体细胞核移植后核重编程的影响因素

近年来,人类核移植胚胎干细胞建系成为一项炙手可热的研究,用再生医学的理念治疗退行性疾病及器官移植为这一研究带来无穷的魅力和生命力;但是核重编程仍是核移植技术的瓶颈,制约了重构胚胎干细胞的研究。核重编程是指供体细胞核移入卵母细胞后必须停止本身的基因表达程序并恢复为胚胎发育所必需的特定的胚胎表达程序。只有供核发生完全重编程,重构胚胎才能正常发育。核重编程与供核者的年龄,供核细胞的组织来源、分化状态、细胞周期、传代次数,供核的表遗传标记以及供卵者的年龄、卵子的成熟度等因素有关。一般来说,颗粒细胞作为核供体最易被核重编程。供核者为胎体或新生体,供核细胞处于低分化状态或已传数代,供核细胞经过去表遗传标记处理,供卵者性成熟且年龄轻、卵子核与胞浆都成熟等均为有利于核重编程的因素。重构胚胎的培养方法对核重编程也至关重要,目前主张使用序贯培养及体细胞化培养。创造各种适于核重编程的条件有利于从更高的起点开展核移植胚胎干细胞研究,提高重构胚胎干细胞建系效率。     

核移植介导的哺乳动物体细胞核重编程研究进展

哺乳动物的体细胞核移植技术已经发展了20年有余,重构胚发育过程中的核重编程异常是制约这项技术应用的主要障碍。目前,提高克隆效率的方法主要是通过调节重编程过程中的表观遗传修饰来修复重编程的错误,从而提高核移植胚胎的发育效率。综述了核移植后早期胚胎发育过程中供体核重编程的异常,讨论了修复这些异常表观遗传修饰的研究进展,并对可能影响核移植胚胎发育的重编程事件及新兴技术进行展望。     

核重编程机制的影响因素

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术在农业、生物技术、医药生产和濒危动物保护等方面具有很大的潜力和应用价值,已成为目前发育生物学研究的重要方法。但是核重编程仍是核移植技术的关键因素,制约了重构胚胎干细胞的研究。只有供核发生完全重编程,重构胚胎才能正常发育。核重编程与供核者的年龄,供核细胞的组织来源、分化状态、细胞周期、传代次数,供核细胞的表观遗传标记以及供卵者的年龄、卵子的成熟度等因素有关。创造各种适于核重编程的条件有利于从更高的起点开展核移植胚胎干细胞的研究,提高重枸胚胎干细胞建系效率。     

供体细胞的不同选择和处理对重编程过程的影响

摘要: 供体细胞核移入去核的卵母细胞后, 必定要经过表观遗传修饰的重编程过程, 回到胚胎开始发育的全能状态。若重编程过程不完全, 必定会导致克隆效率降低。但是, 体细胞核的重编程能力不仅仅是在其移入去核的卵母细胞后所体现, 它在不同的供体细胞当中的潜能也是不尽相同的。并且, 对供体细胞进行不同的处理, 也会导致其重编程的能力和程度不同。文章首先阐述了供体细胞的类型、代数、周期、年龄以及物种的不同选择对其核移植后重编程过程的不同影响, 其后又通过对供体细胞的冷冻保存, 血清饥饿以及不同试剂的处理等方面对重编程过程所起到的作用作出了概况性的论述与分析     

体细胞核重编程中表观遗传学的研究进展

促使体细胞核重编程的方法很多,除了传统的体细胞核移植方法外,科学家们努力寻求从法律、道德、伦理等方面更易被人们接受的新方法.近年来多能干细胞与体细胞融合、多能细胞的抽提物与体细胞共孵育以及将编码多潜能因子的基因导入体细胞中等方法都能使体细胞核发生重新编程,将已分化的体细胞转变为一种全能的胚胎状态.主要论述了生殖细胞及早期胚胎、体细胞核移植和其他形式的体细胞核重编程的表观遗传学的改变,对表观遗传学的深入研究将有助于我们进一步了解体细胞核重编程的机制,从而不断完善各种技术促进供体核的重新编程,使其更好地应用于基础研究和生产实践.     

动物核移植中核的重编程

动物体细胞核能被去核卵重新编程,获得发育的全能性.在重编程过程中,核仁结构发生变化,组蛋白被修饰.端粒酶基因能被重编程,从而恢复核移植后代的端粒长度.核移植后,克隆后代出现X染色体失活.核基因能被重编程,引起基因表达改变.     

异种杂交及核移植

概括了异种杂交及异种核移植所涉及的内容及近年的研究结果。提出异种核移植中供体核与不同种类动物的受体胞质间的相容性或排斥性有一定差异,也提出了一些解决异种核移植胚胎妊娠的可能途径。     

体细胞克隆哺乳动物胚胎发育的表观遗传学

如何提高克隆效率和体细胞核移植后表观遗传重编程的潜在机制的研究是当前生命科学的热点之一。将处于分化状态而进行核移植的体细胞转变成具有全能型的早期胚胎的关键是表观遗传的重编程。文章从基因印迹,x染色体失活,端粒长度等方面来探讨哺乳动物克隆胚胎在发育过程中的表观遗传重编程的机制。     

核移植与诱导多能干细胞技术在体细胞重编程研究中的应用

体细胞重编程是指分化的体细胞在特定的条件下被逆转后恢复到多能性或全能性状态,或者形成多能干细胞系,或者形成早期胚胎然后发育成一个新的个体的过程。诱导体细胞重编程的方法有许多,如核移植（nuclear transfer,NT）、细胞融合、细胞培养和通过导入特定因子获得诱导多能干（induced pluripotent stem,iPS）细胞的方法等。其中核移植和iPS技术是到目前为止诱导体细胞为多能干细胞最为完全、最具有运用于临床再生医学潜能的方法。然而,它们的效率都很低,机制也不清楚,如何将两个方法结合在一起,提高重编程的效率,揭示重编程的机制,进而促进其在患者特异性治疗中的运用将是下阶段的努力方向。     

人-山羊异种核移植胚胎发育的初步研究

以体外分离培养的人胚胎成纤维细胞为核供体,经血清饥饿培养后,通过显微操作技术移入山羊去核卵母细胞中,采用化学方法激活重组胚.通过体外培养观察,2-细胞胚胎发育率可达51.33%,4-细胞发育率为31.42%,但发育至桑椹胚阶段的胚胎数目大大减少,仅为9.73%.虽然目前尚未能获得异种核移植囊胚,但实验结果说明山羊成熟卵母细胞可以支持人体细胞核完成重编程,人-山羊异种体细胞核移植重组胚可在体外完成其早期发育.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.