嗜热乙醇杆菌中醛/醇脱氢酶的双启动子分析

克隆了嗜热乙醇杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)中乙醇代谢的关键酶之一醛/醇脱氢酶(alcohol/acetaldehydedehy drogenase,AdhE)基因的上游假定启动子序列,并进行了结构分析。结果表明,adhE的上游序列是启动子,能启动报告基因在大肠杆菌中持续表达。首次发现adhE的启动子序列中存在两个独立的启动子(P172和P37)和核糖体结合位点(SD172和SD37),分别都具有完整功能,但其活性均低于完整的启动子序列。由此推测嗜热乙醇杆菌中adhE的表达受这两个启动子协同调控。     

嗜热厌氧乙醇杆菌α-葡萄糖苷酶基因的表达及酶学性质的研究

用PCR方法从嗜热厌氧乙醇杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)JW200中扩增出编码a-葡萄糖苷酶的基因,将其克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体pTrc99A上并获得表达a-葡萄糖苷酶的大肠杆菌重组菌。重组菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测出蛋白相对分子量约89kDa,经阴离子交换层析和凝胶层析纯化后的a-葡萄糖苷酶最适反应温度为70℃,最适反应pH为5～5.5,且在pH 5.5～6.5之间有较高的稳定性。重组a-葡萄糖苷酶在70℃下105 min后酶活仍达到80%。     

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514生长及代谢的初步研究

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514(Thermoanaerobactersp.X514)是纤维素乙醇生产中最具潜力的菌株之一。对X514在3种培养基中的生长及代谢特征进行分析后发现,培养基1190比GS-Ⅱ和2473更适合运用于X514的代谢研究及乙醇发酵。其次,分别在1190培养基中添加不同浓度的酵母提取物和葡萄糖,对X514的生长及代谢作进一步研究。结果表明,在0.5-2 g/L范围内,酵母提取物浓度的增加有助于提高X514的生物量,乙醇等产物的产量及乙醇产率,说明酵母提取物对X514生长及乙醇发酵有促进作用;在2-10 g/L范围内,葡萄糖浓度的增加可提高乙醇等产物的产量而不会改变各产物的产率;糖消耗量并不随着初始底物浓度的增加而线性增长,而是在一定阶段趋于消耗最大值。反映了X514在底物充分的条件下,只有通过改进其他制约条件,才有可能提高底物的利用率及产物的产率。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌中转座因子IS5376的转座行为研究

ＩＳ５３７６和ＩＳ５３７７是在嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｔｅａｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）中发现的两个转座因子。随机取样分析的结果说明,ＩＳ５３７６由ＣＵ２１染色体向质粒ｐＦＤＣ５和ｐＦＤＣ１２的转座受温度的影响,而ＩＳ５３７７则不。温度影响的原因还不清楚,从现有证据看来,这由ＩＳ５３７６本身的性质所决定。另外,测得ＩＳ５３７６的转座作用有一定程度的专一性,还测得转座后所造成的目标序列的顺向重复为４或５ｂｐ。     

嗜热硫杆菌启动子的克隆及定位

用DNA体外重组技术,将嗜热硫扦菌(Thiobacillus sp．)染色体DNA的Hind III片段插人启动子探测质粒pSDSI(Apr、Tc2)的Hind III位点,在四环素平板上获得一批转化子。四环素抗性能力测定表明,有12个转化子可以在含240／μg／ml四环素的平板上生长,有2个可以在360μg／ml的四环素平板上生长,对这二个抗性表达能力较高、分子量较小的质粒pSDH7和pSDH11作了限制性酶切图谱分析,并利用PstI位点,通过亚克隆将pSDH11插人片段上的启动子定位在0．25kb片段内。分子杂交实验证明克隆的启动子活性片段确实来源于嗜热硫杆菌染色体DNA。     

响应面法优化嗜热厌氧杆菌X514产乙醇合成培养基

嗜热厌氧杆菌X514(Thermoanaerobactersp.X514)能同时发酵五碳糖、六碳糖并产出乙醇,是纤维素乙醇生产中最具潜力的菌株之一。单因子试验证明,酵母提取物中对X514乙醇发酵起决定性影响的组分为B族维生素,并进一步确定了B族维生素中对乙醇发酵有影响作用的6种维生素。结合培养基中的其他影响因子,应用Plackett-Burman试验设计方法,筛选出X514乙醇发酵的极大影响因子为NH4Cl、烟酸及硫胺素。随后用最陡爬坡试验确定了影响因子最佳取值区域,并利用响应面方法优化合成培养基。优化结果显示,当以5 g/L葡萄糖为底物时,在NH4Cl、烟酸及硫胺素的浓度分别为1.05 g/L、6.4 mg/L及7.0 mg/L的条件下,X514的乙醇产出浓度达到最优理论值34.46 mmol/L。试验验证该条件下乙醇产出浓度为33.78 mmol/L。试验值与理论值接近,原始矿物质培养基中乙醇产出浓度的5.1倍,并与添加5 g/L的酵母提取物培养基的乙醇产出浓度(34.67 mmol/L)相当。     

一株嗜热厌氧杆菌的分离、鉴定及其代谢特征

【目的】分离、保护油藏嗜热微生物资源,解析其主要的代谢特征。【方法】利用Hungte厌氧分离技术从大港油田埕海一区油层采出液中分离出厌氧菌株BF1。通过生理生化特征分析、16S rRNA基因序列比对与电化学分析,确定BF1的分类地位及其S元素代谢对腐蚀电流的影响。【结果】菌株BF1为严格嗜热厌氧革兰氏阴性杆菌,顶端产芽孢、不运动,菌体大小为0.42μm×(1.6 5.4)μm,单生、成对或成串生长。其温度生长范围为45°C 75°C(最适温度60°C);pH生长范围在4.5 8.5(最适pH 6.5)之间,比生长速率(μm)0.99 h 1,倍增时间为42 min。能利用葡萄糖、松三糖、棉子糖、甘露糖、乳糖、纤维二糖、果糖、核糖等碳水化合物,利用葡萄糖发酵的产物是乙醇、乙酸、CO2及少量的H2。菌株BF1能还原亚硫酸盐与硫代硫酸盐产生H2S,其耐受上限分别为50 mmol/L和75 mmol/L;还原硫代硫酸钠(50 mmol/L)后其极化电阻由2 099/cm2降低至776/cm2,腐蚀电流由9.936e-006 A提高至3.25e-005 A。细胞膜脂肪酸主要由高级饱和脂肪酸组成,含量最丰富的为十五烷酸占70.6%。菌株BF1的DNA(G+C)mol%含量为34.0%,其16S rRNA与Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus DSM 2355T相似性最高,为98.3%,与T.brockii subsp.brockii DSM 1457T次之,为98.0%。菌株BF1的许多生理、生化特征与T.pseudethanolicus DSM 2355T和T.brockii subsp.brockii DSM 1457T有着明显的差别,如倍增时间、最适生长温度及底物利用等;而菌株BF1的细胞膜脂肪酸组成与T.pseude-thanolicus DSM 2355T也不相同。【结论】菌株BF1可能是Thermoanaerobacter属中的一个新种,其确切分类地位还需要进一步进行DNA分子杂交;其代谢元素硫提高腐蚀电流密度,可能会对油田管道与设备造成腐蚀。     

嗜热芽孢杆菌噬菌体的分离及特征研究

目的：从腾冲热海温泉中分离嗜热芽孢杆菌噬菌体,并初步分析其特征。方法：采用双层平板法分离纯化嗜热芽孢杆菌噬菌体,对分离得到的噬菌体进行电镜形态观察,按照感染复数（MOI）分别为0．01、0．1、1．0、10和100加入噬菌体纯培养液和宿主菌,55℃、160r／min培养8h后测定噬菌体滴度,并进行噬菌体的热稳定性和pH稳定性分析。结果：从腾冲热海温泉中分离得到的噬菌体为二十面体型;其感染宿主菌NHH4形成清晰的噬菌斑,最适MOI为1．0,最适感染温度为55℃,最适感染pH值为7．5。将这株噬菌体命名为TBIP1。结论：从腾冲热海温泉中分离得到的噬菌体TBIP1为典型的二十面体型,当MOI为1．0时,TBIP1感染其宿主菌产生的子代噬菌体滴度最高。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌质粒的分离

从堆肥和污泥中分离到一批抗药性高温细菌,经电泳检查,发现6株高温细菌细胞中有质粒存在。其中,嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌T653的细胞DNA提取液电泳图谱上,有三条非染色体DNA条带,用电镜直接观察,证明它们是T653细胞中的三个质粒。测得两个较小质粒的分子量分别为3.6×10~6和45×10~6道尔顿。研究了嗜热脂肪芽孢杆的T653的温度生长条件与其细胞中质粒的关系。T653细胞中三个质粒的明确功能有待进一步探讨。     

DEK蛋白的真核表达纯化及其活性检测

利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达DEK蛋白并进行纯化。首先以pFastBacI质粒构建重组质粒pFastBacI-DEK,转化DH10Bac大肠杆菌后获得重组穿梭载体Bacmid-DEK,通过脂质体介导转染Sf9细胞产生具有强感染力的重组杆状病毒AcNPV-DEK。用此重组杆状病毒AcNPV-DEK感染Sf9细胞表达His-DEK融合蛋白。在非变性条件下,利用Ni-NTA agarose对表达的His-DEK融合蛋白进行纯化,经SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析,在50 kDa处出现特异性蛋白条带并证实其为His-DEK融合蛋白。凝胶迁移阻滞实验表明,融合蛋白His-DEK与DNA 的结合具有结构特异性,其与超螺旋型DNA结合活性强于与线性化DNA的结合活性。真核表达并纯化的融合蛋白His-DEK与DNA的结合活性要明显强于原核表达的融合蛋白His-CDB。DEK 蛋白的磷酸化修饰会阻碍其与DNA的结合,而Sf9细胞中表达的融合蛋白His-DEK存在磷酸化修饰,将His-DEK去磷酸化后,其与DNA的结合活性有所提高。     

Light-Induced Variations in AP-1 Binding Activity and Composition in the Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Abstract : Expression of immediate early genes, including fos -like and jun -like genes, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus is believed to be part of the mechanism for photic entrainment of circadian rhythms to the environmental light/dark cycle. However, the effects of a light stimulus on activating protein-1 (AP-1) complexes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus remain unclear. The photic regulation of AP-1 DNA-binding activity and composition in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus was evaluated by using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. A light pulse given during subjective night induced an increase in AP-1 binding activity when either nuclear or whole-cell extracts from suprachiasmatic nuclei were used. Under constant dark conditions, proteins that are predominant components of AP-1 complexes are Fra-2 and Jun-D. Under light stimulation, c-Fos and Jun-B consistently increased, as expected, but this was also the case for Fra-2, Jun-D, and c-Jun, although to a lesser extent. An immunocytochemical study of the Fra-2 expression pattern demonstrated the presence of the protein in the ventrolateral as well as in the dorsomedial subdivisions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Light regulation of Fra-2 immunoreactivity, however, appeared to be restricted to the ventrolateral subdivision. It is concluded that light may be acting both by increasing constitutive AP-1 complexes and by inducing the expression of specific complexes.     

Binding of the C6-zinc cluster protein, AFLR, to the promoters of aflatoxin pathway biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus

AFLR is a Zn₂Cys₆-type sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that is thought to be necessary for expression of most of the genes in the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus, and the sterigmatocystin gene cluster in A. nidulans. However, it was not known whether AFLR bound to the promoter regions of each of the genes in the cluster. Recently, A. nidulans AFLR was shown to bind to the motif 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′. In the present study, we examined the binding of AFLR to promoter regions of 11 genes in the A. parasiticus cluster. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the genes nor1, pksA, adhA, norA, ver1, omtA, ordA, and, vbs, had at least one 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′ binding site within 200 bp of the translation start site, and pksA and ver1 had an additional binding site further upstream. Although the promoter region of avnA lacked this motif, AFLR bound weakly to the sequence 5′-TCGCAGCCCGG-3′ at −110 bp. One region in the promoter of the divergently transcribed genes aflR/aflJ bound weakly to AFLR even though it contained a site with at most only 7 bp of the 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′ motif. This partial site may be recognized by a monomeric form of AFLR. Based on a comparison of 16 possible sites, the preferred binding sequence was 5′-TCGSWNNSCGR-3′.     

Binding of the C6-zinc cluster protein, AFLR, to the promoters of aflatoxin pathway biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus

AFLR is a Zn₂Cys₆-type sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that is thought to be necessary for expression of most of the genes in the aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus, and the sterigmatocystin gene cluster in A. nidulans. However, it was not known whether AFLR bound to the promoter regions of each of the genes in the cluster. Recently, A. nidulans AFLR was shown to bind to the motif 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′. In the present study, we examined the binding of AFLR to promoter regions of 11 genes in the A. parasiticus cluster. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the genes nor1, pksA, adhA, norA, ver1, omtA, ordA, and, vbs, had at least one 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′ binding site within 200 bp of the translation start site, and pksA and ver1 had an additional binding site further upstream. Although the promoter region of avnA lacked this motif, AFLR bound weakly to the sequence 5′-TCGCAGCCCGG-3′ at −110 bp. One region in the promoter of the divergently transcribed genes aflR/aflJ bound weakly to AFLR even though it contained a site with at most only 7 bp of the 5′-TCGN₅CGA-3′ motif. This partial site may be recognized by a monomeric form of AFLR. Based on a comparison of 16 possible sites, the preferred binding sequence was 5′-TCGSWNNSCGR-3′.     

棉花脱水应答元件(DRE)结合蛋白GhDBP1的原核表达、纯化及其DNA结合活性

棉花是一种重要的经济作物,其生产和产量要受到干旱、低温和高盐等环境胁迫的影响,因此提高棉花对这些胁迫的抗性非常重要.脱水应答元件(DRE-dehydrationresponsiveelement)结合蛋白(DBP)在调节植物对环境胁迫的抗性中起到非常重要的作用.而且过量表达DBP类基因的转基因植株能够很好抵抗这些环境胁迫,所以研究棉花中此类DRE元件结合蛋白对棉花生产有非常重要的意义.在以前的工作中,从棉花中分离一个DBP基因,命名为GhDBP1并在转录水平上分析它在棉花植株中的表达特征.在研究中,报道了GhDBP1的原核表达、纯化和它的DNA结合特性.GhDBP1基因的编码区用PCR技术扩增出来插入到原核表达载体pET28a中,并转化到大肠杆菌菌株BL21(DE3)中.经过IPTG诱导,GhDBP1融合蛋白在BL21(DE3)菌株中成功进行表达.利用Ni-NTA亲和层析技术得到了纯化的融合蛋白.在非同位素的凝胶滞留实验中,纯化的GhDBP1融合蛋白能够结合到含有DRE元件的DNA片段上.另外,用SWISS-MODEL软件对GhDBP1蛋白的DNA结合区的三维结构进行了计算机模拟.模拟的结果显示,GhDBP1蛋白的DNA结合区的主链结构和折叠模式与已知的拟南芥GCC盒结合蛋白AtERF1的DNA结合区结构很相似.这些结果显示了GhDBP1是一个脱水应答元件(DRE)结合的转录因子,并可能运用与AtERF1的DNA结合区相似的结构和它的目标序列脱水应答元件(DRE)相结合.     

DEK蛋白C末端DNA结合域的原核表达、纯化及其与DNA的结合活性

DEK蛋白C末端DNA结合域（简称CDB）是近年新发现的一个DEK蛋白与DNA的结合域,其中含有多个磷酸化位点,与DEK蛋白的功能密切相关。利用原核表达系统表达DEK蛋白的CDB肽段并进行纯化,具体为以pET30a（+）为载体质粒,E.coli BL21（DE3）为宿主细胞,构建重组基因工程菌,以IPTG诱导目的蛋白的表达,用NiNTA纯化的重组蛋白样品来进行SDSPAGE电泳分析,约在10.7kDa处出现明显的特征蛋白条带。凝胶迁移分析证实DEK蛋白C末端DNA结合域与DNA的结合倾向于与超螺旋型DNA相结合,同全长的DEK蛋白与DNA的结合具有类似的特点,表明DEK蛋白C末端DNA结合域在DEK蛋白与DNA的结合中可能具有一定的作用。     

组蛋白与转录因子在hAMFR基因启动子序列上的结合及相互作用

采用从鸡红细胞中分离纯化的组蛋白Ｈ１,核心组蛋白Ｈ２Ａ＋Ｈ２Ｂ和Ｈ３＋Ｈ４,以及从ＨｅＬａ细胞中萃取的含有ＲＮＡ聚合酶Ⅱ和多种Ⅱ类基因转录因子的可溶性ＨｅＬａ细胞核抽提物,通过凝胶迟滞电泳,对组蛋白和ＨｅＬａ细胞核抽提物中的转录因子在人自泌移动因子受体（Ｈｕｍａｎａｕｔｏｃｒｉｎｅｍｏｔｉｌｉｔｙｆａｃｔｏｒ,简称ｈＡＭＦＲ）基因上游启动子序列的相互作用关系进行了初步研究,得到以下结论,组蛋白Ｈ１     

通过荧光标记的凝胶阻滞技术分析Opaque2蛋白与ZmGRAS11启动子的结合位点

凝胶阻滞实验（electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA）是研究蛋白质与核酸结合的一种关键实验技术。EMSA技术兴起以来,使用放射性同位素、生物素标记核酸探针的手段已经非常成熟,但这两种传统的标记技术分别具有放射性探针稳定性差和生物素检测步骤复杂等缺点。近年来,尽管荧光标记探针逐渐被应用于EMSA中,但是对于利用荧光标记探针的EMSA仍缺乏系统的报道。对荧光标记的EMSA技术流程进行了优化和系统总结;利用6-羧基荧光素（6-carboxy-fluoroscine,FAM）标记ZmGRAS11启动子探针,通过EMSA检测其与Opaque2蛋白的结合,明确了蛋白和探针的适宜比例为8∶1。对GCN4 motif序列碱基进行突变并利用EMSA分析Opaque2与ZmGRAS11启动子之间的结合位点,结果表明GCN4 motif的“TGAC”核心基序在ZmGRAS11启动子与Opaque2蛋白的结合中可能起到了关键作用。研究结果为进一步探究Opaque2-ZmGRAS11转录调控模块在玉米籽粒发育中的作用机理提供了数据支撑。     

Evaluation of dissociation constants from competition binding experiments based on the relative binding ratio

Methods probing protein–DNA associations include direct binding titrations and competition binding experiments. For the latter, we present here a simple procedure allowing the quantitative evaluation of dissociation constants. We show that the ratio between the fraction of a DNA probe bound to protein in the absence of competitor and that in the presence of competitor is, at large competitor concentrations, a linear function of the competitor concentration, and we derive equations allowing the dissociation constant for the protein–competitor complex to be evaluated from the slope. We show further that a self-competition experiment, where the DNA probe and competitor are chemically the same species, can be used as a complement to a direct titration to determine the fraction of protein that is correctly folded for specific DNA binding. Thus, such a combination of direct and self-competition titration can be used as a check of the conformational purity of DNA binding proteins.