玉米/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响

通过大田试验,研究了玉米/花生间作对玉米和花生根区土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响.结果表明：与单作相比,间作能显著提高玉米和花生根区的土壤细菌数量;间作花生根区土壤真菌和放线菌数量与单作无显著差异;间作玉米根区土壤真菌和放线菌数量比单作明显提高;间作作物根区微生物群落功能多样性和代谢活性比单作有所改善.玉米/花生间作不同程度提高了整个间作系统根区的土壤碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量及EC值,其中,间作玉米根区土壤养分的增加更为明显,说明玉米/花生间作可以较明显地改善两种作物根区的微生物和养分状况,土壤微生态环境的改善又会促进作物地上部的生长.     

土壤类型对花生根际土壤细菌群落多样性和产量的影响

为了解不同土壤类型花生根际土壤细菌菌群多样性差异与产量的关系,明确不同土壤类型花生生产特性的区域优势,以6个花生主产区代表性土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽实验利用高通量测序技术研究不同土类花生根际土与非根际土细菌群落结构和变化特征。对6个土壤样品细菌菌群丰富度和多样性分析显示,湖南邵阳红壤细菌丰富度和多样性均较低,河北滦县褐土细菌丰富度和多样性均较高。放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)及芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)等为共有优势菌门,但在不同土壤类型样本中的菌群丰度存在明显差异,其中湖南邵阳红壤中绿弯菌门优势最明显,其他土壤类型放线菌门和变形菌门优势较明显。根际土与非根际土细菌门丰度间有差异,湖南邵阳红壤根际土与非根际土各细菌门(包括放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门以及厚壁菌门)丰度变化程度较其它地区大。冗余分析表明,土壤酸碱度(pH)、有机质(ORM)、碱解氮(N),速效磷(P)和速效钾(K)等土壤理化因子对细菌菌群组成和物种丰度均有...     

干旱与盐胁迫对花生根际土壤细菌群落结构和花生产量的影响

以花生品种花育25号为试验材料,采用盆栽试验研究了开花期干旱和盐分胁迫对花生生长发育和荚果产量的影响,并运用高通量测序技术分析干旱、盐胁迫及旱盐双重胁迫下,花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化特征。结果表明: 不同胁迫处理花生根际土壤细菌群落均以变形菌门、放线菌门、Saccharibacteria、绿弯菌门、蓝藻菌门和酸杆菌门为主。干旱、盐胁迫及旱盐双重胁迫均不同程度降低了变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度,但显著提高了蓝藻菌门的含量,且旱盐双重胁迫较其单一胁迫引起的根际蓝藻菌门丰度变化更显著。土壤细菌功能预测分析显示,信号转导机制、防御机制及翻译后修饰、蛋白质周转和分子伴侣等相关功能在旱盐双重胁迫的细菌中活性更强,可能对花生生长及胁迫应答具有重要影响。统计学分析显示,开花期干旱、盐胁迫和旱盐双重胁迫严重影响花生生长发育,并显著降低产量。研究结果可为通过改良土壤微生物环境来提高植物胁迫耐受性提供参考。     

小麦/蚕豆，玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响

利用PCR-DGGE技术研究了小麦/蚕豆、玉米/蚕豆和小麦/玉米间作对作物根际细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明：间作能够提高作物根际细菌群落多样性、改变根际细菌群落结构组成.其中,小麦/蚕豆间作对根际细菌群落结构的影响最为突出,作物花期时小麦/蚕豆间作显著提高和改变两种作物根际细菌多样性和群落结构组成.玉米/蚕豆间作主要表现出对苗期玉米根际细菌多样性的显著提高和群落结构组成的改变.小麦/玉米间作对作物根际细菌群落结构的影响程度较弱.同时,3种间作体系都具有不同程度的产量优势.结果证明了间作体系中地上部植物多样性与地下部微生物多样性存在紧密联系.     

间作黄芪对当归根际土壤微生物的影响

目的：探讨根际土壤微生物对中药材种植模式的响应方式。方法：以间作黄芪及单作下当归根际土壤为研究对象,基于高通量测序技术,分析土壤微生物在不同季节及种植模式下群落组成及功能的差异。结果：间作下Chao1指数、ACE指数高于单作,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为间作下的优势菌门,芽单胞菌门的相对丰度在间作下高于单作。11月间作下γ变形菌纲、7月间作下全噬菌纲的丰度显著高于单作。KEGG功能预测表明,在不同时间及间作下根际土壤细菌与细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、代谢功能下属的23类二级功能基因的相对丰度存在显著差异;参与氮循环的功能基因K00371(narH/narY/nxrB)、（K00374 narI/narV）等OTU数在间作下显著高于单作;不同门、纲在间作下的共生网络比单作下连接紧密且更复杂。结论：当归间作黄芪影响土壤细菌群落组成,增加其丰富度及功能的丰富性,影响土壤氮循环能力,促进土壤微生物间的交互作用。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地花生根层土壤菌群结构多样性

花生属豆科固氮作物,具较强的抗旱耐盐性,土壤微生物在盐碱土生态系统中具有重要的生态功能。以花生平作、花生/棉花间作为对象,通过16S rRNA基因克隆文库技术分析了黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地花生旺盛生长期不同含盐量盐碱地和非盐碱地0—40cm根层非培养土壤微生物群落组成及其多样性,分析了盐碱地花生根层土壤细菌群落与非盐碱地花生根层土壤细菌群落的差异,为揭示盐碱地花生根层土壤微生物的多样性以及土地利用变化与生态环境效应间的关系奠定基础。利用免培养技术直接从土壤样品提取总DNA,针对细菌基因组16S rRNA基因的V3高变区进行PCR扩增;利用焦磷酸测序的方法对V3高变区PCR产物进行高通量测序,并对测序数据进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,(1)黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土较高含盐量土壤中根层土壤微生物种类、优势种群数量和群落功能多样性较非盐碱土壤较为丰富。(2)盐碱土花生平作或花生//棉花间作两种种植方式基本不影响二者0—40cm根层土壤微生物优势类群;不同土壤类型和种植模式下,花生和棉花根层土壤中优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria) 4种菌群,其总丰度为80%—90%。非盐碱土壤中花生根层的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰度是盐碱土壤中的3倍以上,嗜热油菌纲(Thermoleophilia)和放线菌纲(Actinomycetales)丰度远高于各种盐碱土壤花生平作和花生//棉花间作两种植模式下的花生根层土壤;非盐碱土平作花生0—40cm土层中Rubellimicrobium、Pontibacter和Lamia细菌则显著缺失。(3)土壤类型对土壤微生物菌群类型影响较大,聚类分析表明,10个土壤样本依据土壤含盐量高低和根系分布深度聚为3类,即非盐碱土壤归为1类,盐碱土壤根系密集分布层0—20cm、20—40cm各归为1类。     

十字花科作物根肿病对根际土壤微生物群落的影响

为探究根肿病对十字花科作物根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,以罹病大白菜和健康株根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术对2组样本的细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS基因进行序列测定,分析了样本间的微生物群落结构和组成差异,同时测定根际土壤理化性质,探讨根肿病、土壤微生物群落、土壤环境因子三者的相关性。研究表明:1)患病植株根际土壤pH和总磷、总钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量显著低于正常植株根际土,而交换性钙含量明显增加。2)根肿病的发生降低了根际土壤中细菌种群的丰富度和多样性程度,但对根际土壤中的真菌α-多样性无明显影响。3)变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等是所测土壤样本的主要优势细菌种群,其中患病植株根际土壤中拟杆菌门丰度显著高于健康植株根际土壤,放线菌门丰度则显著降低(P0.05)。优势细菌纲为γ-变形菌纲、拟杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲、放线菌纲、酸杆菌纲等,2组土壤样本间多种优势细菌纲相对丰度差异显著。4)根际土壤优势真菌类群为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门和壶菌门,其相对丰度在患病和健康株根际土壤样本中均有明显差异。主要真菌纲为散囊菌纲、被孢霉纲、锤舌菌纲等,并且土壤样本间的多种优势真菌纲相对丰度存在显著性差异。5)主坐标分析结果表明病株根际土壤与健康株根际土壤细菌和真菌群落结构差异明显,冗余分析结果显示速效钾和交换性钙是根际土壤微生物群落变化的主要影响因素。研究结果为揭示根肿病发生的根际微生态机制以及研发根肿病综合防控技术提供理论支撑。     

轮作和连作对胡萝卜根际和非根际细菌多样性的影响

细菌是土壤最重要的组成部分,土壤细菌的群落结构对土壤的健康至关重要,可以直接影响植物的生长。胡萝卜的长年连作导致其产量低、质量差等一系列问题的发生,连作问题已成为不可忽视的问题。本研究通过HiSeq PE250高通量测序和生物信息学方法获得了玉米胡萝卜轮作种植和胡萝卜连作种植中胡萝卜根际和非根际土壤细菌的组成结构。研究结果表明,相较于胡萝卜连作,玉米胡萝卜轮作种植改变了胡萝卜根际土壤细菌的组成和群落多样性。RM.M (玉米胡萝卜轮作根际土壤样品)样品中的优势菌门为放线菌门和厚壁菌门,RM.R (胡萝卜连作根际土壤样品)的优势菌门是变形菌门;有益菌如芽孢杆菌属和根瘤菌属在玉米胡萝卜轮作种植中的胡萝卜根际富集。RM.M与RM.R的细菌类群差异显著,群落多样性较低;NRM.M(玉米胡萝卜轮作非根际土壤样品)和NRM.R (胡萝卜连作非根际土壤样)的细菌类群差异不明显,群落多样性较高。与连作根际土壤相比,轮作根际土壤中有益菌的相对丰度较大,细菌相对丰度明显增加。本研究结果对通过调节根际土壤细菌组成来保证胡萝卜产量和质量的稳定,解决连作问题具有重要的意义。     

两株芽孢杆菌对花生幼苗生长及其根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

【背景】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)和坚强芽孢杆菌(Bacillus firmus)对花生的促生作用及促生机制研究尚未见报道。【目的】从微生物群落结构和土壤氮磷钾有效养分两个方面综合解析两株芽孢杆菌(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HP9和坚强芽孢杆菌HP10)对花生的促生机制。【方法】以两株芽孢杆菌为研究对象,通过单独灌根或混合灌根盆栽花生,测定其对花生生长及根际土壤氮磷钾有效养分的影响;利用高通量测序技术分析灌根组与对照组花生根际土壤的细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性。【结果】与对照组相比,3个灌根处理组均明显促进了花生幼苗茎部的伸长及鲜重的增加,根际土壤碱解氮含量显著提高,有效磷和速效钾含量有不同程度增加。芽孢杆菌对花生根际土壤的微生物多样性无显著影响,但影响了细菌和真菌的群落结构组成。灌根处理组根际土壤的拟杆菌门及Mortierellomycota等相对丰度显著增加,在属水平上,农杆菌属、节杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、黄杆菌属、Pedobacter、极地单胞菌属、假单胞菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属、寡养单胞菌属等属的相对丰度明显提高,而且无色杆菌属、短波单胞菌属、金黄色杆菌属、苍白杆菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属和鞘氨醇盒菌属等6个细菌属仅见于3个灌根处理组中。主成分分析结果显示,与对照相比,3个灌根处理组之间的根际土壤微生物群落结构具有更高的相似性。【结论】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HP9和坚强芽孢杆菌HP10菌株可以影响根际土壤的微生物群落结构组成,提高根际土壤功能微生物的相对丰度,从而改善土壤肥力,促进花生幼苗生长。     

两种盐生植物根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构

应用高通量测序技术对西北干旱区两种盐生植物黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根际土壤细菌的多样性和群落结构进行研究,旨在揭示两种耐盐植物根际土壤细菌之间以及根际与非根际细菌群落结构间的差异,为深入研究盐生植物根际土壤微生物与耐盐性之间的关系提供理论基础。结果表明:黑果枸杞、里海盐爪爪根际细菌多样性丰度高于非根际土,黑果枸杞根际土壤细菌多样性丰度高于里海盐爪爪。根际和非根际土壤细菌群落的组成和丰度存在差异,从黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根际土壤中分别检测出细菌21门289属和22门304属,而从非根际土壤中分别检测出28门285属和24门336属;在两种盐生植物根际土壤中,变形菌门和厚壁菌门均为优势门;拟杆菌门、放线菌门、蓝细菌门及浮霉菌门在根际土壤中的丰度显著高于非根际土壤,而厚壁菌门在根际土壤中的丰度低于非根际土壤。两种植物根际土壤中的细菌优势门和优势属的数量均高于非根际土壤,在黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪的根际土壤中的细菌优势属分别有10个和9个,而二者非根际土壤中的细菌优势属各有4个,其中假单胞菌属是根际和非根际土壤中的共有优势属。黑果枸杞和里海盐爪爪根系细菌群落组成和丰度存在差异,只有假单胞菌属和盐单胞菌属是两种植物根际土壤中的共有优势属。Unifrac分析和聚类分析表明,两种盐生植物根际土壤细菌之间的相似性大于根际和非根际细菌群落间的相似性。细菌多样性与土壤有机碳、有机质、总氮正相关,与pH、电导率负相关,电导率和pH,有机碳和总氮分别是非根际土,根际土壤细菌群落物种组成的主要影响因素。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.