siRNA干扰对鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型ORF57基因表达的影响

研究通过在异育银鲫脊髓细胞系(Spinal cord tissue cell lines of Carassius auratus gibelio, CSC)中对鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, CyHV-2) ORF57进行RNA干扰, 以探究其对CyHV-2病毒复制的影响。首先, 以FAM标记的异育银鲫β-actin的siRNA进行CSC细胞转染条件的优化, 再将针对CyHV-2 ORF57基因设计的3条siRNA, 转染CSC细胞, 并进行病毒感染, 评估siRNA对病毒复制和致细胞病变的影响。转染条件优化结果显示, 在siRNA浓度为80 nmol/L, 转染液维持24h后更换维持液, β-actin基因表达量最低且观察到的荧光点数量最多。而ORF57-siRNAs干扰结果显示, ORF57-siRNA-2组表现出了较强的抑制效果, 在接毒48h时, ORF57-siRNA-2处理组的ORF57基因表达量降到相对于Mock组的33.55% (P<0.01), 并且各ORF57-siRNA组都表现出了延缓CyHV-2致细胞病变的时间和强度, 抑制时间可达120h。TCID₅₀结果显示, 不同组的ORF57-siRNAs均能降低病毒滴度, 其中ORF57-siRNA-2将病毒原液TCID₅₀ 108.487/mL下降至106.776/mL。研究结果表明, 干扰ORF57的表达可大大降低CyHV-2的致细胞病变力和复制率, ORF57在CyHV-2复制与致细胞病变中起重要作用。本研究为CyHV-2基于siRNA技术的抗病毒治疗和弱毒株的改造提供了借鉴。     

鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型ORF66截短蛋白多克隆抗体的制备及互作多肽筛选

为深入探究鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, CyHV-2)在感染过程中的生物学功能,构建了ORF66截短基因的原核表达质粒pET28a-tORF66,转化至BL21感受态细胞后利用IPTG(Isopropyl-beta-Dthiogalactopyranoside) 16℃诱导蛋白表达,经尿素溶解透析获得溶解的重组蛋白后免疫6周龄小鼠,制备鼠抗tORF66多克隆抗体。将纯化后重组蛋白进行噬菌体展示以此来筛选互作蛋白。经Western Blot检测显示,抗体能够识别感染鲫鳍条细胞系GICF细胞中的鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型,效价较高,特异性较好。噬菌体淘选结果通过生物信息学分析显示,得到一条出现频次最高的多肽N′-LHLHQNRMSLSR-C′。该多肽与金鱼基因组中的3个基因有较高的同源性,推断其可能与rORF66重组蛋白相互作用。这将为深入探究ORF66在CyHV-2病毒感染过程中的生物学功能、开发抗CyHV-2病毒新药物及寻找潜在的药物靶点提供新依据。     

Concentrations of a Koi herpesvirus (KHV) in tissues of experimentally infected Cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time TaqMan PCR

The Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a herpes-like virus now recognized as a worldwide cause of mortality among populations of koi Cyprinus carpio koi and common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio. Temperature is a key factor influencing virus replication both in cell culture and in the tissues of experimentally infected fish. Genomic DNA sequences were used to optimize a rapid real-time TaqMan PCR assay to detect and quantify KHV DNA as found in the tissues of virus-exposed fish. The assay allowed analytical enumeration of target KHV genome copies ranging from 10(1) to 10(7) molecules as present in infected cell lines or fish tissues. The new assay was specific for KHV and did not detect DNA from 3 related herpes-like viruses found in fish, the Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1), Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (IcHV-1) or the KF-1 cell line used for virus growth. Concentrations of KHV DNA were evaluated in 7 different tissues of replicate groups of virus-exposed koi held at water temperatures of 13, 18, 23 and 28 degrees C. Viral DNA was detected among virus-exposed koi at all 4 water temperatures but mortality was only observed among fish at 18, 23, and 28 degrees C. Time and temperature and the interactions between them affected concentrations of viral DNA detected in tissues of koi exposed to KHV. Although there were no recognized patterns to viral DNA concentrations as found in different tissues over time, KHV genome copies for all tissues increased with time post virus exposure and with water temperature. The remarkably rapid and systemic spread of the virus was demonstrated by the presence of viral DNA in multiple tissues 1 d post virus exposure. The greatest DNA concentrations found were in the gill, kidney and spleen, with virus genome equivalents consistently from 10(8) to 10(9) per 10(6) host cells. High levels of KHV DNA were also found in the mucus, liver, gut, and brain. Koi surviving infection at 62 to 64 d post virus exposure contained lower KHV genome copies (up to 1.99 x 10(2) per 10(6) host cells) as present in gill, kidney or brain tissues.     

鲤疱疹病毒II型ORF25B编码蛋白诱饵载体的构建及其互作蛋白的筛选

【目的】鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus 2,CyHV-2)感染养殖鲫引起的鲫造血器官坏死病,给鲫养殖业造成了重大的经济损失。揭示CyHV-2感染宿主细胞的机制,是建立鲫造血器官坏死病有效防治技术的重要基础。【方法】本研究针对CyHV-2富含抗原表位的ORF25B区域设计引物,扩增ORF25B基因截短序列。将扩增产物克隆至酵母双杂交诱饵载体pGBKT7,构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-tORF25B,转化至酵母菌株Y2HGold中。在营养缺陷型培养基上,验证诱饵表达载体pGBKT7-tORF25B对酵母菌Y2HGold自激活现象和毒性作用。利用酵母双杂交技术,将诱饵菌株pGBKT7-tORF25B/Y2HGold与鲫脑组织细胞系(GiCB)cDNA文库杂交。【结果】ORF25B基因截短序列扩增大小约为981 bp,成功构建了诱饵菌株pGBKT7-tORF25B/Y2H Gold,自激活和毒性验证结果表明,诱饵表达载体对酵母菌株无自激活现象,也无毒性作用,初步筛选出4种与tORF25B基因编码蛋白互作的宿主蛋白。【结论】本研究结果为深入开展CyHV-2 ORF25B编码蛋白功能及病毒入侵宿主细胞的机制研究奠定了重要基础。     

Seasonal Distribution of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 in Lake Biwa,Japan

The seasonal distribution of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) in Lake Biwa, Japan, was investigated. CyHV-3 was distributed all over the lake 5 years after the first outbreak. The mean concentration of CyHV-3 in water showed annual oscillation, with a peak in the summer and a trough in winter. Our results suggested that CyHV-3 is present at high density in reductive environments, such as reed zones and turbid or eutrophic water.A novel fatal disease of fish caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus or carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus, which infects the common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and ornamental koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) was reported at the end of the 1990s, and it has spread rapidly worldwide (13). In 2003, the first mass mortality in Japan was observed in Lake Kasumigaura, Ibaraki Prefecture (17), and the disease immediately spread all over the country.Lake Biwa is the largest and oldest freshwater lake in Japan. It occupies 670 km², and the total length of the coastline is 241 km. The first and relatively small-scale mortality caused by CyHV-3 was observed in the autumn of 2003 in Lake Biwa, and mass mortality occurred in the following spring, in which more than 100,000 carp died (10). Thus, the disease is a great threat not only to the cultivation industry and koi collectors but also to the natural carp population. Carp is regarded as an ecological engineer that has an impact on freshwater ecosystems, and therefore, mass mortality will affect the entire lake ecosystem (10).The pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease have been studied intensively, but the dynamics of CyHV-3 has not been clarified. Recently, the major portal of CyHV-3 entry was reported to be fish skin (2), which means that infection via water is possible. Thus, to determine the method by which the virus spreads and to evaluate the infectious risk in the environment, one must clarify the CyHV-3 dynamics in the natural environment. In the present study, we surveyed the seasonal distribution pattern of CyHV-3 in Lake Biwa, Japan, using a quantitative method.     

Establishment, characterization, and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from goldfish Carassius auratus muscle and swim bladder

Goldfish Carassius auratus are common aquarium fish and have a significant economic and research value, having considerable worth to fisheries as a baitfish and the ability to adapt to a range of habitats. Two cell lines were established from goldfish muscle and swim bladder tissue, in order to create a biological monitoring tool for viral diseases. Cell lines were optimally maintained at 30 degrees C in Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. Propagation of goldfish cells was serum dependent, with a low plating efficiency (>16%). Karyotyping analysis indicated that both cell lines remained diploid, with a mean chromosomal count of 104. Results of viral challenge assays revealed that both cell lines shared similar patterns of viral susceptibility and production to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, snakehead rhabdovirus, and spring viremia carp virus. Both cell lines demonstrated a higher sensitivity and significantly larger viral production than control brown bullhead cells for channel catfish virus. These newly established cell lines will be used as a diagnostic tool for viral diseases in this fish species and also for the isolation and study of goldfish viruses in the future.     

Transmission dynamics of an emerging infectious disease in wildlife through host reproductive cycles

Emerging infectious diseases are major threats to wildlife populations. To enhance our understanding of the dynamics of these diseases, we investigated how host reproductive behavior and seasonal temperature variation drive transmission of infections among wild hosts, using the model system of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) disease in common carp. Our main findings were as follows: (1) a seroprevalence survey showed that CyHV-3 infection occurred mostly in adult hosts, (2) a quantitative assay for CyHV-3 in a host population demonstrated that CyHV-3 was most abundant in the spring when host reproduction occurred and water temperature increased simultaneously and (3) an analysis of the dynamics of CyHV-3 in water revealed that CyHV-3 concentration increased markedly in breeding habitats during host group mating. These results indicate that breeding habitats can become hot spots for transmission of infectious diseases if hosts aggregate for mating and the activation of pathogens occurs during the host breeding season.     

鲫鱼Rag基因的克隆及表达分析

DNA重组激活基因(Recombination activating genes RAG)是脊椎动物特异性免疫反应的关键基因,也是脊椎动物进化分析的标记基因之一.鲫鱼具有很强的适应性和抗病能力,是我国广泛养殖的重要经济淡水鱼;由于具有不同的倍性和丰富的遗传多样性,又是研究鱼类基因组进化的独特材料.本研究用PCR方法扩增、克隆了鲫鱼的Rag基因.鲫鱼Rag1基因从起始密码到终止密码总长4188bp,由三个外显子和两个内含子组成,其中开放阅读框长3192bp,编码1063个氨基酸.Rag2基因从起始密码到终止密码总长1593bp,没有内含子,只有单一的编码区,编码530个氨基酸.Rag1和Rag2基因的ORF和氨基酸序列在不同鱼类中的对比结果表明其在进化过程中非常保守.不同鱼类Rag1基因的第二内含子也是高度保守的,转录因子结合位点分析表明在第二内含子的保守区域中有许多转录因子的可能结合位点.其中有一段在所有已知鱼类中都存在的保守区域是与性腺发育相关的转录因子SRY和SOX5的可能结合位点,提示Rag1基因的表达可能与性腺发育具有相关性.用RT-PCR方法进行的组织特异性表达分析表明Rag1基因在鲫鱼成体的头肾和精巢都能检测到表达,提示Rag基因不仅主导了免疫组织中的DNA重组,也可能参与了生殖细胞的DNA重组.RT-PCR检测证明Rag1基因在鲫鱼胚胎发育至第5天开始表达,在第7天鲫鱼胚胎的胸腺原基中可检测到Rag1基因mRNA的杂交信号,在第9天鲫鱼胚胎的胸腺原基中可以检测到很强的Rag1 mRNA原位杂交信号,说明该时期可能是鲫鱼免疫基因重组的活跃时期.     

The alloherpesviral counterparts of interleukin 10 in European eel and common carp

Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10) like open reading frames have been identified in several pox- and herpesviruses, including the fish herpesviruses Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) IL-10 was sequenced, in order to compare European eel and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IL-10 with their alloherpesviral counterparts. Homology between the virus and host IL-10 amino acid sequences is low, which is confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. However, the three dimensional structures of the fish and alloherpesviral IL-10 proteins as predicted by modeling are highly similar to human IL-10. Closely related AngHV-1 and CyHV-3 are expected to have obtained their viral IL-10 genes independently in the course of coexistence with their respective hosts. The presence and structural conservation of these alloherpesviral IL-10 genes suggest that they might play an important role in the evolution of pathogenesis.     

在患CyHV-2病的异育银鲫肠道黏膜中胆固醇、胆汁酸代谢通路基因的差异表达

为了探讨CyHV-2疾病条件下异育银鲫胆汁酸肠肝循环代谢途径主要基因表达活性的变化, 以患CyHV-2病的、正常的异育银鲫肠道黏膜为材料, 提取总RNA, 采用RNA-Seq测序、对单一基因进行注释, 并进行KEGG富集分析、单一基因差异表达分析。结果显示, 肠道黏膜组织有7770个基因显著性差异表达, 其中, 差异表达上调基因数为3335个、差异表达下调的基因数为4435个, 表明CyHV-2病的发生对肠道黏膜组织基因表达产生了重大的影响。病鱼胆固醇、胆汁酸生物合成代谢途径的酶、蛋白质的基因显著性差异表达, 显示肠道黏膜胆固醇、胆汁酸合成代谢受到显著性影响。参与胆固醇、胆汁酸合成代谢调节作用, 以及胆固醇、胆汁酸分泌、吸收、转运等生理过程的蛋白质、酶的基因也是差异表达下调, 胆汁酸肠肝循环有出现代谢障碍的趋势。结果表明, CyHV-2病的发生对肠道黏膜组织基因表达产生了严重影响, 对胆固醇、胆汁酸的合成代谢途径、胆汁酸肠肝循环途径的基因表达产生了严重影响, 将导致病鱼体内胆固醇、胆汁酸量的不足。患CyHV-2病病鱼血清胆汁酸含量下降了99%、胆固醇含量下降了10%, 证实了上述基因差异表达的趋势。     

The outbreak of carp disease caused by CyHV-3 as a model for new emerging viral diseases in aquaculture: a review

Aquacultured koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred for ornamental purposes and for human consumption worldwide. The carp and koi farming industries have suffered enormous economic losses over the past decade due to an epizootic disease caused by Cyprinus herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) also known as koi herpesvirus and carp interstitial nephritis gill necrosis virus. CyHV-3 is a large dsDNA virus, morphologically similar to herpesviruses, yet contains genetic elements similar to those of pox, irido- and herpesviruses. Considering the phylogenic distance between CyHV-3 and higher vertebrate herpesviruses, CyHV-3 represents the prototype of viruses assigned to the novel family Alloherpesviridae. Although emergence of a new virus rarely initiates a pandemic so severe that it reduces the life expectancy of a population, CyHV-3 is exceptional because of its enormous impact on the world carp population. High population density is the major contributing factor to the epizootic disease caused by CyHV-3.     

实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(RPA)快速检测Ⅱ型鲤疱疹病毒

【背景】Ⅱ型鲤疱疹病毒(Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2,CyHV2)感染鲫引起的疱疹病毒性造血器官坏死病(Herpes Viral Haematopoietic Necrosis,HVHN)是鲫养殖业的主要病害,造成严重的经济损失。目前尚无治疗HVHN的有效药物。对CyHV2进行早期监测和有效防控是阻止该病暴发的有效手段。【目的】建立一种针对CyHV2的orf72基因的实时荧光重组酶聚合酶扩增技术(Recombinase Polymerase Amplification,RPA)检测方法,并评价其特异性和灵敏度。【方法】通过比较CyHV2五株毒株间orf72核苷酸序列,在保守区设计特异性引物和探针。设置5个反应温度,优化实时荧光RPA反应的条件。在最优的条件下验证实时荧光RPA检测方法在不同水产动物病毒间的特异性。以梯度稀释的CyHV2阳性DNA为模板比较实时荧光RPA与qPCR的灵敏度。【结果】实时荧光RPA能在37.8°C条件下20 min内快速准确地检测CyHV2病毒,而且种间特异性高,与其他病毒无交叉反应,反应灵敏度与qPCR相同。【结论】研究建立的实时荧光RPA...     

The endocannabinoid system in the brain of Carassius auratus and its possible role in the control of food intake

Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol have been suggested to regulate food intake in several animal phyla. Orthologs of the mammalian cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors have been identified in fish. We investigated the presence of this endocannabinoid system in the brain of the goldfish Carassius auratus and its role in food consumption. CB(1)-like immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the goldfish brain. The prosencephalon showed strong CB(1)-like immunoreactivity in the telencephalon and the inferior lobes of the posterior hypothalamus. Endocannabinoids were detected in all brain regions of C. auratus and an anandamide-hydrolysing enzymatic activity with features similar to those of mammalian fatty acid amide hydrolase was found. Food deprivation for 24 h was accompanied by a significant increase of anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, levels only in the telencephalon. Anandamide caused a dose-dependent effect on food intake within 2 h of intraperitoneal administration to satiated fish and significantly enhanced or reduced food intake at low (1 pg/g body weight) or intermediate (10 pg/g) doses, respectively, the highest dose tested (100 pg/g) being inactive. We suggest that endocannabinoids might variously contribute to adaptive responses to food shortage in fish.     

Bile pigments and bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase during the metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles

1. Cold-acclimated (1 degree C) goldfish (Carassius auratus) branchial Na/K-ATPase activity was elevated 100% while renal Na/K-ATPase activity was not significantly affected compared with warm-acclimated (20 degrees C) goldfish. 2. Cold-acclimated goldfish branchial and renal Mg-ATPase activity was reduced 18 and 30% on a per mg protein basis, respectively. 3. Renal Na/K-ATPase activity was 4.6- and 1.6-fold greater than gill in cold- and warm-acclimated fish, respectively. 4. The elevated branchial Na/K-ATPase activity and the unchanged renal Na/K-ATPase activity are consistent with the maintenance of the reduced blood ion level in cold-acclimated goldfish.     

Detection of mycobacteria in aquarium fish in Slovenia by culture and molecular methods

Thirty-five aquarium fish were investigated for the presence of mycobacteria by culture and molecular methods. The following species were examined: goldfish Carassius auratus auratus, guppy Poecilia reticulata, 4 three-spot gourami Trichogaster trichopterus, dwarf gourami Colisa lalia, Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens, freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare, African cichlid fish Cichlidae spp., cichlid fish Microgeophagus altispinosus, cichlid fish Pseudotropheus lombardoi, blue streak hap Labidochromis caeruleus, sterlet Acipenser ruthenus, southern platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, and catfish Corydoras spp. Isolates of mycobacteria were obtained in 29 cases (82.9%). Two specimens were positive using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, but the cultivation failed. Four specimens were both ZN- and culture-negative. On the basis of GenoType Mycobacterium assay (Hain Life-science) and restriction enzyme analysis of the amplified products (PCR-RFLP), 23 isolates (79.3%) were identified: 7 as Mycobacterium fortuitum, 6 as M. gordonae, 6 as M. marinum, 3 as M. chelonae, and 1 as M. peregrinum. Five isolates remained unidentified (Mycobacterium spp.). One case probably represented a mixed infection (M. marinum/M. fortuitum). Since M. marinum infections are also detected in humans, the significance of mycobacteria in aquarium fish should not be overlooked.     

Koi herpesvirus disease

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease emerged at the late 1990s, and has rapidly spread to the world. In Japan, KHV disease first occurred at October 2003. The disease resulted in mass mortality of wild carp as well as cultured carp. Until now, KHV-infected carp were found in 42 out of 47 prefectures in Japan. Only carp Cyprinus carpio is susceptible to KHV, while goldfish, closely-related species to carp, is not. The affected carp swim lethargically. Sunken eyes and gill necrosis are frequently noticed, but no marked internal signs are observed. Optimal water temperature for the disease is 18-23 degrees C. Under 13 degrees C or over 28 degrees C, no death occurs. Keep at over 30 degrees C cures KHV disease, but can make the fish latent carriers. Because the fish do not get acquired immunity against KHV disease under low water temperature, the disease recurs with increase of water temperature. Isolation of KHV is difficult. KHV disease is diagnosed through epidemiological investigation, disease signs and PCR detection of KHV DNA. Vaccine development is ongoing for restart of culturing carp at KHV-contaminated places.     

Attempt at cloning high-quality goldfish breed 'Ranchu' by fin-cultured cell nuclear transplantation

The viability of ornamental fish culture relies on the maintenance of high-quality breeds. To improve the profitability of culture operations we attempted to produce cloned fish from the somatic nucleus of the high-quality Japanese goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) breed 'Ranchu'. We transplanted the nucleus of a cultured fin-cell from an adult Ranchu into the non-enucleated egg of the original goldfish breed 'Wakin'. Of the 2323 eggs we treated, 802 underwent cleavage, 321 reached the blastula stage, and 51 reached the gastrula stage. Two of the gastrulas developed until the hatching stage. A considerable number of nuclear transplants retained only the donor nucleus. Some of these had only a 2n nucleus derived from the same donor fish. Our results provide insights into the process of somatic cell nuclear transplantation in teleosts, and the cloning of Ranchu.