若尔盖高原土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

运用GIS和遥感技术分析了若尔盖高原1990年、2000年和2005年的土地利用/覆盖特征, 在此基础上, 使用生态价值系数(C)计算出该区生态系统服务价值, 并使用敏感性指数(CS)对所选的C值进行验证. 结果表明, 该区域1990-2005年间生态系统服务价值从603.10?108元减少到586.07?108元, 共损失17.03?108元, 且损失量和损失幅度呈加速增加趋势; 该区域生态系统服务价值中, 废物处理价值最高, 水源涵养价值次之, 食物生产价值最低, 且各服务类型的价值均呈持续减小趋势; 若尔盖高原1990和2005年人均生态系统服务价值分别为38.93万元和27.03万元, 表明若尔盖高原由于人口增长和土地退化, 环境压力呈明显增大趋势. 湿地和草地退化是导致该区域生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因, 尤其是湿地退化. CS检验说明本文所选C值较为合理.     

多情景模拟下重庆市土地利用变化对生态系统健康的影响

模拟多情景下区域土地利用变化引起生态系统健康状况改变,对优化用地格局和保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。基于重庆市2000-2020年土地利用和生态系统健康动态演变特征,运用生态系统健康模型和斑块生成土地利用模拟(PLUS)模型模拟自然发展(ND)、生态保护(EP)和城镇发展(UD)三种情景下土地利用变化对生态系统健康的影响程度。结果表明:(1)2000-2020年建设用地扩张迅速,耕地面积减少最多,主要向林地和建设用地转移;生态系统健康状况整体呈现向好趋势,但区域差异显著。(2)2030年土地利用类型仍以耕地、林地为主,ND、EP和UD情景的建设用地规模较2020年分别增加63.59%、44.54%和100.13%,中心城区成为建设用地扩张集聚地。(3)2030年ND和UD情景的生态系统健康值较2020年均减小,建设用地增加和林地减少成为其健康退化的重要原因;而EP情景的健康值呈上升趋势,与反映生态系统健康对土地利用变化响应弹性结果相反,可见EP情景下的土地利用优化是实现区域生态系统健康可持续发展的有效途径。研究结果可为研究区生态系统保护管理与土地利用政策优化提供参考依据。     

Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem health in the Liuxi River Basin,Guangzhou, China

Ecosystem health is an important research topic. Several studies have mainly focused on ecosystem health assessment (EHA) on a large or medium scale, with only a few studies using small grids as research units. Based on the Vigor–Organization–Resilience–Services (VORS) model, which can adequately compute multiple ecosystem values for each land use type, this study used a scale with a 250 m × 250 m grid as the spatial research unit to quantitatively and dynamically assess the ecosystem health and analyze its spatial implications in the Liuxi River Basin, Guangzhou, China. The results showed that the ecosystem health level of each land use type is ranked as follows: water areas > shrublands > grasslands > wetlands > broadleaf forests > drylands > construction land. The amount of construction land area rapidly increased from 2005 to 2018 at the cost of a substantial loss of broadleaf forests, shrublands, and wetlands, which led to a decline in ecosystem health values. Thus, anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and deforestation were the main driving factors affecting land use changes and spatial distribution of ecosystem health. Furthermore, the correlation between ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem health was the strongest, indicating that ES was a key indicator contributing to ecosystem health in the Liuxi River Basin. The ecosystem health of the Liuxi River Basin had a significant positive spatial aggregation effect which gradually increased from 2005 to 2018. The high–high aggregation areas were mainly clustered in water areas and grasslands, and the low–low aggregation areas were mainly clustered in construction zones and paddy fields. This study provides an important reference for evaluating ecosystem health based on the VORS model, ecological conservation, and the management of small basins in the context of rapid urbanization.     

A comparison of wetland characteristics between Agricultural Conservation Easement Program and public lands wetlands in West Virginia,USA

In West Virginia, USA, there are 24 conservation easement program wetlands enrolled in the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP). These wetlands are located on private agricultural land and are passively managed. Due to their location within fragmented agricultural areas, wetlands enrolled in ACEP in West Virginia have the potential to add wetland ecosystem services in areas that are lacking these features. We evaluated ACEP wetlands compared to reference wetlands on public land in West Virginia by using surrounding land cover, vegetative cover, and wetland features and stressors such as the presence or absence of erosion, upland inclusion, algal mats, and evidence of impacts from the surrounding landscape as surrogate measurements of wetland function on 13 ACEP wetlands and 10 reference wetlands. ACEP wetlands had higher percentages of tree coverage and a higher proportion of agricultural land in the areas immediately surrounding the wetland. Reference wetlands had higher percent coverage of emergent vegetation and had a higher proportion of forest in the immediate landscape. Our findings suggest that ACEP wetlands provide valuable early successional and forested wetland cover in a state that is largely forested. Because of this, it is important to maintain and even expand ACEP in West Virginia to continue providing a valuable source of early successional wetland habitat.     

图们江下游湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地是世界上具有独特结构与功能的生态系统,图们江流域湿地生态系统的健康对该区乃至东北亚地区综合生态系统网络的建设具有重要意义。选择图们江流域下游为研究区,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,在压力系统、状态系统、响应系统三个层面选取30个指标构建了图们江下游湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和多级模糊综合评判法对研究区湿地生态健康状况进行综合评价,其结果为0.5878,处于亚健康状态。其中,压力系统的健康指数为0.5292,响应系统的健康指数为0.6866,状态系统的健康指数为0.5116,各等级隶属度S=(16.83%, 25.37%, 16.76%, 16.97%,24.07%)。主要表现在研究区域湿地的补水水质差,导致湿地水质污染加重,富营养化现象严重;并且由于人为因素,湿地大面积退化,景观破碎化加剧,功能逐渐丧失,生产力水平下降;急需对本区域湿地进行保护与管理。     

Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the Willamette Valley of Oregon,USA from 1972 to 2012

In Oregon’s Willamette Valley, remaining wetlands are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity and urbanization. With an increased need for fine temporal-scale monitoring of sensitive wetlands, we used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the floodplain of the Willamette River. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent, annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. With an extended time series we were also able to compare annual trends of net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990 using a Theil-Sen Slope estimate analysis. Vegetated wetlands experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area and non-vegetated wetlands experienced a 393 ha net gain, indicating higher functioning wetlands were replaced in area by non-vegetated wetland habitats such as agricultural and quarry ponds. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to gains and losses of agricultural land. After 1990 policy implementations, the rate of wetland area lost slowed for some wetland categories and reversed into trends of gain in wetland area for others, perhaps representative of the success of increased regulations. Overall accuracy of land use classification through manual interpretation was at 80 %. This accuracy increased to 91.1 % when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes.     

湿地农田渠系的生态环境影响研究综述

天然湿地开垦为农田,排水渠系扩张,随之带来两个方面的生态环境影响。作为廊道,排水渠系的隔离作用割裂了景观,造成湿地景观破碎化,甚至景观性质的改变;同时,其通道作用影响了湿地的水文过程,将局部湿地排干而转变为农田,并成为农田污染物向受纳河流水体运移的快速通道。因此,根据排水渠系的功能特点,在局域和区域两个层次上,对其生态环境影响开展综合研究,可以为湿地保护和恢复提供切实可行的对策措施。在回顾相关研究的基础上,提出了排水渠系生态环境影响研究的一个思路：即基于景观生态学和生态学模型等,开展排水渠系生态环境影响的机制研究;基于环境影响评价和生态系统健康评价等,开展排水渠系生态环境影响的效应研究;以及基于恢复生态学等,开展排水渠系的生态调控对策措施研究,从而为排水渠系的生态环境影响研究提供系统性途径。     

基于土地利用变化的祁连山地区生态系统服务价值演化分析

祁连山生态环境保护是建设我国西部生态安全屏障的关键环节,而核算祁连山生态系统服务价值是制定合理有效的生态环境保护措施的有力依据。然而受气候变化和人类活动的共同影响,祁连山地区生态环境问题依旧突出,亟需对该地区生态系统服务价值开展研究以服务后期生态环境建设。基于此目的,使用1990-2020年祁连山地区土地利用数据,运用土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵揭示该地区土地利用变化规律。并使用生态系统服务价值评估模型测算了祁连山地区生态系统服务价值,探究了其动态变化过程,并明确了各土地利用类型与生态系统服务价值变化之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)1990-2020年,草地和荒漠是祁连山地区最主要的土地利用类型,单一土地利用动态度分别为水域 > 湿地 > 耕地 > 荒漠 > 草地 > 林地。草地和耕地以及草地和荒漠相互转化成为该地区最主要的土地利用变化特征;(2)祁连山地区生态系统服务价值呈持续增加趋势,由1990年的7231.36亿元增加至2020年的7836.07亿元,在空间上呈现出东高西低的变化趋势。生态系统服务价值构成主体主要为水域、草地和林地,单项生态系统服务价值以水文调节和气候调节为主,反映了调节服务是祁连山地区生态系统的主要功能;(3)水域、草地和湿地这3种土地利用类型是近30年祁连山地区生态系统服务价值变化的主要贡献因子。1990-2020年,祁连山地区生态系统服务价值对土地利用的敏感性总体呈增加态势(1.48%-7.91%),土地利用变化对该地区生态系统服务价值的影响逐步增强。系统揭示了过去30年祁连山地区生态系统服务价值的演变及其与土地利用变化的内在联系,重点阐释了水域、草地、林地和湿地对该地区生态系统服务价值和生态环境保护的重要性,可为祁连山地区生态产品价值实现及生态保护管理等提供基础科技支撑。     

Impacts of forest cover change on ecosystem services in high Andean mountains

Land conversion affects the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. In this study, we used a 50 years time series of land cover maps to assess the potential impacts of forest cover changes on ecosystem services. A multi-source data integration strategy was followed to reduce inconsistencies in land cover change detection that result from the comparison of historical aerial photographs and satellite images. Our forest cover change analysis highlighted a shift from net deforestation to net reforestation in the early 1990s, consistent with the forest transition theory. When taking the nature of forest cover changes into account, our data show that the areal increase of the forested area was not associated with an improvement in ecological conditions. The overall capacity of the landscape to deliver ecosystem services dropped steadily by 16% over the 50 years’ study period. Conversion of native forests to agricultural land was associated with the strongest decline in ecosystem services. Conversion of natural grasslands into pine plantations mostly led to negative and probably irreversible impacts on the delivery of ecosystem services. Conversion of degraded agricultural lands into pine plantations led to an improvement in ecological conditions. An effective spatial targeting of forestation programs has the potential to maximize the environmental benefits that forest plantations may offer while minimizing their environmental harm.     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for the coastal wetlands at the Yangtze Estuary, Shanghai

Despite the growing awareness of the important ecological functions and values provided by coastal and estuarine wetlands, wetland degradation continues worldwide due to increasing anthropogenic disturbances. Chongming Dongtan wetlands, adjacent to Shanghai, the largest city and industrial and trading port in China in rapid urban expansion and socioeconomic development are currently threatened with biodiversity reduction, wetland loss, contamination, and invasion of exotic plant. Sustainable protection and management of Dongtan Nature Reserve necessitate research to develop diagnostic tools and indicators for a comprehensive and objective assessment of wetland ecosystem health condition. Based on the pressure-state-response framework and ecological and environmental surveys at the Dongtan wetlands, an indicator system was established for evaluating the coastal wetlands ecosystem health, using indicators detected from satellite imagery and current field surveys. Through the establishment of health assessment units and spatial quantification of the indicators, the spatial clustering analysis, integrated with remote sensing and geographic information system technique was applied to make an accurate diagnosis of ecosystem health for Chongming Dongtan wetlands and highlight the areas in subhealthy and unhealthy condition and urgent need of conservation and management. The results from this research indicated that the ecosystem health condition at the Dongtan wetlands showed spatial variation, to a certain extent, corresponding to the distributions of elevation and land cover types. More than 75 % of the total study area was at a relatively healthy level, with 34.19 km² for the very healthy zone and 41.08 km² for the healthy zone, while the subhealthy and unhealthy zones covered 18.23 and 4.76 km², respectively. This study demonstrated the potential for this integrated approach to give objective and effective evaluation of ecosystem health for the dynamic coastal and estuarine wetlands and provide up-to-date information to assist with early warning for ecological security and management decisions for Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve.     

乌兰布和沙漠生态系统服务价值时空动态

以乌兰布和沙漠为研究区,基于1990—2018年4期土地利用类型数据,以"当量因子法"为基础,运用网格分析、热点分析、权衡协同分析等方法,探究乌兰布和沙漠近30年生态系统服务价值的时空动态特征。结果表明:(1)生态系统服务价值总量以2000年为拐点先下降后逐期上升,由1990年17.03亿元上升至2018年25.94亿元,其中调节服务价值贡献量最大,4期平均占71.34%,供给服务增幅最大,近30年间增加85.04%;(2)生态系统服务价值呈东部和东北部高、中部和西南部低的空间分布特征,1990—2010年空间格局基本不变,但2018年高值区有所扩展;(3)1990—2018年间生态系统服务冷点区面积占比由2.85%增至4.23%,热点区面积占比由0.22%增至10.45%,热点区分布在黄河沿岸及部分生态恢复区,但东南部冷点区逐渐增大,生态治理时应着重关注;(4)1990—2018年生态系统服务间以协同关系为主,权衡关系存在于初期供给服务与其他类型服务之间。     

三大沿海城市群滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响模式

随着陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的干扰日益强烈,研究滨海湿地陆源人类活动影响规律对于滨海湿地资源管理和保护具有重要的现实意义.以我国三大沿海城市群(环渤海湾、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲)滨海湿地为研究对象,分别选取围海造地(直接因子)和流域污染物(营养盐、非点源无机污染物)输入(间接因子)表征1990-2000年间滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响强度及规律.研究发现,虽然围海造地仍然以农业用地为主(＞50％),但城市建设用地比例随人口城市化率增高而增加,以珠江三角洲城市群最高;在环渤海湾和珠江三角洲城市群区域超过60％的滨海湿地面积受到高或中等污染物输入强度影响,长江三角洲城市群区域则有44.7％的滨海湿地面积处于中等污染物输入强度及以上.通过叠加围海造地和污染物输入双重陆源人类活动的综合影响强度表明,珠江三角洲城市群平均强度指数达到0.79,且处于中等及以上影响强度区域面积比例达到78％,均高于其他两个城市群滨海湿地区域.空间分析结果表明,陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的强影响区域多集中分布于河流人海口、较为发达城市滨海区以及海岸线附近.     

黔东南苗族侗族自治州生态系统健康的时空变化

黔东南苗族侗族自治州位于贵州东南部,是我国重点林区,也是长江、珠江上游地区的重要生态屏障区。以空间网格为基准单元,利用1990-2015年研究区的土地利用数据,结合社会经济、野外调查数据,基于"压力-状态-响应"模型、"活力-组织-弹性-功能"理论框架和空间分析模型,对黔东南州的生态系统健康时空变化进行分析,并选取城市化和地形位指数进行空间相关性分析,探讨影响黔东南州生态健康的关键因素。研究结果表明：时间分布上,1990-2015年期间,黔东南州生态系统健康指数呈现下降趋势,表现为从"亚健康"状态向"临界"状态的转变,呈现先增后减的波动式变化。研究期间生态系统健康水平的区域面积占比大小依次为亚健康（42%-45%）、临界健康（30%-35%）、健康（15%-22%）、不健康（0.1%-0.4%）、病态（<0.1%）,且25年间研究区生态系统各种健康水平的占地面积有显著变化。在空间分布上,黔东南州中部的台江县、剑河县和东北部的三穗县、锦屏县等地区生态系统健康水平较高,多处于亚健康和健康状态;而南部的榕江县、东部的黎平县和北部的镇远县、岑巩县等区域生态系统健康状况多处于临界状态;西北部的凯里市等区域生态系统健康水平最低,且整体上呈现下降的趋势。空间相关性研究表明：在1990-2015年期间,黔东南州的地形位指数与生态系统健康之间呈显著的空间正相关关系,"低-低"集聚区和"高-高"集聚区的面积均呈现"减-增-减"的波动趋势,而城市化与生态系统健康只在州府凯里市具有显著的空间负相关关系,说明在城市化水平较高的地方,人口密度、人均生产总值、建设用地比例等城市化因素是影响生态系统健康的主要原因,但在城市化进程较低的区域,生态系统健康受到地形梯度等自然因素的影响较大。本研究为黔东南州生态系统的管理与可持续发展提供理论基础。     

基于自组织映射神经网络的淮河流域生态系统服务簇时空变化特征

生态系统服务簇的识别是区域生态系统服务管理与优化的关键。量化了2000、2010、2020年淮河流域产水量(WY),水源涵养(WC),土壤保持(SC),生境质量(HQ),水质净化(WP),净初级生产力(NPP)和碳储量(CS)7种生态系统服务。并基于自组织映射神经网络(SOFM)识别了生态系统服务簇,探讨了生态系统服务簇的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)2000-2020年,WP,NPP与WC呈上升趋势,WC的增幅最大;CS与HQ呈下降趋势。淮河流域各生态系统服务具有时空异质性,生态系统服务高值区多位于西南部山区与东北部丘陵山地地区。(2)识别了5个生态系统服务簇:核心生态服务簇,WP服务簇,WY服务簇,NPP服务簇与生态过渡服务簇。核心生态服务簇与生态过渡服务簇的面积总体增加,流域西南部山区与东北部丘陵山地地区生态系统服务提升,2000-2020年,WY服务簇与NPP服务簇间的转移面积较大,WY服务簇面积减少达60.09%,NPP服务簇面积显著增加,2020年占整个流域面积的57.02%。研究结果不仅有助于清晰认识淮河流域生态系统服务簇的空间分布格局及动态变化,也为探索淮河流域可持续的生态系统管理与规划决策奠定了基础。     

广州市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

土地是各种陆地生态系统的载体,土地利用是人类生存与发展不可缺少的活动,是人与自然交叉最为密切的环节,土地利用/覆盖的变化必然影响生态系统的结构和功能。在Constanza生态系统服务价值理论基础上,结合谢高地等对中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,计算了1996~2005年间广州市生态系统服务价值的变化。由于建设用地和养殖水面对耕地及其他农用地面积的占用,以及水域生态价值系数较高,使得广州市10年间的生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化不大,增加了1.08亿元,但人均占有量(Ave(ESV)却下降了30.11%。各种土地利用方式的生态系统服务价值的敏感性指数(CS)均小于1,表明其对生态系统的价值变化是缺乏弹性的。耕地面积的变化主要影响广州市的粮食安全问题,而水域的变化则对生态系统服务价值变化起放大作用。     

从湿地到农田:围垦对生态系统碳排放的影响

湿地围垦转化为农田直接影响碳循环过程,但之前的众多研究忽略了相关人为活动如农资生产、农用器械使用等所产生的碳排放.为了更全面认识湿地围垦为农田所导致的这种变化,以崇明岛为研究地区,基于通量观测和生命周期评价,本文分别探讨当考虑和不考虑人为活动伴随的碳排放时,生态系统总碳排放的变化.结果表明: 如果只考虑生态系统与大气间的碳通量,农田仍表现为碳汇,但与自然湿地相比,其碳排放增加了10.47 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2;当将农业生产中人为活动碳排放纳入计算后,崇明岛自然湿地和围垦农田的碳排放总量分别为-15.38和6.54 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2,碳排放增加了21.92 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2,其中,人为活动碳排放为11.45 t (CO₂-eq)·hm^-2;田间种植和农资生产的碳排放共占农田生命周期碳排放总量的84.6%,化肥的生产施用是农田生命周期碳排放的主要来源之一.围垦使生态系统乃至区域尺度的碳源汇属性发生变化,需重新评估其影响;同时,为了达到低碳农业的目的,需减少化肥施用、提高化肥使用效率.     

东北天然林资源保护工程成效评估及热点区域识别

东北地区天然林资源保护工程的实施,改善了生态环境,提高了生态系统服务能力,对东北地区生态系统服务也起到了积极促进作用。为了更直观的反映东北地区天保工程的实施成效,研究基于长时间序列的遥感监测数据集-土地利用数据,采用InVEST模型和RUSLE模型对1990-2020年天保工程实施前后东北地区和天保工程区生态系统服务变化进行定量评估分析并采用Getis-Ord Gi^*指数识别热点区域。结果表明:(1)东北地区1990-2020年城乡/工矿居民用地和耕地面积分别增加25.37%,12.15%,水域减少21.42%,草地减少14.02%,未利用土地和林地分别减少8.41%,5.34%。(2)1990-2020年东北地区和天保工程区土壤保持量分别增加了95.81×10⁶ t、24.05×10⁶ t,碳储量分别减少了7.49×10⁸ tC、3.92×10⁸ tC,水源涵养量分别增加了177.51×10⁹ m³、58.65×10⁹ m³。(3)东北地区的极显著热点区域主要分布内蒙古地区东北部、黑龙江省北部、吉林省东部和辽宁省东部。随着天保工程的实施,极显著热点区域显著增加,且范围与天保工程高度重合。研究拟为后续东北地区林业政策和生态工程的实施提供科学的参考依据。     

Interactions between changes in land cover and potential of ecosystem services in Lithuania at temporal and spatial scale

The growing interest in ecosystem services is mainly related to land use changes. The aim of the study is to analyse spatial-temporal changes in the capacity to supply of ES in Lithuania based on land use changes in 1990–2018. The results show some balance between loss and gains of ecosystem services capacity due to land use changes. Decrease in heterogenous agricultural areas had negative impact on provision of ecosystem integrity and services. Considerable increase in scrubland and herbaceous vegetation areas significantly increased the ecosystem service potential. The conversion of former agricultural land to less intensively managed ecosystems enhance the potential of valuable habitats for biodiversity and ecosystem services associated with natural grasslands, moors and heathland, transitional woodland shrubs. The urbanization process along with increase in urban fabric areas had little effect on ESs potential since artificial vegetated areas had compensated the loss of ESs due to increased areas of urbanized ecosystems. Despite the area of open spaces slightly increased, this led to decrease of provision of ESs. Temporal changes in overall ESs capacity indicated an increase in Lithuania over the last two decades. Given the observed dynamic context of land cover, the structure of ecosystem services may face potential threats from land use change due to urban development and agricultural activities.     

Ensuring the adaptive potential of Coastal wetlands of India- the need of the hour for sustainable management

India is endowed with a variety of coastal wetlands viz., mangroves, seagrasses, saltmarshes, coral reefs, lagoons and tidal flats, and the country is also a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Convention of Biological Diversity, besides having a robust framework of laws and policies, governing the wetland conservation. However, the conservation strategies can better be improved in the context of increasing pressures and threats and limited success of restoration/rehabilitation. Land conversion and ecological degradation of coastal wetlands are the stressors, associated with rapid coastal developmental activities and climate change. The coastal wetlands require desired habitat niche and hence, the conversion of coastal wetlands to other land uses (including agricultural and urban lands) may lead to permanent loss, whereas ecologically degraded coastal wetlands may be resilient if supported by effective protection measures. Preventing the habitat conversion and maximizing the adaptive potential (viz., the ability of populations or species to adapt to rapid environmental change with minimal disruption) by preserving the ecological health are the need of the hour to safeguard the existing coastal wetlands and sustain the provisional ecosystem services offered by them rather than short-term increase in area by unproductive restoration/rehabilitation efforts. Since coastal wetlands are flow through ecosystems, preserving the hydrological connectivity, facilitating the connectivity between adjacent ecosystems and protection of natural corridors are potential strategies that are required to enhance the adaptive potential of coastal wetlands. This analysis calls for site-specific, long-term and integrated ecosystem-based protection, management and rehabilitation strategies based on scientific principles and enforcing the effective legislative measures to regularize the coastal developmental activities in India.

     

长沙城市斑块湿地资源的时空演变

利用GIS技术,对长沙市1955、1972和1990年地形图湿地数据及2007年长沙市湿地资源普查数据进行提取和分析,选取最具代表性的斑块湿地作为研究对象,从时间与空间、动态与静态、规模与填埋等视角,研究50年来城市斑块湿地生态系统各层次要素的时空演变过程和变化规律.结果表明:(1)时间层次上,长沙城市斑块湿地总面积呈现先增后减、总体增加的态势;斑块湿地面积变化幅度不断加大,速率逐步加快;(2)规模层次上,面积在32 hm2规模以下的斑块湿地呈增加态势,32 hm2规模以上斑块湿地呈减少态势;(3)动态空间层次上,被填埋斑块湿地的比例在建成区和郊区呈相反的演变结果;(4)静态空间层次上,斑块湿地密度在建成区范围和郊区范围演变结果相背.研究显示,伴随着城市化进程,不同时间尺度、不同规模尺度、不同空间属性、不同空间状态的城市斑块湿地常常呈现差异很大、甚至是截然相反的演变结果;无论是动态空间还是静态空间,建成区与郊区的空间分界线往往是城市斑块湿地演变态势的分水岭.