大花金挖耳内生菌的分离及抑菌活性筛选

从菊科植物大花金挖耳（Carpesium macrocephalum）的花、茎、叶、果实和根中分离出92株内生菌,其中真菌68株,细菌16株,放线菌8株;对峙法生物活性测定结果表明,其中22株内生菌分别对小麦赤霉病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和苹果炭疽病菌均有较好的拮抗作用;采用生长速率法测定22株内生菌发酵产物的抑菌活性,结果表明,内生细菌H-32的发酵液稀释10倍和内生真菌H-18、Y-12、G-4、G-6的菌丝丙酮提取物在0.5 mg·mL^-1（菌丝干重）的剂量下,均对番茄灰霉病菌和玉米大斑病菌菌丝生长具75%以上的抑制效果;活体组织法测定结果,H-32的发酵液和H-18、J-1、Y-17、G-6的菌丝丙酮提取物在2.0 mg·mL^-1（菌丝干重）的剂量下,对番茄灰霉病的防治效果均在50%以上.综合分析认为,H-32、H-18和G-6等内生菌的抑菌作用值得进一步研究.     

华蟹甲草对几种植物病原真菌的离体抗菌活性研究

从华蟹甲草共获得46个提取、分离样品,首先测定这些样品在100 mg/L浓度下对5种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,然后测定活性较高的Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对9种真菌菌丝生长的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)以及对辣椒炭疽病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用.结果表明:对于华蟹甲草的不同组织器官,花提取物的活性相对最高,对供试的5种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制活性,其次是叶片提取物,但均是对辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高;而在所有样品中,Y-S16/23～90/96号样品的活性最高,在100 mg/L浓度下对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均超过50%,其作用谱较广,对供试的9种植物病原真菌均有抑制活性,其中对番茄灰霉病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高,EC50分别为68.96和99.17 mg/L,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、玉米小斑病菌等3个病菌的活性次之,EC50介于137.37～161.68 mg/L之间,对水稻稻瘟病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、小麦赤霉病菌等4个病菌的活性相对较差,EC50介于303.05～362.54 mg/L之间;Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对辣椒炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制活性较低.     

孜然种子提取物枯茗醛和枯茗酸抑菌作用研究

以番茄早疫病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、小麦白粉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌等为供试菌种,采用离体与活体相结合的方法系统地测定了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。离体抑菌活性测定结果表明,枯茗醛和枯茗酸对多种病原菌具有一定的抑制效果,其中对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果高于其它供试病原菌,有效中浓(EC50)分别为2.1和7.3 mg/L;枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的防治实验结果表明,供试浓度为1000 mg/L时,两种药剂的保护防效均高于50%;相同处理浓度下,枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的保护防效与速克灵处理相当,达到57.52%。     

灰色链霉菌YD3309菌丝体抗菌活性成分研究

采用生物活性跟踪法,从一株灰色链霉菌菌丝体中分离得到2个具有抑菌活性的化合物,通过核磁共振波谱和质谱等技术鉴定2个化合物的结构为新刺孢霉素A(1)和N-乙酰基色氨醇(2);化合物1首次从放线菌中分离得到。抑菌活性测定结果表明:化合物1和2对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、茄子黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)和辣椒枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)等多种蔬菜病原真菌有抑制作用,其中化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用;化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC_(50))分别为30.6和28.8 mg/L,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC50)为34.3 mg/L。     

猪场沼液对蔬菜病原菌的抑制作用

用不同贮存时间的猪场沼液对7种蔬菜病原菌的抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明,新鲜猪场沼液原液对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、辣椒疫病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌和茄子灰霉病菌有较强的抑制作用,沼液贮存对番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌和茄子灰霉病菌的抑制效果没有显著影响,但对辣椒疫病菌和黄瓜炭疽病菌的抑制效果影响显著;新鲜猪场沼液滤液对番茄灰霉病菌和茄子灰霉病菌有较强的抑制作用,沼液滤液贮存对番茄灰霉病菌和茄子灰霉病菌的抑菌效果没有显著影响。     

酶法制备壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌抑制机理初探

目的：研究酶降解法制备的壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌的抑制机理。方法：测定壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝发育、孢子萌发的抑制作用以及对菌丝形态、细胞膜透性和对菌丝体可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果：当壳寡糖处理浓度为1.5mg/mL以上时,对菌丝生长的抑制率达70%以上,EC50为0.72mg/mL。当处理浓度为6mg/mL时,对分生孢子的抑制率显著优于其他浓度水平,达87.4%,EC50为1.48mg/mL。显微观察,浓度为0.8mg/mL的壳寡糖处理可诱导菌丝分枝增多、菌体分隔增加,分生孢子形成受到抑制。此外壳寡糖能够引起菌丝细胞膜透性发生变化,造成菌丝体内含物的渗漏。壳寡糖处理66 h后,菌丝体可溶性蛋白含量比对照降低了36.7%。结论：壳寡糖对番茄灰霉病病菌抑制机理的探究为研究壳寡糖这一新型生物农药的作用机制提供依据。     

黄花草木樨提取物抑菌活性初探

采用离体和活体试验方法分别测定了黄花草木樨不同溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:各溶剂提取物对12种植物病原真菌均具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中以乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性最高,对油菜菌核病菌、玉米大斑病菌和白菜黑斑病菌抑制菌丝生长的EC50分别为0.62、0.83、0.64g/L,对稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌抑制孢子萌发的EC50分别为0.67、0.97g/L.离体组织法测定表明其乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病菌具有较高的保护和治疗作用,在浓度为5.0g/L时,防治效果分别为75.41%和59.18%(6d).活体试验表明乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦白粉病和小麦条锈病也有一定的保护作用,在浓度为10.0g/L时,防治效果分别为73.39%和63.27%.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌的抑菌物质及抑菌活性

嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种(Xenorhabdus nematophilavar.pekingense)是从北京地区采集的小卷蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae)肠道内分离的共生细菌,具有自主知识产权,分离纯化出其发酵代谢物中的抗菌物质,进行抗菌活性测定,对研究该菌的抑菌机理以及开发利用具有重要意义。本文从该菌株代谢物中分离获得的抗菌物质经紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、高分辨质谱以及理化性质分析,鉴定为Xenocoumacin 1。用平板含毒培养基法测定了该物质对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,研究表明,分离的活性物质具有较强的抑制活性,浓度在10μg/mL时,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苎麻疫霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌,西葫芦灰霉病菌,苹果斑点落叶病菌的菌丝抑制率为100%。对草莓疫病病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果褐斑病菌、蕃茄灰霉病菌、苹果轮纹病菌抑制率分别为86.8%、79.4%、79.5%、62.6%、53.6%;对其中6种真菌的EC50为0.25~4.17μg/mL,该物质对疫霉属真菌抑制作用最强,并能引起番茄晚疫病菌的菌丝生长畸形,原生质外溢。本文对开发新型生物杀菌剂的研究奠定了基础。     

杀真菌素链霉菌AL-04的筛选与鉴定

对13株来源于青藏高原土壤的放线菌进行活化,再分别采用琼脂扩散法、生长速率法、孢子萌发抑制法和离体叶片法筛选出一株抗菌活性高且抗性稳定的菌株AL-04。抗菌活性结果表明,该菌株对4种常见的土传病害病原真菌:辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)都有较强的抑制效果,抑菌率均在70.0%以上,其中对辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)抑菌率高达93.0%。通过形态特征、生理生化特征分析和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为杀真菌素链霉菌(Streptomyces fungicidicus)。     

番茄灰霉病拮抗内生放线菌的筛选、鉴定及其活性评价

对安徽省淮北市番茄植株根、茎、叶中内生放线菌进行了分离、筛选,并测定了其抑菌活性。结果表明:番茄根、茎和叶中的内生放线菌的数量分别为5.66×104、0.67×104和0.39×104CFU.g-1鲜重。根据分离部位和表型特征,从健康番茄植株体内分离到93株内生放线菌,通过对峙实验,筛选到7株对番茄灰霉病菌有拮抗作用的菌株,占所分离内生放线菌总数的7.5%。来自根组织中的菌株HNU-EA27的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径达28.3mm。根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁组分和16SrDNA序列分析,将菌株HNU-EA27鉴定为毒三素链霉菌(Streptomyces toxytricini)。室内测定菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对灰霉病菌菌丝生长及分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,结果表明:菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液可以抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强;当发酵滤液浓度为30%时则完全抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发。盆栽防效试验结果表明:30%菌株HNU-EA27发酵滤液对番茄灰霉病的预防与治疗效果分别为80.6%和73.8%,均高于50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂600倍液。本研究表明,菌株HNU-EA27是防治番茄灰霉病潜在的优良生防菌株,具有良好的开发应用价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.