生物技术在我国作物改良中的应用

本文简要评述了国内近年来植物生物技术在作物品种改良、生产,保护和利用中的某些进展,同时对我国今后生物技术在作物生产中的应用研究提出了一些建议。     

转基因作物将为我国农业发展注入新动力

随着基因组学研究和生物技术的不断突破,应用生物技术改良农作物品种正成为引发新的农业技术革命的关键。由于转基因品种在生产上表现出的巨大效益,其研发和产业化在全球迅猛发展,并逐渐成为世界各国抢占的生物技术制高点。本文从转基因技术的内涵、国际转基因作物的研发态势、我国转基因作物的研发和产业化现状等方面进行阐述,探讨了大力发展转基因作物对于解决我国目前农业生产上面临的挑战、保障我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要意义。     

生物技术在芸苔属油料作物中的应用

芸苔属作物的可塑性已经被人类应用于杂交育种和筛选新品种 ,从而创造了一系列新品种。其中两个最主要的类型就是芸苔属油料作物和芸苔属蔬菜作物。大多数的生物技术已被应用于芸苔属油料作物中 ,现对生物技术在芸苔属油料作物中的进展作一个详述。     

“七五”期间我国农业生物技术发展的回顾

一、概况我国自第七个国民经济五年发展计划以来,作为增强农业发展后劲的重要战略措施,发展农业生物技术受到了广泛重视,在中央及有关部委领导关心下,农业生物技术被正式列入国家科技发展计划,在基础设施建设、科研经费投入、人才队伍建设等方面得到了较大支持. 我国农业生物技术研究起步于七十年代中期,但是由国家有计划地组织研究是在“七五”期间开始的.目前的研究领域主要有: 1.生物技术改良作物遗传性状利用花药培养技术培育作物新品种;植物细胞培养和融合技术以及体细胞无性系变异体离体筛选技术在培育作物优良新品种中的应用;应用基因工程技术定向转移优良目的基因,改良作物品种.还有蔬菜、花卉和果树等植物的快繁、脱毒等.     

农业生物技术高潮的到来

前一时期,通过生物技术生产新疫苗。抗癌药及治心脏病药的情况可说达到了高潮。现在出现了农业生物技术的盛况,这种盛况可能有一朝日甚至要超过药物生产。那时生物技术将提供新的农业、食品工业和工业产品,如更为营养、抗病和高产的作物,生长快、脂肪少的转基因动物,以及通过生物合成工业上有用的物质。     

ISAAA信息

<正>PG经济学报告生物技术作物的全球影响PG经济学(PG Economics)发布报告《转基因作物:1996~2014全球社会经济和环境影响》称,"作物生物技术持续带来重要的经济和生产收益,增加收入并降低风险。"作者是Graham Brookes和Peter Barfoot。"哪里的农民有权选择种植转基因作物,那个地方的经济收益就十分明     

ISAAA信息

正PG经济学报告生物技术作物的全球影响PG经济学(PG Economics)发布报告《转基因作物:1996~2014全球社会经济和环境影响》称,"作物生物技术持续带来重要的经济和生产收益,增加收入并降低风险。"作者是Graham Brookes和Peter Barfoot。"哪里的农民有权选择种植转基因作物,那个地方的经济收益就十分明     

2018年全球生物技术/转基因作物商业化发展态势

<正>1前言生物技术可以用于开发更耐旱与更有营养的作物品种,从而保护自然资源与人类健康。根据具体情况对每种生物技术/转基因作物进行具体评估,获准上市的商业化产品已经通过严格的科学审查。生物技术/转基因作物应视为一种提高作物产量的工具,其在食品安全方面无不良记录,为粮食产量得不到保证的农民带来更多收入。通过应用生物技术/转基因作物获得的这些经济效益、健康改善和社会效益应向全球社区公布,使农民和消费者能够     

欧盟27国农业生物技术年报

因为行业需求和公众认知的多样化,欧盟成员国对生物技术采取的态度可以总结如下:已经生产生物技术作物的成员国;准备采用生物技术的成员国;立法有限制、民意反对但是农民和行业支持生物技术的成员国、强烈反对生物技术的成员国。欧盟依赖于饲料配料(主要是大豆和玉米产品)的进口,以满足畜禽行业的需求,其供应国也是基因工程(GE)玉米和大豆的主要生产国。欧盟境内没有进行基因工程动物的商业化生产,基因工程动物仅用于研究目的的医疗和医药应用领域中。     

转基因抗虫棉在中国的推广和传播途径研究

转基因抗虫棉是中国商业化应用最成功的转基因作物,已有许多研究对转基因棉花种植的成本效益和农户生产决策的影响因素进行了深入分析,但对其具体推广过程缺乏足够了解。通过小组访谈和创新树的分析方法,以转基因抗虫棉为例,对转基因生物技术在我国的推广和传播途径开展了研究。研究发现,种业公司转基因作物种子的生产能力直接影响转基因作物的初始规模,来自政府研究机构和种业公司的技术推广者在转基因生物技术的扩散过程中都起着重要作用,公共农技推广服务对于宣传相关信息和知识尤为重要,社会资本也有助于转基因抗虫棉在中国的快速传播和采用。研究结论对推进我国公共农技推广体系改革、完善多元社会化服务主体协作及生物技术研发具有重要启示作用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.