人为干扰对碧峰峡山矾次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响!

人为干扰是影响退化系统系统恢复的决定性因素。本研究以碧峰峡山矾3种不同强度干扰下(轻度、中度、重度)的次生林为对象,分析各干扰群落物种组成、植物多样性水平(丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数)和土壤生态因子差异及其相关关系。结果表明:在调查区共记录到维管植物132种,隶属56科99属,不同强度干扰群落物种数及物种组成存在差异,随干扰强度增加,乔木和草本层物种数减少,灌木层物种数先增加后减少;各干扰群落乔木层多样性水平差异极显著(P0.01),随干扰强度增加乔木层多样性水平持续下降;灌木和草本层多样性水平均无显著差异,且多样性水平均为中度干扰下最高,表明乔木层受干扰影响大,中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性,但不利于乔木多样性水平的提升;方差分析显示,土壤含水量、有机质和速效钾含量受人为干扰影响显著(P0.05),除土壤全磷、pH、容重外,其余土壤理化指标(全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和含水量)均为中度干扰下最大,说明中度干扰在一定程度上能改善土壤理化性质;土壤环境因子与植物多样性存在一定的相关性,土壤速效钾、有机质、有效磷与群落多样性关系最显著;中度人为干扰能增加林下群落物种多样性水平,改善土壤理化性质,对山矾次生林群落构建与森林群落生态恢复而言属于增益性干扰。     

人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

为探讨人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,对其群落结构、物种组成和物种多样性特征进行了研究。结果表明,在总面积为7200 m~2的12块样地中共记录到维管束植物151种,隶属于58科98属,以樟科(Lauraceae)、山矾科(Symplocaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等为主。单因素方差分析表明,不同强度人为干扰对山矾次生林群落径级、高度级结构影响的差异不显著(P0.05),群落乔木层径级为单峰型结构,高度级结构分布呈倒“J”型,群落天然更新能力强。受不同人为强度干扰的山矾次生林群落各层次物种组成和优势种数量不同,乔木层优势种数量差异显著,且轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰;灌木层和草本层中,中度干扰的优势种数量最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰的最少。总体上看,人为干扰对山矾次生林群落乔木层、草本层物种多样性水平具有负面影响,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(S)和均匀度指数(J_(sw))随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,物种多样性水平呈下降趋势;中度干扰下灌木层的物种多样性有增加的趋势。总体上物种多样性指数表现出灌木层乔木层草本层的规律。     

水淹干扰下水库水滨带植物群落谱系结构与物种多样性格局

群落谱系结构将物种系统发育信息整合到群落中，给生物多样性研究提供了全新视角。为探讨水淹干扰下水库水滨带植物群落物种多样性维持机制，以丹江口水库水滨带为研究区域，以南水北调中线一期工程运行前的原有水滨带植被为研究对象，分析不同水淹干扰强度下群落谱系结构和物种多样性及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明：(1)随着水淹干扰强度增加，群落物种丰富度、物种多样性和谱系多样性显著降低。谱系结构指数虽无显著差异，但随着水淹干扰强度增加呈现由发散到聚集的变化趋势。表明水滨带植物群落物种多样性维持机制是生境过滤和生态位分化共同驱动的结果，并且随着水淹干扰强度增加呈现生境过滤作用增加、物种间竞争排斥作用减弱的生态过程影响规律。(2)坡度、土壤质地、速效氮和全氮含量对整个水滨带植物群落物种丰富度、物种多样性和谱系多样性影响显著。此外，土层厚度和速效磷对物种丰富度和土层厚度对谱系多样性也影响显著。而仅有速效氮含量对谱系结构指数影响显著；轻度水淹干扰下坡向、速效磷含量与多样性指数显著相关；中度水淹干扰下坡度、土层厚度、土壤质地、土壤总氮含量与多样性指数显著相关，土壤pH、全氮和全磷含量与谱系结构指数显著相关；重度水淹...     

人为干扰对雅安莲花山青冈次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

以四川省雅安莲花山为研究区,采用典型样地法分别调查轻度、中度和重度人为干扰对青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)次生林不同林分层次的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性的影响。采用物种丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)和均匀度指数(Jsw)来综合分析群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明:(1)在总面积为3 600m2的9个样地中,共记录到维管束植物161种,隶属于83科134属,以禾本科(Gramineae)、樟科(Lauraceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)等植物为主。(2)不同强度人为干扰下青冈次生林的群落结构不同,受轻度和中度干扰的群落乔木层处于小径级(胸径8cm以下)、低高度级(高度3~7m)的幼苗较多,林分具有潜在的天然更新能力,受重度干扰下群落乔木小径级、低高度级个体数少,群落结构不稳定,林分生产力低。(3)不同强度人为干扰下青冈次生林群落重要值差异显著,轻、中、重干扰下乔木层优势种数量差别不明显,物种组成单一;灌木层重度干扰下小果润楠(Machilus microcarpa)占据绝对优势地位;草本层优势种在中度干扰下数量最多。(4)随着人为干扰强度的增加,青冈次生林群落的S、H、H′和Jsw降低,群落物种多样性整体呈下降趋势。     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘植被物种多样性及其与土壤特性的关系

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区植被的野外调查,探讨了植被物种组成与物种多样性对样地沿距沙漠中心的距离变化的响应,以及物种多样性与土壤因子间的关系。结果表明:(1)研究区主要物种共计10科18属20种,植物种类以沙漠旱生植物为主,样地的植被群落类型都是灌木与草本植物群落。(2)随着样地向沙漠外缘的延伸,植物种类和数量逐渐增多,群落结构更加复杂化和多样化;样地Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数呈上升趋势,优势度指数逐渐下降;灌木层与样地的α多样性指数变化趋势一致,草本层变化幅度较小;β多样性指数中BrayCurtis指数呈下降趋势,说明植物群落之间的物种替换速率降低。(3)物种多样性指数与土壤因子的相关关系及逐步回归分析表明土壤有机质和土壤全氮含量对植被的影响显著,土壤表层20~40cm中的土壤速效磷与样地物种多样性和草本层物种多样性之间具有显著相关关系。     

人为干扰对栲树次生林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响

为探究人为干扰对栲树群落的影响,采用典型样地法研究不同程度人为干扰对碧峰峡栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)次生林群落的物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,碧峰峡栲树群落共有维管植物148种,隶属60科106属。乔木层和草本层物种多样性指数随干扰强度的加强先增加后减小,灌木层物种多样性水平最高。乔木层优势种以栲树、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)等为主,灌木层物种丰富,优势种较多,草本层优势种数量为中度干扰轻度干扰重度干扰。土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量与群落物种多样性水平显著相关(P0.05)。中度干扰在一定程度上能够促进碧峰峡栲树群落物种多样性并改善土壤性质,土壤有机碳、钾含量和含水量对物种多样性有显著影响。     

营林措施对成都绕城高速路域杨树人工林物种多样性和土壤理化性质的影响

随着四川省林权制度的改革,高速路域人工林经营模式变得多样化。本文探讨了不同营林措施(UP:林下种植;PT:翻耕;MO:割除灌草;AC:弃耕;CK:对照)对路域杨树人工林的影响,为其科学经营管理提供理论参考。于2020年7月中旬,采用典型样地法选取样地,对样地内乔木进行每株检尺,并记录林下物种组成,计算α多样性;采集土样并测定土壤含水率、土壤容重、全钾、速效钾、全氮、全磷、速效磷、有机质、土壤pH。结果表明：UP、MO、AC处理均显著减少了灌木层的物种多样性,PT处理提高了草本层物种多样性。不同营林措施下,土壤容重、全钾、全磷的差异性不显著,UP、PT、MO与AC处理均显著减少了速效磷、全氮与速效钾含量;UP与MO处理显著提高了土壤pH值;UP、PT、MO处理显著降低了土壤含水率;MO处理显著减少了土壤有机质含量;速效磷、土壤含水率、土壤pH、全氮、速效钾显著影响草本层多样性;速效磷、速效钾、全氮显著影响灌木层多样性。不同营林措施对路域杨树人工林影响效果有显著差异;除CK外,所有营林措施均显著降低土壤速效磷、全氮、速效钾含量;路域杨树人工林林下物种多样性的变化大部分可由土壤速效磷、全氮、...     

临安次生灌丛植物多样性对林火烈度空间异质性的响应

以同一过火3a后临安市太阳镇天然次生灌丛为对象,采用样地调查法按不同林火烈度设置火干扰样地进行植物群落调查,以检验林分内部的林火烈度异质性是否与局部的植物多样性变化相关。结果表明:研究区共有高等植物83种,分属于38科67属,群落区系组成以亚热带科属为主,表现出常绿阔叶林已退化过渡到位于演替早期阶段的落叶次生灌丛群落的性质;低林火烈度对灌木层的树种组成有影响,但不明显;中烈度林火对灌木层的物种组成影响较大;低、中林火烈度下草本层的物种组成变化都很明显;灌木层的物种数和多样性指数都表现出低烈度火未火烧中烈度火的趋势;草本层的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出中烈度火低烈度火未火烧的趋势;草本层的物种组成和多样性受林火烈度的影响较灌木层更大。研究表明次生灌丛群落过火区内部林火烈度异质性在初期会引起植物多样性的响应差异;低烈度火干扰可以增加次生灌丛生物多样性、促进群落更新;中烈度火干扰下木本植物物种多样性丧失较大,而草本植物多样性显著增加,不利于群落的正向演替。     

辽河源自然保护区油松群落结构及物种多样性

采用样方调查方法,对河北辽河源自然保护区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)天然次生林的物种组成、群落结构及物种多样性进行研究,结果表明:研究样地内共有维管束植物42科、92属、146种。4个龄组群落垂直结构明显,乔木层、灌木层、草本层的优势种分别为油松、土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens)+蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、薹草(Carex tristachya)。4个龄组的丰富度指数和多样性指数均为草本层灌木层,幼龄林均匀度指数表现为灌木层草本层,其他龄组的均匀度指数为草本层灌木层。林下物种多样性表现为:灌木层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数均为幼龄林成熟林中龄林近熟林,Simpson多样性指数为成熟林幼龄林中龄林近熟林,而均匀度指数为近熟林中龄林成熟林幼龄林;草本层的物种丰富度指数为幼龄林近熟林成熟林中龄林,Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和均匀度指数均为近熟林成熟林中龄林幼龄林。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要森林群落物种多样性研究

应用丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H1)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(Js)对子午岭马栏林区的主要森林群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:41个样地共记录草本151种,灌木111种,乔木33种。马栏林区森林植物群落其总体多样性是混交林>纯林>人工林;不同森林群落各层的物种多样性基本都表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;物种多样性乔木层以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)混交林和落叶阔叶混交林较高,灌木层以油松 白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林和天然油松林多样性较高;草本层则是人工刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia)林、白桦林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林多样性较高。人工刺槐林和人工油松林在乔木层和灌木层多样性指数都较低。物种均匀度乔木层是落叶阔叶混交林最高,人工油松林和人工刺槐林最低;灌木层各群落的均匀度较为接近;草本层则表现为人工刺槐林均匀度最高,混交林最低。β多样性分析显示人工刺槐林与其它森林群落相异性较大,而辽东栎林、天然油松林和油松 白桦混交林均与油松 辽东栎混交林的相异性较小。研究表明多树种营造混交林可以增加群落的多样性,建造具有较高物种多样性的群落应种植混交林取代单一物种的人工纯林,在选择树种时应优先考虑乡土树种。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.