向细胞核内传递信号的主要途径,参与了介导细胞生长,增殖分化,炎症反应,细胞凋亡等多种病理生理过程。STAT蛋白是JAK-STAT通路的核心分子,且所有的STAT蛋白在心脏中均有表达,改变其分子结构能调节STAT蛋白的生物学活性。目前,已有大量文献报道了STAT1、STAT3在心脏疾病中的作用,缺血性心脏疾病、缺血再灌注引起心肌损伤、心肌肥大、心肌梗塞后的心脏衰竭以及缺血预/后处理介导的心脏保护作用等均与STAT蛋白密切相关。本文主要就近年来STAT蛋白在心脏疾病中作用的研究进展进行了综述。     

解螺旋酶RECQL5的功能及其在肿瘤中作用的研究进展

目前,研究已在小鼠和人类中发现5个Rec Q基因家族成员,分别是Recql1、BLM、WRN、Recql4和RECQL5。其中,RECQL5具有抑制姐妹染色体交换、抑制同源重组修复、阻止双链DNA断裂以及与TOPⅡα的协同作用等功能。最近研究在缺乏RECQL5的Apcmin小鼠小肠和结肠中均发现有肿瘤生长,提示RECQL5蛋白与肿瘤的发生密切相关。此外,RECQL5可能是影响喜树碱(CPT)治疗结直肠癌效果的主要因素,并可能是以伊立替康为基础药物治疗结肠癌效果评估的潜在生物标记物。本文就解螺旋酶RECQL5的功能及其在肿瘤中作用的研究进展进行综述。     

纳米材料诱导自噬引发保护作用的研究进展

溶酶体-自噬系统在细胞对纳米材料的适应性反应中起到关键作用。自噬在保护细胞免受损伤和保持细胞稳定方面发挥重大作用,但纳米材料引起自噬的本质尚不清楚。纳米材料被细胞认为是外来入侵者,其积累将激活机体的清除机制,引发自噬。介绍了纳米材料诱导自噬发生的自我保护机制,综合分析了纳米材料对溶酶体-自噬系统的影响及其生物学效应。     

Spatio-temporal properties of 5-lipoxygenase expression and activation in the brain after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

The role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in brain injury after cerebral ischemia has been reported; however, the spatio-temporal properties of 5-LOX expression and the enzymatic activation are unclear. To determine these properties, we observed post-ischemic 5-LOX changes from 3 h to 14 days after reperfusion in rats with transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that the expression of 5-LOX, both mRNA and protein, was increased in the ischemic core 12-24 h after reperfusion, and in the boundary zone adjacent to the ischemic core 7-14 days after reperfusion. The increased 5-LOX was primarily localized in the neurons in the ischemic core at 24 h, but in the proliferated astrocytes in the boundary zone 14 days after reperfusion. As 5-LOX metabolites, the level of cysteinyl-leukotrienes in the ischemic brain was substantially increased 3 h to 24 h, near control at 3 days, and moderately increased again 7 days after reperfusion; whereas the level of LTB(4) was increased mildly 3 h but substantially 7-14 days after reperfusion. Thus, we conclude that 5-LOX expression and the enzymatic activity are increased after focal cerebral ischemia, and spatio-temporally involved in neuron injury in the acute phase and astrocyte proliferation in the late phase.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazolopyrimidines derivatives as anticancer and anti-5-lipoxygenase agents

A novel series of 6-aryl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones 3a-h were synthesized in a single step via condensation of carboxamide 2 with some aromatic aldehydes (presence of iodine). Treatment of aminopyrazole 1a with acetic anhydride afforded pyrazolopyrimidines 4 which on treatment with ethyl chloroacetate in refluxing dry DMF furnished a single product identified as ethyl 2-(3,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-5(4H)-yl) acetate 5. On the other hand, esterification of compound 6 with different alcohol, led to the formation of new esters linked pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinones hybrids 7a-f. The reaction of compound 2 with 3-propargyl bromide gave the compound 8 used as a dipolarophile to access to triazoles (4- and 5-regioisomers (9a-e) and (10a-e), respectively) via the 1,3-dipoar cycloaddition reaction. Finally, condensation reaction of aminopyrazole 1b with α-cyanocinnamonitiles gave the new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3,6-dicarbonitriles 11a-e. Structures of compounds were established on the basis of ¹H/¹³C NMR and ESI-HRMS. Compounds were screened for their cytotoxic (HCT-116 and MCF-7) and 5-lipoxygenase inhibition activities. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) was discussed.     

5-脂氧化酶与动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化（AS）及其并发症是当今世界上导致死亡的最常见的病因之一。AS发病机制有多种学说,其中动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病的学说已为广大学者所接受。白三烯（LTs）是促进炎症反应的脂类调控因子,在心血管组织中具有强烈的致炎作用,5-脂氧化酶（5-LO）能够氧化花生四烯酸生成LTs等花生酸类物质。近年对动脉粥样硬化的研究中发现5-LO途径及其下游产物LTs对AS的形成、发展及动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性有重要作用。本文结合国内外文献,对5-LO基因结构、蛋白结构和代谢活性等生物学特性以及5-LO及其下游产物与动脉粥样硬化发生、发展的关系进行了总结,对了解和研究动脉粥样硬化疾病及其治疗具有重要意义。     

大鼠肢端缺血预处理对脑缺血后炎症反应的影响

目的通过观察肢端缺血预处理（1imbisehemicpreconditioning,LIP）对大鼠脑缺血性损伤后重要炎症因子表达的影响,探讨LIP诱导的脑缺血耐受与炎症反应之间的关系。方法选取72只SD大鼠,实验组（LIP组）30只、缺血组30只和对照组12只。实验组和缺血组设立5个时间点：6h、12h、24h、48h和72h,每点6只。通过线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞（middlecerebralarteryocclusion,MCAO）的局灶性脑缺血模型及LIP法建立脑缺血耐受模型,采用HE观察每组大鼠的脑组织形态学改变、QRT—PCR和ELISA方法检测脑组织中炎症因子IL-17及IL-6的表达变化。结果实验组脑组织学病理改变明显轻于缺血组。与缺血组相比：实验组的IL-17和IL-6的基因和蛋白表达在整体水平均呈下降趋势;mRNA水平提示实验组在缺血12h、24h和48h后脑组织中IL-17、IL-6的表达量显著减少（P〈0．01）;蛋白水平提示实验组在缺血24h和48h后脑组织中的IL-6以及在缺血12h、24h和48h后脑组织中IL-17的表达量均降低（P〈0．05）。结论LIP诱导脑缺血耐受,可以减轻脑缺血后的炎症反应,对缺血性脑损伤有一定的保护作用。