丹参撮物F对幽门螺杆菌致敏小鼠的免疫调理作用研究

研究丹参提取物Ｆ（Ｄａｎ Ｓｈｅｎ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ Ｆ,ＤＳＥ－Ｆ）对幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｐｙｌｏｒｉ,ＨＰ）致敏胃粘膜固有层淋巴细胞有无免疫调理作用。经口给予小鼠ＨＰ全菌破碎抗原与ＤＳＥ－Ｆ２周后,提取脾淋巴细胞和胃粘膜固有层Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＬＰＬ）,检测对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒活性和ＩＬ－２诱生能力的改变,结果显示ＤＳＥ－Ｆ与ＨＰ抗原协同能增强脾淋巴细胞和胃ＬＰＬ细胞的抗细胞的细胞毒性     

口服幽门螺杆菌疫苗对小鼠胃粘膜固有层淋巴细胞免疫激活作用的研究

经口给予小鼠门螺杆菌（ＨＰ）抗原疫苗２周后,提取脾淋巴细胞和胃粘膜固有层Ｔ淋巴细胞（ＬＰＬ）,检测细胞毒活性和ＩＬ－２诱生能力的改变。结果显示ＨＰ抗原疫苗能增强吸ＬＰＬ细胞毒活性和ＩＬ－２的分泌量。对脾淋巴细胞的细胞毒活性影响不大,ＩＬ－２诱生能力稍有下降。证实ＨＰ抗原疫苗对胃粘膜固有层Ｔ淋巴细胞有免疫激活作用。     

阿霉素处理的肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞的抗肿瘤免疫研究

研究表明化疗药物作用于肿瘤细胞后可有效激发免疫应答,这与肿瘤细胞的性质和化疗药物有关。该研究主要探讨阿霉素（adriamycin,ADM）处理小鼠宫颈癌u14细胞获得的肿瘤抗原致敏树突状细胞（dendriticceils,DCs）的免疫应答及对肿瘤的杀伤效应。分别应用ADM和反复冻融法处理小鼠宫颈癌U14细胞,取其离心上清液,致敏小鼠骨髓来源的DC,观察DC诱导的淋巴细胞增殖反应和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxicTlymphocyte,CTL）对宫颈癌细胞的细胞毒效应。结果显示：ADM处理的U14细胞抗原致敏后的DC组所激发和扩增的T细胞数及对宫颈癌细胞的杀伤效果显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。因而提示ADM处理的肿瘤抗原能有效地致敏DC并产生抗肿瘤免疫效应。     

表达小鼠白细胞介素21的Sp2／O细胞体外对鼠肿瘤特异性淋巴细胞增殖及功能的影响

目的：研究表达小鼠白细胞介素21（mIL-21）的Sp2／O细胞与用Sp2／0细胞预先免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞体外共培养,是否对预致敏淋巴细胞增殖及功能有影响。方法：获取灭活Sp2／0细胞免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞,在mIL-2存在的条件下,以mIL-21转染的Sp2／0细胞为刺激细胞,用流式细胞术检测CFSE标记的淋巴细胞增殖和7-AAD标记的细胞毒活性;用ELISpot法确定分泌IFN-γ的淋巴细胞数量。结果：转染mIL-21的Sp2／0细胞对预致敏的淋巴细胞增殖有明显影响,活化的淋巴细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率（39.57％±4.72％）与对照组（23.18％±2.94％）相比有较大的提高（P〈0.05）,且分泌IFN-γ的细胞数量明显增加。活化增殖后的淋巴细胞回输至环磷酰胺预处理的小鼠,能延长小鼠的成瘤时间。结论：表达mIL-21的Sp2／0细胞可有效促进肿瘤抗原特异性淋巴细胞活化及增殖,并增强其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤功能。     

热处理肿瘤细胞抗原负载树突细胞抗小鼠结肠癌效应

研究了热处理肿瘤细胞抗原负载骨髓来源的树突细胞（dendritic cell,DC）对结肠癌小鼠的治疗作用.将小鼠结肠癌细胞CT26热处理后超声破膜,以其细胞裂解液负载BALB/c小鼠骨髓来源的DC,观察DC诱导肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）杀伤活性;并将DC接种于荷瘤小鼠皮下,观察其对肿瘤生长的抑制作用及对荷瘤小鼠生存期的影响.发现致敏DC诱导的CTL对CT26肿瘤细胞具有显著的杀伤作用.用致敏DC免疫小鼠后,对小鼠肿瘤的生长具有显著的抑制作用,并能显著延长荷瘤小鼠的生存时间.热处理肿瘤细胞抗原负载的树突细胞对结肠癌小鼠具有显著的治疗效果.     

异种动物免疫RNA对小鼠脾淋巴细胞cAMP和cGMP的影响

从免疫宿主的淋巴样细胞中提取的免疫核糖核酸(iRNA),能在体内外传递特异的免疫反应,使正常淋巴细胞转变为对特异抗原起反应的效应细胞。但是iRNA的作用机制目前还不十分清楚。经iRNA致敏后淋巴细胞内cAMP和cGMP水平的变化,目前也尚未见报道。为探讨iRNA的作用机制,本实验用异种动物iRNA使小鼠脾淋巴细胞致敏,然后测定致敏淋巴细胞内cAMP和cGMP水平的变     

基于树突状细胞的抗肿瘤疫苗研究进展

树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs)是一类多功能抗原提呈细胞,在固有免疫和适应性免疫应答的启动及调控中发挥着重要作用。目前,大量研究表明机体可通过多种方式调动和调节DC的功能,从而增强其抗肿瘤作用。其中,以肿瘤抗原、肿瘤细胞裂解物或全肿瘤细胞作为刺激物致敏DC得到的DC疫苗,在临床前研究中展示出了可观的抗肿瘤效应,部分DC疫苗已进入临床试验阶段。该文将重点对基于DC的肿瘤疫苗制备方法、临床前及临床研究进展进行综述。     

表达小鼠白细胞介素21的Sp2/0细胞体外对鼠肿瘤特异性淋巴细胞增殖及功能的影响

目的:研究表达小鼠白细胞介素21(mIL-21)的Sp2/0细胞与用Sp2/0细胞预先免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞体外共培养,是否对预致敏淋巴细胞增殖及功能有影响.方法:获取灭活Sp2/0细胞免疫的小鼠淋巴细胞,在mIL-2存在的条件下,以miL-21转染的Sp2/0细胞为刺激细胞,用流式细胞术检测CFSE标记的淋巴细胞增殖和7-AAD标记的细胞毒活性;用ELISpot法确定分泌IFN-y/的淋巴细胞数量.结果:转染mIL-21的Sp2/0细胞对预致敏的淋巴细胞增殖有明显影响,活化的淋巴细胞对靶细胞的杀伤率(39.57%±4.72%)与对照组(23.18%±2.94%)相比有较大的提高(P＜0.05),且分泌IFN-y的细胞数量明显增加.活化增殖后的淋巴细胞回输至环磷酰胺预处理的小鼠,能延长小鼠的成瘤时间.结论:表达mIL-21的Sp2/0细胞可有效促进肿瘤抗原特异性淋巴细胞活化及增殖,并增强其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤功能.     

小鼠的自身反应性T淋巴细胞系及其功能

本文报道了用同基因脾细胞和抗原在体外不断再刺激天花粉蛋白免疫过的C57BL/6J小鼠的T淋巴细胞,能刺激自身反应性的T细胞在体外增殖并长期存活。实验结果表明它们的增殖是依赖于同基因脾细胞的再刺激,C57BL/6J(H一2~b),B 10 ScSn(H-2~b)和129(H-2~b)小鼠的脾细胞都能引起它们明显的增殖,但对C3H/He(H-2~K)和Balb/c(H-2~b)小鼠的脾细胞很弱,说明识别的可能是H-2~b抗原。应用未经免疫的C 57 BL/6 J小鼠的脾和淋巴结T淋巴细胞,采用同样的体外刺激方法,未能引起它们对同基因脾细胞的增殖。从而提示自身反应性T细胞是存在于正常机体内的一种能识别自身抗原的T淋巴细胞。在无外来抗原刺激时,它们可能是处于静止或不激活状态;在外来抗原诱发免疫过程中,它们也随了抗原特异的淋巴细胞一同被激活,并可能起调节作用。它们在免疫系统中的地位还有待进一步阐明。     

维生素A缺乏大鼠致敏后免疫功能低下对肺炎的影响机制

目的探讨维生素A（VA）缺乏对致敏后免疫细胞发育、功能的影响机制。方法：低VA饲料喂养大鼠8周时用卵蛋白致敏并分组。VAS组隔天口服vA100u,治疗3次;VAD组与正常组口服大豆油。用免疫组织化学法观察细胞角蛋白19（CK19）、病理学检查肺与脾病理变化、ELISA法检查血清Th因子水平等。结果VAD组胸腺萎缩,胸腺上皮细胞（TEC）肥大、聚集、CK19少。血IL—10、IL-4、胸腺索a-1升高。肺感染病灶多,肺泡隔浸润细胞较少与红细胞渗出多。VAS组胸腺细胞增生,TEC内CK193上调,血IFN—γ水平较低、IL-4、IL-10明显下调。小气道单层纤毛柱状上皮正常,管壁淋巴细胞浸润较重,肺泡区巨噬细胞多、渗出红细胞少。结论VA缺乏并致敏后胸腺TEC、胸腺细胞等发育和功能异常。补充VA改善胸腺TEC结构、促进淋巴细胞增生与非特异免疫功能,保护呼吸道黏膜与肺泡上皮。     

The lipoprotein HP1454 of Helicobacter pylori regulates T‐cell response by shaping T‐cell receptor signalling

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a Gram‐negative bacterium that chronically infects the stomach of more than 50% of human population and represents a major cause of gastric cancer, gastric lymphoma, gastric autoimmunity, and peptic ulcer. It still remains to be elucidated, which HP virulence factors are important in the development of gastric disorders. Here, we analysed the role of the HP protein HP1454 in the host–pathogen interaction. We found that a significant proportion of T cells isolated from HP patients with chronic gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma proliferated in response to HP1454. Moreover, we demonstrated in vivo that HP1454 protein drives Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses. We further analysed the in vitro response of human T cells exposed either to an HP wild‐type strain or to a strain with a deletion of the hp1454 gene, and we revealed that HP1454 triggers the T‐cell antigen receptor‐dependent signalling and lymphocyte proliferation, as well as the CXCL12‐dependent cell adhesion and migration. Our study findings prove that HP1454 is a crucial bacterial factor that exerts its proinflammatory activity by directly modulating the T‐cell response. The relevance of these results can be appreciated by considering that compelling evidence suggest that chronic gastric inflammation, a condition that paves the way to HP‐associated diseases, is dependent on T cells.     

Micronuclei in mucose cells and colonization of human stomach epithelium with coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori

International Agency for Research on Cancer recognized as sufficient the evidence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection carcinogenicity and placed it into the 1 st group of carcinogens. Micronucleus level in gastric epithelial cells of antral stomach region of patients with chronic non-atrophy gastritis (n = 62) was studied. 40 patients of 62 had HP-associated gastritis. The HP-bacterium exists in a spiral and coccoid form. Both morphological forms were examined using immunocytochemistry. Significantly increased micronucleus number was observed in the cells of HP-infected patients compared with non-infected person (P < 0.05). The frequency of stomach epithelium cells with micronuclei was enhanced considerably in the patients infected with the coccoid HP form. Therefore the patients with HP-associated chronic gastritis caused by the coccoid form with high degree of colonization must be considered as a group of enhanced risk of gastric carcinogenesis.     

A coordinated cytotoxic effect of IFN-gamma and cross-reactive antibodies in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Background. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with chronic infiltration into the stomach by T cells and plasma cells producing IFN‐γ and antibodies of various specificities, respectively. It is unknown whether these lymphocyte‐products may play coordinated roles in the gastric pathology of this infection. Aims. To know how IFN‐γ may relate to anti‐H. pylori antibodies in their roles in pathogenesis, we determined the isotype subclass of those antibodies as well as their cross‐reactivity and cytotoxicity to gastric epithelium. Methods and Results. We infected BALB/c mice with H. pylori (SS1, Sydney Strain 1) and generated monoclonal antibodies, which were comprised of 240 independent clones secreting immunoglobulin and included 80 clones reactive to SS1. Ninety percent of the SS1‐reactive clones had IgG2a isotype. Two clones, 2B10 and 1A9, were cross reactive to cell surface antigens in H. pylori and to antigens of 28 KDa and 42 KDa, respectively, which were present on the cell surface of and shared by both mouse and human gastric epithelial cells. The antigens recognized by these monoclonal antibodies localized a distinctive area in the gastric glands. In the presence of complement, 2B10 showed cytotoxicity to gastric epithelial cells. The effect was dose dependant and augmented by IFN‐γ. Finally, administration of 2B10 to mice with SS1 infection aggravated gastritis by increasing cellular infiltration. Conclusion. IFN‐γ by gastric T cells may participate in pathogenesis of the H. pylori infected stomach by directing an isotype‐switch of anti‐H. pylori antibodies to complement‐binding subclass and by augmenting cytotoxic activity of a certain autoantibody. This may explain a host‐dependent diversity in gastric pathology of the patients with H. pylori infection.     

Novel nuclear targeting coiled-coil protein of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicobacter pylori</Emphasis> showing Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-independent,Mg<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-dependent DNase I activity

HP0059, an uncharacterized gene of Helicobacter pylori, encodes a 284-aa-long protein containing a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and multiple leucine-rich heptad repeats. Effects of HP0059 proteins in human stomach cells were assessed by incubation of recombinant HP0059 proteins with the AGS human gastric carcinoma cell line. Wild-type HP0059 proteins showed cytotoxicity in AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas NLS mutant protein showed no effect, suggesting that the cytotoxicity is attributed to host nuclear localization. AGS cells transfected with pEGFP-HP0059 plasmid showed strong GFP signal merged to the chromosomal DNA region. The chromosome was fragmented into multiple distinct dots merged with the GFP signal after 12 h of incubation. The chromosome fragmentation was further explored by incubation of AGS chromosomal DNA with recombinant HP0059 proteins, which leaded to complete degradation of the chromosomal DNA. HP0059 protein also degraded circular plasmid DNA without consensus, being an indication of DNase I activity. The DNase was activated by MgCl₂, but not by CaCl₂. The activity was completely blocked by EDTA. The optimal pH and temperature for DNase activity were 7.0–8.0 and 55°C, respectively. These results indicate that HP0059 possesses a novel DNase I activity along with a role in the genomic instability of human gastric cells, which may result in the transformation of gastric cells.     

Clinical features and guidelines of treatment of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of stomach

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a very indolent disease. Its most common site is the stomach. The lymphoma begins as a reactive lymphocyte accumulation mostly due to an infection of Helicobacter pylori (HP). Through repeated mutations this tissue is transformed into the characteristic MALT lymphoma. At the time of the diagnosis the lymphoma is usually localised, but in one third of the patients the disease has already been disseminated. There are not any commonly accepted guidelines of therapy concerning this primary gastric MALT lymphoma, but certain general tendencies have already been defined. In the early disease the aim of the treatment is curative with the preservation of the stomach as much as possible. In a considerable number of cases, when the surface of the stomach is affected by HP, one can achieve histological and molecular biologic remission after eliminating the bacteria. However, there is no such therapeutic consequence to be expected in case of a deeply invasive tumour. The optimal treatment of patients of this group as well as those whose disease is resistant to HP eradication treatment together with those who are HP negative is radiotherapy or surgery with chemotherapy. In this latter case quality of life becomes worse. In an advanced case cure is impossible and chemotherapy is the most effective to ease the patient's state.     

Helicobacter pylori associated gastric pathology.

Helicobacter pylori (HP), undoubtedly, the most common world-wide infection plays an important role in pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. Proof for a causal role for HP in peptic ulcer rests in two major points; 1) the majority of ulcer patients are HP infected and the prevalence of this infection for both gastric ulcer (GU) and duodenal ulcer (DU) is much higher than for gender- and age-adjusted controls and 2) the cure of HP infection dramatically reduces ulcer recurrence. Conclusions regarding the mechanisms by which HP induces peptic ulcer are restricted mainly to studies observing the consequences of its eradication by antibiotics combined with gastric inhibitors or bismuth agents. Several specific virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) as well as other noxious substances including ammonia, lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin), platelet activating factor (PAF), nitric oxide (NO) and others have been implicated in gastritis and were found to be significantly more frequent in gastric cancer than in gender- and age-matched controls, especially in younger generation. Chronic inflammation, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, impaired defense mechanisms combined with hypergastrinemia, deficiency of vitamin C in the stomach , excessive oxygen metabolites and epithelial cell proliferation have been associated with gastric cancer. This multi-step pathway originally proposed by Correa and his colleagues, long before the HP was discovered in the stomach, leads to cancer but may be reversed by eradication of HP. This is, however, a controversial issue because gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia may be also caused by other factors such as bile reflux, dietary irritants, and autoimmunity. The implication of HP in MALT-lymphoma is based on the observations that eradication of HP in early stage of low-grade of this tumor leads to complete remission. The significance of HP in non-ulcer dyspepsia remains questionable and requires further studies.     

胃癌病理特征改变与幽门螺旋杆菌感染的相关性分析

目的:探究HP感染与胃癌患者病理特征性改变的相关性。方法:选取我院消化内科收治并确诊为胃癌的患者50例,作为胃癌组;确诊为慢性浅表性胃炎的患者50例,作为胃炎组;选取同期进行健康体检未发现胃部异常的患者50例,作为对照组。对三组患者进行快速尿素氮试验、13C尿素呼气试验以及血清抗HPCag A等检查,比较患者HP感染等情况。结果:胃癌组及胃炎组患者HP感染阳性率及抗HPCag A阳性率显著高于对照组,且胃癌组较胃炎组明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。胃癌早期及进展期患者HP感染率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。胃癌组患者非贲门部HP感染率显著高于贲门部及对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:HP感染是导致胃癌的主要因素,明确HP感染与胃癌病理分期及病变部位的相关性对胃癌的治疗及预防有重要的临床意义。     

Immunoproteomics of Helicobacter pylori infection and relation to gastric disease

The Gram negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen which infects the gastric mucosa and causes an inflammatory process leading to gastritis, ulceration and cancer. A systematic, proteome based approach was chosen to detect candidate antigens of H. pylori for diagnosis, therapy and vaccine development and to investigate potential associations between specific immune responses and manifestations of disease. Sera from patients with active H. pylori infection (n = 24), a control group with unrelated gastric disorders (n = 12) and from patients with gastric cancer (n = 6) were collected and analyzed for the reactivity against proteins of the strain HP 26695 separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Overall, 310 antigenic protein species were recognized by H. pylori positive sera representing about 17% of all spots separated. Out of the 32 antigens most frequently recognized by H. pylori positive sera, nine were newly identified and 23 were confirmed from other studies. Three newly identified antigens which belong to the 150 most abundant protein species of H. pylori, were specifically recognized by H. pylori positive sera: the predicted coding region HP0231, serine protease HtrA (HP1019) and Cag3 (HP0522). Other antigens were recognized differently by sera from gastritis and ulcer patients, which may identify them as candidate indicators for clinical manifestations. The data from these immunoproteomic analyses are added to our public database (http://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/2D-PAGE). This platform enables one to compile many protein profiles and to integrate data from other studies, an approach which will greatly assist the search for more immunogenic proteins for diagnostic assays and vaccine design.