基于Sentinel-2A数据的东北森林植物多样性监测方法研究

植物多样性监测是开展生物多样性评估,制定生物多样性保护政策的基础。传统的森林植物多样性监测以实地调查为主,难以快速获取森林植物多样性的空间分布及其动态变化信息。遥感技术的发展为评估区域尺度森林植物多样性提供了重要工具。该研究选取凉水、丰林和珲春3个国家级自然保护区,利用Sentinel-2A卫星影像和野外实测数据,探讨了基于像元和聚类的光谱多样性直接估算方法,以及基于随机森林回归的森林植物多样性反演方法。研究结果表明:(1)在像元尺度,基于凸包面积计算的光谱多样性指数对Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的估算精度(R²=0.74)优于基于变异系数的方法(R²=0.60);(2)基于像元的光谱多样性估算方法对Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的估算精度优于聚类分析方法(R²=0.59);(3)基于6个特征变量,利用随机森林回归算法对Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的估算精度最高(R²=0.79);(4)上述方法均不能精确估算Simpson多样性指数和物种丰富度。研究发现基于Sentine...     

Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Oligo-Miocene succession in Fars and Khuzestan areas (Zagros Basin,SW Iran)

Paleontological and biostratigraphical studies on carbonate platform succession from southwest Iran documented a great diversity of shallow-water benthic foraminifera during the Oligocene–Miocene. Larger foraminifera are the main means for the stratigraphic zonation of carbonate sediments. The distributions of larger benthic foraminifera in two outcrop sections (Abolhayat and Lali) in the Zagros Basin, Iran, are used to determine the age of the Asmari Formation. Four assemblage zones have been recognized by distribution of the larger benthic foraminifera in the study areas. Assemblage 3 (Aquitanian age) and 4 (Burdigalian age) have not been recognized in the Abolhayat section (Fars area), due to sea-level fall. The end Chattian sea-level fall restricted marine deposition in the Abolhayat section and Asmari Formation replaced laterally by the Gachsaran Formation. This suggests that the Miocene part of the formation as recognized in the Lali section (Khuzestan area) of the Zagros foreland basin is not present in the Abolhayat outcrop. The distribution of the Oligocene larger benthic foraminifera indicates that shallow marine carbonate sediments of the Asmari Formation at the study areas have been deposited in the photic zone of tropical to subtropical oceans. Based on analysis of larger benthic foraminiferal assemblages and microfacies features, three major depositional environments are identified. These include inner shelf, middle shelf and outer shelf. The inner shelf facies is characterized by wackestone–packstone, dominated by various taxa of imperforate foraminifera. The middle shelf is represented by packstone–grainstone to floatstone with a diverse assemblage of larger foraminifera with perforate wall. Basinwards is dominated by argillaceous wackestone characterized by planktonic foraminifera and large and flat nummulitidae and lepidocyclinidae. Planktonic foraminifera wackestone is the dominant facies in the outer shelf.     

Wildfire spatial pattern analysis in the Zagros Mountains,Iran: A comparative study of decision tree based classifiers

Knowledge of wildfire behavior is of key importance for planning and allocating resources to fire suppression efforts. In this study, we analyzed the spatial pattern of wildfires with five decision tree based classifiers, including alternating decision tree (ADT), classification and regression tree (CART), functional tree (FT), logistic model tree (LMT), and Naïve Bayes tree (NBT). The classifiers were trained using historical fire locations in the Zagros Mountains (Iran) from the years 2007–2014 and a set of fifteen explanatory variables (i.e., slope degree, aspect, altitude, plan curvature, topographic position index (TPI), topographic roughness index (TRI), topographic wetness index (TWI), mean annual temperature and rainfall, wind effect, soil type, land use, and proximity to settlements, roads, and rivers) that were first optimized with a twostep process using multicollinearity analysis and the Gain Ratio variable selection method. The classifiers were then validated using the Kappa index and several statistical index-based evaluators (i.e., accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F-measure). The global performance of the classifiers was measured using the ROC-AUC method. In this comparative study, the ADT classifier demonstrated the highest performance both in terms of goodness-of-fit with the training dataset (accuracy = 99.8%, AUC = 0.991) and the capability to predict future wildfires (accuracy = 75.7%, AUC = 0.903). This study contributes to the suite of research that evaluates data mining methods for the prediction of natural hazards.     

基于Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2A的西小山林场平均树高估测

森林资源调查对于我国森林生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义,森林平均高度是森林资源调查的主要结构参数,也是获取难度最大的关键参数之一.为探究联合主被动遥感技术在估测森林平均高度方面的潜力,本研究以吉林省临江市西小山林场为研究区,利用Senti-nel-1 SAR和Sentinel-2A数据,通过提取Sentinel-1的2...     

基于Google Earth Engine平台与复杂网络的黄河流域土地利用/覆被变化分析

黄河流域在中国社会经济发展和生态安全方面的地位十分重要,过去几十年的自然演变和人类活动对其造成了深远影响,系统科学地认识黄河流域的环境格局变化是实现黄河流域高质量发展的重要前提。基于Google Earth Engine平台和复杂网络分析方法,解译并分析了1986年至2018年黄河流域的连续年度土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)。基于1000个独立验证点进行的评估显示解译的覆盖黄河流域33年的年度土地利用/覆被数据集的7个一级类的总体准确率为82.6%,15个二级类的总体准确率为74.7%。分析结果显示黄河流域的土地系统在整个研究期间呈现出复杂的时空变化,主要的LUCC模式包括：不变或很小的变化、伴随耕地流失的城市扩张、草地恢复、果园和梯田扩张和森林增加。基于复杂网络方法对黄河流域土地系统的分析表明,土地利用/覆被转移网络中的高覆盖草地、低植被覆盖地表和落叶常绿混交林与其他地类的转移较频繁,地类节点的中介中心性和度值较高,是黄河流域土地系统中的关键地类。另外与人类活动关系密切的果园和梯田、谷物耕地和城市及建设用地节点组成了较为活跃的网络社区结构,它们都有较高的结构多样性、接近中心性,这些地...     

Effects of species composition, land surface cover, CO2 concentration and climate on isoprene emissions from European forests.

Emissions of isoprene from terrestrial vegetation are known to affect atmospheric chemical properties, like its oxidation capacity or the concentration of tropospheric ozone. The latter is of concern, since besides being a potent greenhouse gas, O(3) is toxic for humans, animals, and plants even at relatively low concentrations. Isoprene-emitting forests in the vicinity of NO(x) pollution sources (like cities) can contribute considerably to O(3) formation, and to the peak concentrations observed during hot summer weather. The biogenic contribution to O(3) concentrations is generally thought to increase in a future, warmer climate--pushing values beyond health thresholds possibly even more frequently and over larger areas--given that emissions of isoprene are highly temperature-dependent but also because of the CO(2) fertilisation of forest productivity and leaf growth. Most projections of future emissions, however, do not include the possible CO(2)-inhibition of leaf isoprene metabolism. We explore the regional distribution of emissions from European woody vegetation, using a mechanistic isoprene-dynamic vegetation model framework. We investigate the interactive effects of climate and CO(2) concentration on forest productivity, species composition, and isoprene emissions for the periods 1981-2000 and 2081-2100. Our projection of future emissions includes a direct CO(2)-isoprene inhibition. Across the model domain, we show that this direct effect has the potential to offset the stimulation of emissions that could be expected from warmer temperatures and from the increased productivity and leaf area of emitting vegetation. Changes in forest species composition that may result from climate change can play a substantial additional role in a region's future emissions. Changes in forest area or area planted in woody biofuels in general are not noticeable in the overall European forest isoprene budget, but--as was the case for changes in species composition--may substantially affect future projections in some regions of the continent.     

基于Google Earth Engine与机器学习的大尺度30m分辨率沙地灌木覆盖度估算

相较于降雨充沛的南方,中国北方沙地植被呈现覆盖整体偏低、空间异质性强的特点。灌木作为该区域的优势植被,对于风沙固定、食品/木材供给起着极为重要的作用。针对当前大尺度、中高分辨率干旱地区灌木覆盖度遥感产品缺失的现状,研究提出了一套通过Collect Earth样本收集器进行样本采集、利用Google Earth Engine遥感云平台的数据与计算优势开展大尺度灌木覆盖度估算的方法,并选取中国北方四大沙地之一的毛乌素沙地开展了示范应用。研究结果表明:(1)Collect Earth样本收集器可以有效地获取地面灌木覆盖度样本数据集,可以将灌木与高大乔木与草本植被进行有效区分,为灌木覆盖度估算样本集的建立打下了基础;(2)利用Landsat数据与其他辅助数据,机器学习算法可以较好地实现灌木覆盖度的估算,CART模型确定性系数R~2为0.73,均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)为13.66%,预测精度(Estimated Accuracy, EA)为61.8%,SVM模型R~2为0.72,RMSE为13.73%,EA为61.6%;(3)提出的基于GEE的灌木覆盖度估算体系可为我国乃至全球尺度干旱地区沙地灌木覆盖度信息提取提供有效支撑,具有较大的应用潜力。     

基于GEE平台的黄河流域森林植被净初级生产力时空变化特征

黄河流域是我国重要的生态屏障,研究黄河流域森林植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)的时空变化特征及驱动机制,对解释黄河流域森林碳汇/源变化具有重要意义。基于Google Earth Engine (GEE)云平台,利用MOD17A3H V6 NPP数据、MCD12Q1 V6土地覆盖类型数据、ECMWF/ERA5气象数据和USGS/SRTMGL1_003高程数据,采用岭回归分析、Hurst指数和冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)对黄河流域2001-2019年森林NPP的时空变化特征及影响因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)2001-2019年,黄河流域森林平均总面积为3.66万km²,其中阔叶林、针叶林、混交林平均面积分别为:2.64万km²、0.01万km²和1.01万km²,森林NPP年总量呈线性增加趋势,其均值为8.99Tg C,年均增速为0.36Tg C/a,19a增长率为173.60%;不同森林类型的NPP年总量均值分别为:4.79Tg C (阔叶林)、6.04×10^-5Tg C (针叶林)和0.64Tg C (混交林),年均增速为:阔叶林(0.16Tg C/a)>混交林(0.04Tg C/a)>针叶林(6.98×10^-6Tg C/a)。(2)2001-2019年,黄河流域森林年均NPP呈线性增加趋势,其均值为241.58g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增速为7.18g C m^-2 a^-1,19a增长率为108.63%;不同森林类型的年均NPP均值分别为:178.48g C m^-2 a^-1(阔叶林)、0.60g C m^-2 a^-1(针叶林)和62.49g C m^-2 a^-1(混交林),年均增速为:阔叶林(4.75g C m^-2 a^-1)>混交林(2.39g C m^-2 a^-1)>针叶林(0.04g C m^-2 a^-1)。(3)黄河流域森林NPP呈增加趋势的面积占94.50%,其中显著增加的面积占73.29%;呈减少趋势的面积占5.50%,其中显著减少的面积占1.57%。阔叶林NPP显著增加的面积最高(76.78%),其次为混交林(60.84%),针叶林最少(56.76%)。(4)黄河流域森林NPP的Hurst指数(H)介于0.38-1.00之间,平均值为0.87,其中H≥0.5的像元数约占99.34%,黄河流域森林NPP在未来一段时间内仍保持持续增加趋势。(5)归因分析表明环境因子对黄河流域森林NPP时空变化的总解释率为55.80%,显著影响的环境因子为经度(35.50%)、降水(8.00%)、气温(6.50%)和纬度(5.40%)。2001-2019年黄河流域森林NPP呈增加趋势,且呈现较强的可持续性;GEE云平台结合冗余分析可及时、高效获取黄河流域森林NPP的时空变化并对其进行归因分析。     

Comparing evaluations of forest health based on aerial surveys and field inventories: Oak forests in the Northern United States

Aerial sketch-map surveys and systematic forest field inventories may be used separately or in combination to indicate the status of regional forest health. During recent decades, aerially conducted sketch-maps of forest damage and forest inventories have been used to assess oak (Quercus spp) forest health across a 24-state region spanning the northern U.S. In order to more fully inform the monitoring of oak forest health and integrate these independent datasets, the effect of the quality, timing, and repeated sampling of aerial data on correlations with field-based oak forest assessments was assessed. Study results indicated that aerial damage surveys were weakly correlated with indicators of oak forest sustainability (e.g., oak seedlings and saplings), but more highly correlated with overstory attributes such as tree mortality and standing dead. The highest correlations between aerial damage surveys and oak mortality/standing dead were found when the time between the aerial survey and subsequent forest inventory was 4–6 years. Aerial surveys may have their greatest efficacy in supplementing field inventories of oak forest health when they are conducted in a high quality manner with bi-annual or longer remeasurement periods (due to rare pest damage events).     

Characterization of changes in land cover and carbon storage in Northeastern China: An analysis based on Landsat TM data

We use Landsat TM time series data for the years of 1991/1992, 1995/1996 and1999/2000 to characterize land-cover change in northeast China. With the information onland-cover change and the density of vegetation and soil carbon, we assess the potential effect of land-cover change on vegetation and soil carbon in this region. Our results show a large decrease of 2.76×10~4km~2 in forest area and a rapid increase of 2.32×10~4km~2 in urban area. Land-cover changes in northeast China have resulted in a potential maximum loss of 273.2 Tg C for the period of 1991-2000, with a net loss of 95.7 Tg C in vegetation and 177.5Tg C in soil. The conversionof forests into other land-cover types could have potentially resulted in a loss of 254.6 Tg C for thestudy period, accounting for 68.8% of the total potential carbon loss in the northeast China. To quantify the net effect of land-cover change on carbon storage will require accounting for vegeta-tion regrowth and soil processes. Our results also imply that forest protection and reforestation are of critical importance to carbon sequestration in China.     

The effect of land management on carbon sequestration in salty rangelands of Golestan province,Iran

Land management is one of the most important factors affecting the protection and carbon sequestration of natural ecosystems. If the ecosystem is maintained naturally, it will have suitable vegetation and soil stability. One of the important factors that affects land management is livestock grazing. In order to evaluate the impact of exclosure rangeland on carbon sequestration (CS) in salty rangelands, the study was carried out in Inchehboroun rangelands of Golestan province, Iran. The main purpose of current research was to evaluate the effectiveness of management of salt rangeland on CS by topsoil and halophytes species. For this purpose, 40 plots (with 2 m² area) were located along 8 transects of 100 m in exclosure rangeland (ER) and grazing rangeland (GR) sites. The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, plant biomass was estimated. In addition, the content of above ground and underground biomass carbon, litter carbon, and soil organic carbon were determined for both ER and GR. The difference between the means was compared using Duncan test and t-test at P < 0.05. The result showed that the total CS for ER site was 15.02 ton/ha while it was 11.934 ton/ha in the case of GR. The total carbon sequestration (TCS) in ER was higher than the GR site. The CS of Halocnemum strobilaceum with 17.4 and 11.74% in ER and GR relatively was higher than that of other species. The results showed that the CS of shrubs in GR was lower than the ER site. The results revealed that the amount of C is affected by the land management in the production of OM and its degradation in the topsoil of salt rangeland. Aerial part of plants are the most important and sensitive part of an ecosystem that directly affects the C uptake and is also strongly influenced by the effect of animal grazing.     

Characterization of changes in land cover and carbon storage in Northeastern China: An analysis based on Landsat TM data

We use Landsat TM time series data for the years of 1991/1992, 1995/1996 and 1999/2000 to characterize land-cover change in northeast China. With the information on land-cover change and the density of vegetation and soil carbon, we assess the potential effect of land-cover change on vegetation and soil carbon in this region. Our results show a large decrease of 2.76(104km2 in forest area and a rapid increase of 2.32(104km2 in urban area. Land-cover changes in northeast China have resulted in a potential maximum loss of 273.2 Tg C for the period of 1991-2000, with a net loss of 95.7 Tg C in vegetation and 177.5Tg C in soil. . The conversion of forests into other land-cover types could have potentially resulted in a loss of 254.6 Tg C for the study period, accounting for 68.8% of the total potential carbon loss in the northeast China. To quantify the net effect of land-cover change on carbon storage will require accounting for vegetation regrowth and soil processes. Our results also imply that forest protectionand reforestation are of critical importance to carbon sequestration in China.     

基于实测高光谱与Sentinel-2B数据的银北土壤Na+含量估测

为了探讨不同传感器对土壤Na+含量的估测能力,本研究以宁夏银北地区典型样点土壤实测光谱和Sentinel-2B影像光谱为对象,运用逐步回归(SR)和主成分回归分析(PCA)方法对光谱数据进行敏感参量筛选,然后采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)和反向传播神经网络模型(BPNN)分别建立实测光谱和影像数据...     

基于随机森林回归的草场植被盖度反演模型研究——以新疆阿勒泰地区布尔津县为例

作为草地资源大国,我国正面临严峻的草场退化形势。掌握草场植被盖度的历史演变趋势,是草场退化驱动力识别及风险评估的基础。目前已有研究多以参数回归方法估算植被盖度,但并未充分考虑其苛刻的使用条件。利用Landsat系列卫星遥感影像及地面植被盖度监测资料建立非参数回归——随机森林回归模型,并与传统线性回归方法进行比较,在此基础上应用随机森林回归模型估算近10年来布尔津县草场植被盖度的变化趋势,并对结果的不确定性进行分析。结果显示:传统的线性回归方法很难满足其基本的统计学假设条件,而随机森林模型不但无需进行假设条件检验,而且预测的准确性也优于以往普遍应用的线性模型。基于Landsat ETM+标准数据得到的反演结果较之TM和OLI数据普遍偏小,地表反射率数据虽然可以大幅降低传感器不同对反演结果所造成的影响,但结果仍存在约±10%的不确定性。涉及的草场类型众多,为了提高反演精度,后续研究需要分别计算其植被指数,并尽量减低传感器差异带来的不确定性。     

基于GWR模型的土地覆盖与地表温度的关系——以京津唐城市群为例

基于Landsat TM土地覆盖分类数据和MODIS地表温度数据,探讨京津唐城市群不同土地覆盖的地表温度(7日),并采用常用的普通线性回归(OLS)和地理加权回归(GWR)方法分别拟合土地覆盖比例与地表温度的关系.结果表明: 研究区不同土地覆盖类型的地表温度差异明显,人工表面(40.92±3.49 ℃)和耕地(39.74±3.74 ℃)的平均温度较高,林地(34.43±4.16 ℃)和湿地(35.42±4.33 ℃)的平均温度较低;土地覆盖比例与地表温度显著相关,且两者之间的定量关系存在空间非稳定性,地理位置以及周围环境影响的差异是空间非稳定性产生的主要原因;GWR模型的拟合结果优于OLS模型(R_GWR²>R_OLS²),并且GWR模型可以量化土地覆盖比例与地表温度两者关系的空间非稳定性特征.     

Hydrological investigations of forest disturbance and land cover impacts in South-East Asia: a review

Investigations of land management impacts on hydrology are well developed in South-East Asia, having been greatly extended by national organizations in the last two decades. Regional collaborative efforts, such as the ASEAN-US watershed programme, have helped develop skills and long-running monitoring programmes. Work in different countries is significant for particular aspects: the powerful effects of both cyclones and landsliding in Taiwan, the significance of lahars in Java, of small-scale agriculture in Thailand and plantation establishment in Malaysia. Different aid programmes have contributed specialist knowledge such as British work on reservoir sedimentation, Dutch, Swedish and British work on softwood plantations and US work in hill-tribe agriculture. Much has been achieved through individual university research projects, including PhD and MSc theses. The net result is that for most countries there is now good information on changes in the rainfall-run-off relationship due to forest disturbance or conversion, some information on the impacts on sediment delivery and erosion of hillslopes, but relatively little about the dynamics and magnitude of nutrient losses. Improvements have been made in the ability to model the consequences of forest conversion and of selective logging and exciting prospects exist for the development of better predictions of transfer of water from the hillslopes to the stream channels using techniques such as multilevel modelling. Understanding of the processes involved has advanced through the detailed monitoring made possible at permanent field stations such as that at Danum Valley, Sabah.     

Mapping species density of trees,shrubs and vines in a tropical forest,using field measurements,satellite multiespectral imagery and spatial interpolation

We estimated the number of species in a tropical forest landscape in Quintana Roo, Mexico, based on the relationship between reflectance values of satellite imagery and field measurements of plant species density (mean number of species per plot). Total species density as well as that of tree, shrub and vine species were identified from 141 sampling quadrats (16543 individuals sampled). Spatial prediction of plant diversity was performed using universal kriging. This approach considered the linear relationship between plant species density and reflectance values of Thematic Mapper™, as well as the spatial dependence of the observations. We explored the linear relationships between spectral properties of TM bands and the species density of trees, shrubs and vines, using regression analysis. We employed Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to select a set of candidate models. Based on Akaike weights, we calculated model-averaged parameters. Linear regression between number of species and reflectance values of TM bands yielded regression residuals. We used variogram analysis to analyze the spatial structure of these residuals. Results show that accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the residual variation improved model R² from 0.57 to 0.66 for number of all species, from 0.58 to 0.65 for number of tree species, from 0.26 to 0.41 for number of shrub species and from 0.13 to 0.17 for species density of vines. The empirical models we developed can be used to predict landscape-level species density in the Yucatan Peninsula, helping to guide and evaluate management and conservation strategies.