微生物环氧化合物水解酶在有机合成中的应用*

环氧化合物水解酶是一种在自然界广泛存在的水解酶,它能高对映体选择性、高区域选择性地将环氧化合物水解为相应的邻位二醇。近年来,国际上利用微生物环氧化合物水解酶催化的不对称水解反应获得了高光学纯度环氧化合物和邻二醇,可用于多种精细化学品和生物活性物质的合成,为该酶在合成工业上的应用开辟了一条新途径。这里综述了该酶的来源、催化机理、催化特性和应用研究情况。     

顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件

从65株诺卡氏菌中,筛选到一株产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶(ESH)的菌株,经鉴定为酒石酸诺卡氏菌(Nocardia tartaricans)SW13-57。在14L发酵罐中通过诱导培养,能在细胞内产生ESH酶活力达120u/g。产酶条件研究表明用丙二醇作碳源,硫酸铵作氮源,顺式环氧琥珀酸作诱导剂,初始pH7.0,温度30℃,通过培养24～30h,产酶量最高。该产酶菌株已被用于固定化细胞方法连续生产L(+)酒石酸。     

水稻水溶性环氧化合物水解酶的生物信息学分析

水溶性环氧化合物水解酶（Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase,SEH）是一组催化环氧化合物水解为相应邻位二醇的酶类,在哺乳动物、植物、昆虫和微生物体内广泛存在。通过BLAST对水稻基因组的蛋白质数据库进行搜索,获得10个水溶性环氧化物水解酶（Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase SEH）sEH蛋白的同源序列。经分析发现这些基因在水稻不同胁迫处理下各个部位都有所表达,而且不同成员之间的表达模式存在较大的差异。水稻sEH蛋白主要参与角质层形成,应激反应,以及病原防御等生理过程,特别在脱毒过程中扮演着重要的角色。对蛋白质多序列联配和三级结构预测结果表明：水溶性环氧化合物水解酶的核心结构域由3个催化残基Asp、His和Asp形成三位一体的催化活性构象。这类基因的表达受抗逆环境诱导,其功能与抗逆性有关,为基因工程抗逆育种提供了参考。     

九香虫保幼激素环氧水解酶基因克隆、生物信息学及表达分析

[目的]保幼激素环氧水解酶(Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase,JHEH)是昆虫体内保幼激素(Juvenile hormone,JH)的主要降解酶.本文旨在分析九香虫Aspongopus chinensis Dallas保幼激素环氧水解酶基因序列(AcJHEH)信息,探索其在九香虫生长发育过程中的作用.[方法]以九香虫成虫的cDNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术克隆获得AcJHEH基因序列,并利用生物信息学软件对其编码蛋白的理化特性、结构特征和系统进化进行分析;采用qRT-PCR技术检测并分析九香虫不同龄期和不同组织中AcJHEH的相对表达量.[结果]成功获得了AcJHEH的完整开放阅读框ORF序列,全长均为1 363 bp,共编码453个氨基酸,预测分子量为51.74 ku,等电点(pI)为7.66,分子蛋白式C2414H3683N581O653S14,含有N-端跨膜基序XWG、催化三联体、保守基序HGWP和2个酪氨酸,属于环氧水解酶家族.系统进化树分析表明,AcJHEH与茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys的JHEH聚为一支,再与同为半翅目的臭虫Cimex lectulariu和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum的JHEH聚为一类.荧光定量PCR结果显示,AcJHEH在九香虫不同发育阶段和各组织中均有表达,且脂肪中的表达量极显著高于其它组织(P＜0.001);滞育九香虫成虫表达量最高,其次为4-5龄若虫都极显著高于其它发育阶段(P＜0.001).[结论]九香虫JHEH属于环氧水解酶家族,确定为保幼激素环氧水解酶.依据qPCR结果推测AcJHEH通过改变九香虫体内保幼激素浓度来影响九香虫4-5龄若虫蜕皮发育、成虫生殖系统发育和滞育等.     

棉铃虫保幼激素环氧水解酶基因的克隆及其原核表达

通过兼并引物PCR结合RACE技术,克隆了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)保幼激素环氧水解酶(juven-ile hormone epoxide hydrolase,JHEH)的基因,该基因的开放阅读框为1389 bp,编码463个氨基酸.预测蛋白分子量为52 kD,等电点为6.39.N末端存在由20个氨基酸组成的疏水性信号肽序列,存在组成JHEH催化三联体的氨基酸Asp(227)、Glu(403)和His(430)以及组成阴氧离子洞的氨基酸Tyr(298)、Tyr(373)和HGWP花样结构.其氨基酸序列与其它鳞翅目昆虫有很高的同源性.在大肠杆菌中表达JHEH基因的编码区,Western blot结果表明,棉铃虫JHEH已被成功表达.利用该基因序列可以在分子水平上研究棉铃虫JHEH基因的时空表达情况,进一步研究保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)的代谢途径及其功能.     

产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶的红球菌M1菌株的分离鉴定及其产酶条件优化

从土壤中筛选到一株产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶（ESH）的菌株,经生理生化、Biolog碳源利用试验和16S rDNA序列分析系统发育研究,菌株可能为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber) M1。摇瓶试验确定了最佳碳源、氮源、顺式环氧琥珀酸二钠添加时间和添加量。正交优化试验的最佳培养基和培养时间为：葡萄糖12%,硫酸铵06%,酵母膏05%;顺式环氧琥珀酸二钠投加时间为30h,投加量为358%;菌体培养时间70h。摇瓶试验ESH酶活达750U/g湿细胞。目前该菌株已经应用于固定化细胞连续生产L(+)酒石酸。     

定向进化和半理性设计改造顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶

【背景】D(-)-酒石酸是非天然有机酸,在保健品、食品和肿瘤药物合成等行业具有重大应用潜力,目前主要通过生物转化法生产,即顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶[cis-epoxysuccinic acid hydrolase,CESH(D)]水解顺式环氧琥珀酸(cis-epoxysuccinic acid, ESH)生成D(-)-酒石酸。该法简单温和,但存在CESH(D)酶活转化效率低下的瓶颈问题。【目的】通过基因工程改造,提高CESH(D)的酶活力、温度和pH稳定性。【方法】利用定向进化和半理性设计体外改造CESH(D),高通量筛选出正向突变体;然后对其进行酶学性质研究,包括比酶活、温度和pH对酶催化效率的影响、酶的温度稳定性、pH稳定性及酶促动力学分析;最后通过分子对接等手段分析突变位点影响催化活性的初步机制。【结果】筛选获得4个正向突变体L231P/N226S、V77I、D183E和T223S。与野生型相比,4个突变体的比酶活分别提高2.2、1.6、1.5和1.4倍。其中,L231P/N226S的温度稳定性和pH稳定性较野生型均有显著提高,55℃时催化活性为野生型的1.6倍,pH 6.0时催化活...     

产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶的博德特氏菌BK-52的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件优化

[目的]产顺式环氧琥珀酸水解酶(CESH)新型菌株的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件优化.[方法]通过电镜、Biolog GN、(G C)含量和16S rDNA序列研究,对筛选菌株进行分类鉴定.通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和碳谱、质谱以及旋光度实验,鉴定纯化产物的结构并优化CESH产酶条件.[结果]本文筛选出一株产CESH的新型菌株,该菌株可将顺式琥珀酸盐转化为D(-)-酒石酸,属于博德特氏菌属,并将其命名为博德特氏菌BK-52.最佳发酵条件为:最佳温度30℃,最佳pH7.0,最佳发酵时间36 h,最佳碳源蔗糖,最佳无机氮源硫酸铵,最佳酶诱导剂顺式环氧琥珀酸二钠.在此最佳条件下,CESH酶活最高达764 U/g生物量.[结论]本文筛选的新菌株博德特氏菌BK-52为D(一)一酒石酸的生产提供了一种新的方法.     

腈水解酶的来源、结构、作用机制及其应用

综合报道了腈水解酶的来源、结构、作用机制及其工业应用。     

973项目“生物制造手性化学品的科学基础”取得突出进展

“生物制造手性化学品的科学基础”项目围绕手性生物制造的关键科学问题,在手性识别规律解析、生物催化剂理性设计、反应调控、典型生物制造过程重构等方面取得了较大进展。     

Production of enantiomerically enriched chiral carbinols using Weissella paramesenteroides as a novel whole cell biocatalyst

Abstract

In this study, four bacterial strains were tested for their ability to reduce acetophenones to its corresponding alcohol. Among these strains Weissella paramesenteroides N7 was found to be the most successful biocatalyst to reduce the ketones to the corresponding alcohols. The reaction conditions were systematically optimized for W. paramesenteroides N7 that resulted in high enantioselectivity and conversion rates for the bioreduction. The scale-up asymmetric reduction of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-one (1r) by W. paramesenteroides N7 gave (R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol (2r) with 94% yield and >99% enantiomeric excess. This is the first report showing the synthesis of (R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol (2r) in enantiopure form using a biocatalyst on a gram scale. The whole cell catalyzed the reductions of ketone substrates on the preparative scale, demonstrating that W. paramesenteroides N7 would be a valuable biocatalyst for the preparation of chiral aromatic alcohols of pharmaceutical interest as a promising and alternative green approach.     

Production of chiral epoxides: Epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis

Chiral epoxides are highly valuable intermediates, used for the synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs and agrochemicals. They have broad scope of market demand because of their applications. A major challenge in modern organic chemistry is to generate such compounds in high yields, with high stereo- and regio-selectivities. Epoxide hydrolases (EH) are promising biocatalysts for the preparation of chiral epoxides and vicinal diols. They exhibit high enantioselectivity for their substrates, and can be effectively used in the resolution of racemic epoxides through enantioselective hydrolysis. The selective hydrolysis of a racemic epoxide can produce both the corresponding diols and the unreacted epoxides and vicinal diol has prompted researchers to explore their use in the synthesis of epoxides and diols with high ee values.     

Stereochemical aspects of the hydration of trans-anethole epoxide in the rat

Racemic trans-anethole epoxide [1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,2-oxide] was incubated with water, buffers, and rat liver microsomes and cytosol and the stereochemistry of the diols produced was determined by HPLC as their dicamphanyl esters. The diol metabolites were isolated by HPLC from the urine of rats administered [1′-¹⁴C] trans-anethole and their stereochemistry determined after derivatization to their camphanyl esters. The stereochemical course of the metabolism of trans-anethole by rat liver microsomes and cytosol is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Human soluble epoxide hydrolase: structural basis of inhibition by 4-(3-cyclohexylureido)-carboxylic acids

X-ray crystal structures of human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) complexed with four different dialkylurea inhibitors bearing pendant carboxylate "tails" of varying length have been determined at 2.3-3.0 A resolution. Similarities among inhibitor binding modes reinforce the proposed roles of Y381 and/or Y465 as general acids that protonate the epoxide ring of the substrate in concert with nucleophilic attack of D333 at the electrophilic epoxide carbon. Additionally, the binding of these inhibitors allows us to model the binding mode of the endogenous substrate 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. Contrasts among inhibitor binding modes include opposite orientations of inhibitor binding in the active-site hydrophobic tunnel. Alternative binding orientations observed for this series of inhibitors to human sEH, as well as the binding of certain dialkylurea inhibitors to human sEH and murine sEH, complicate the structure-based design of human sEH inhibitors with potential pharmaceutical applications in the treatment of hypertension. Thus, with regard to the optimization of inhibitor designs targeting human sEH, it is critical that human sEH and not murine sEH be utilized for inhibitor screening, and it is critical that structures of human sEH-inhibitor complexes be determined to verify inhibitor binding orientations that correlate with measured affinities.     

The synthesis of artificial genome as the basis of synthetic biology

Recent achievements in the whole-genome sequencing especially viral and bacterial ones together with the development of methods of bioinformatics and molecular biology, have created preconditions for transition from synthesis of genes to assembly of the whole genomes based on chemically synthesized blocks, oligonucleotides. The creation of artificial genomes and artificial cells will undoubtedly render huge influence on a deepening of knowledge on mechanisms of functioning of living systems at a cellular level, on a way of origin and evolution of life, and also on biotechnology of the future, and will generate preconditions for the further development of synthetic biology and nanobiotechnology.     

Discovery of 3,3-disubstituted piperidine-derived trisubstituted ureas as highly potent soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors

3,3-Disubstituted piperidine-derived trisubstituted urea entA-2b was discovered as a highly potent and selective soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor. Despite the good compound oral exposure, excellent sEH inhibition in whole blood, and remarkable selectivity, compound entA-2b failed to lower blood pressure acutely in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). This observation further challenges the premise that sEH inhibition can provide a viable approach to the treatment of hypertensive patients.     

Insight into the binding modes and inhibition mechanisms of adamantyl-based 1,3-disubstituted urea inhibitors in the active site of the human soluble epoxide hydrolase

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a promising new target for treating hypertension and inflammation. Considerable efforts have been devoted to develop novel inhibitors. In this study, the binding modes and interaction mechanisms of a series of adamantyl-based 1,3-disubstituted urea inhibitors were investigated by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding energy decomposition analysis. Based on binding affinity, the most favorable binding mode was determined for each inhibitor. The calculation results indicate that the total binding free energy (ΔG_TOT, the sum of enthalpy ΔG_MM-GB/SA, and entropy ?TΔS) presents a good correlation with the experimental inhibitory activity (IC₅₀, r²?=?.99). The van der Waals energy contributes most to the total binding free energy (ΔG_TOT). A detailed discussion on the interactions between inhibitors and those residues located in the active pocket is made based on hydrogen bond and binding modes analysis. According to binding energy decomposition, the residues Asp333 and Trp334 contribute the most to binding free energy in all systems. Furthermore, Hip523 plays a major role in determining this class of inhibitor-binding orientations. Combined with the results of hydrogen bond analysis and binding free energy, we believe that the conserved hydrogen bonds play a role only in anchoring the inhibitors to the exact site for binding and the number of hydrogen bonds may not directly relate to the binding free energy. The results we obtained will provide valuable information for the design of high potency sEH inhibitors.     

X‐ray crystallographic validation of structure predictions used in computational design for protein stabilization

Protein engineering aimed at enhancing enzyme stability is increasingly supported by computational methods for calculation of mutant folding energies and for the design of disulfide bonds. To examine the accuracy of mutant structure predictions underlying these computational methods, crystal structures of thermostable limonene epoxide hydrolase variants obtained by computational library design were determined. Four different predicted effects indeed contributed to the obtained stabilization: (i) enhanced interactions between a flexible loop close to the N‐terminus and the rest of the protein; (ii) improved interactions at the dimer interface; (iii) removal of unsatisfied hydrogen bonding groups; and (iv) introduction of additional positively charged groups at the surface. The structures of an eightfold and an elevenfold mutant showed that most mutations introduced the intended stabilizing interactions, and side‐chain conformations were correctly predicted for 72–88% of the point mutations. However, mutations that introduced a disulfide bond in a flexible region had a larger influence on the backbone conformation than predicted. The enzyme active sites were unaltered, in agreement with the observed preservation of catalytic activities. The structures also revealed how a c‐Myc tag, which was introduced for facile detection and purification, can reduce access to the active site and thereby lower the catalytic activity. Finally, sequence analysis showed that comprehensive mutant energy calculations discovered stabilizing mutations that are not proposed by the consensus or B‐FIT methods. Proteins 2015; 83:940–951. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.