长白山地区溪流冻结初期凋落叶分解与底栖动物定殖的关系

长白山森林源头溪流每年11月至次年4月有约70%的河面被冰覆盖,季节性冻融过程特征明显.为了揭示溪流冻结初期凋落叶分解与底栖动物定殖的关系,在长白山地区1条源头溪流中,利用2种孔径(5和0.3 mm)的尼龙分解袋对色木槭、紫椴、蒙古栎的单一及混合凋落叶进行了为期35 d的分解研究.结果表明: 凋落叶质量损失率在单一树种间差异显著,表现为:色木槭＞紫椴＞蒙古栎,而在4种混合凋落叶间差异不显著;除紫椴和3树种混合凋落叶外,粗、细分解袋间凋落叶质量损失率差异不显著;凋落叶混合效应仅出现在紫椴-蒙古栎混合的粗分解袋内;定殖在不同凋落叶分解袋内的底栖动物群落结构差异较大,但撕食者密度在3种凋落叶间差异不显著,撕食者对凋落叶混合效应的响应也不显著.由结果可知,溪流冻结初期微生物是凋落叶的主要分解者,底栖动物的贡献率较低.虽然撕食者密度较低,但撕食者的活动是凋落叶混合效应出现的必要条件.底栖动物对食物和栖息地有一定的选择性,但由于定殖时间较短,凋落叶对撕食者定殖的影响不显著.本研究对源头溪流生态系统的冬季生态过程研究及生态系统管理具有一定的理论意义.     

长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态

源头溪流是河流生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要区域,对底栖动物的生物多样性维持具有重要意义。目前,针对我国源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的研究薄弱,对长白山源头溪流底栖动物季节动态的研究尚未见报道。采用野外原位定量取样的方法,力图阐释长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的季节动态特征及其主要环境驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)共计采集底栖动物90个分类单元,隶属于3纲9目38科。其中,水生昆虫85属,占绝对优势。底栖动物群落结构的季节动态明显,底栖动物密度及多样性在夏、秋季显著高于冬季和春季,并在冬季达到最低值。(2)底栖动物功能摄食类群以收集者占优势,其次为撕食者、捕食者和刮食者,滤食者相对丰度最低。不同功能摄食类群的季节动态不一致,但密度和物种丰富度整体表现为秋季最高。(3)水温、凋落叶分布和流速是长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态的主要环境驱动因子。本研究可为长白山源头溪流后续相关研究及长白山松花江水系生态修复提供基础数据支持及参考。     

外来植物凋落物分解对底栖动物多样性及其摄食功能群的影响

在亚热带地区一条2级溪流中比较了本地植物(红锥和薏米)和外来植物(托里桉和马缨丹)凋落物的分解速率及底栖动物定殖及其摄食功能群的组成。结果显示,本地植物凋落物的分解速率为:0.020 d-1(红锥)和0.056 d-1(薏米),外来树叶的分解速率则为:0.038 d-1(托里桉)和0.041 d-1(马缨丹),它们均属于快速分解组。定殖在外来和本地树叶凋落物上的大型底栖动物种类分别为21种和24种。在外来和本地树叶上定殖的底栖动物平均密度差异不显著(P0.05)。从大型底栖动物摄食功能群的比例来看,定殖在本地凋落物上的集食者的比例最高(73.5%),其次是撕食者(10.9%)和捕食者(8.7%),刮食者(6.8%)的比例最低,在外来凋落物上,摄食功能群的比例分别为集食者(67.6%)、撕食者(13.9%)、刮食者(12.1%)和捕食者(6.1%),两者相比,底栖动物的摄食功能群均以集食者和撕食者为主,在组成比例上并无显著差异。结果表明2种外来植物凋落物分解对底栖动物多样性及其摄食功能群的影响不明显。     

城市溪流中径流式低坝对底栖动物群落结构的影响

调查了浙江省安吉县内具径流式低坝的城市溪流(6个样点)和参照溪流(3个样点)的底栖动物群落,目的是了解城市溪流底栖动物群落结构退化规律和径流式低坝(2—3 m)对城市溪流底栖动物群落组成与结构的影响。结果表明,参照样点的底质组成以大石块(35.92%)和卵石(33.66%)为主,城市溪流以砾石为主(57.97%)。城市溪流水温和电导率显著高于参照溪流,TN和TP高于参照溪流。底栖动物总分类单元数和EPT分类单元数显著低于参照溪流。城市溪流河道内水坝上下游之间的流速(P=0.273)和宽深比(P=3.92)无显著差异。坝下游水体中的TP高于坝上游,电导率、溶解氧、pH值和水温在坝上下游之间几乎一致。除BI指数坝下游高于坝上游外,坝上下游间底栖动物总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数以及多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数没有显著差异。但坝下游的耐污类群比例显著高于坝上游,敏感类群比例则显著低于坝上游。与坝上游相比,坝下游捕食者比例上升和集食者比例下降。NMDS结果进一步表明,城市溪流内水坝的建设导致坝上下游底栖动物群落物种组成明显改变。     

森林叶凋落物混合分解的研究I.缩微实验

采用缩微实验法,初步系统研究了杉木叶凋落物分别与火力楠、红栲和木荷３个阔叶树种之一的叶落物两两混合分解的动态变化,以探明凋落物混合分解过程中可能存在的相互作用。结果表明,杉木叶凋落物与３种阔叶树种叶凋落物两两混合分解时所表现出不同的相互作用形式：杉木与木荷表现出抑制作用,杉木与红栲或火力楠表现为较弱的促进作用。     

森林凋落物分解重要影响因子及其研究进展

当前 ,森林凋落物分解被放在陆地生态系统碳平衡背景下进行研究 ,认识凋落物分解过程的影响因素和影响机理对理解地表碳平衡具有重要意义。凋落物在分解过程中 ,伴随有养分含量的变化 ,低品质凋落物在分解前期 (可达 2～ 3年 )会从环境中固定养分 ,特别是氮磷养分 ,而在后期则会释放出养分。凋落物本身的养分含量是影响分解速率的重要因素 ,高养分含量的凋落物分解快些 ,阔叶凋落物比针叶凋落物分解快些。有资料显示 ,在总分解率为2 9 4 %的构成中 ,理化因素、微生物因素与土壤动物因素对凋落物分解的贡献率分别为 7 2 %、8 0 %和 14 2 %。不同类型凋落物在分解过程中的土壤动物类群也不同 ,它也是造成凋落物分解速率不同的关键因素 ,通常阔叶树种凋落物分解过程中 ,会有更多的微节肢动物出现。CO2浓度升高将造成植物有机质含碳量与其它养分的比值升高 ,形成低品质的凋落物 ,从而间接影响凋落物分解速率 ,一般认为 ,全球CO2 浓度升高会加强土壤作为碳汇的功能。     

乳山近海大型底栖动物功能摄食类群

根据2006年12月至2007年11月对乳山近海的调查样品,报道了该海域大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的生态学状况.结果表明:乳山近海大型底栖动物以食底泥者和肉食者占较大优势,其次为滤食者,食碎屑者、杂食者、植食者相对丰度较小;食底泥者的优势种为中蚓虫、不倒翁虫、丝异蚓虫和轮双眼钩虾,肉食者的优势种为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、圆筒原盒螺和纽虫,滤食者的优势种为滑理蛤、菲律宾蛤仔、金星蝶铰蛤和江户明樱蛤;各功能摄食类群分布受有机负荷和底质类型限制;基于大型底栖动物功能类群的生态参数评价结果表明,乳山近海大型底栖动物群落健康状况由虚弱趋于不稳定,大部分站位大型底栖动物群落受到轻度扰动,底栖生态质量状况较优良;冗余分析表明,盐度、水温、总氮、悬浮物、溶解氧、总有机碳和硅酸盐等7个因子与乳山近海大型底栖动物功能摄食类群存在较显著的相关性.     

亚热带溪流中树叶凋落物多酚含量对树叶分解过程的影响

利用邻二氮菲-铁(Ⅲ)分光光度法测定了蒲桃与人面子树叶在二级溪流中分解时植物多酚含量的变化,并研究了多酚含量对树叶分解速率、底栖动物定殖以及微生物呼吸量的影响。结果表明,蒲桃叶片中初始多酚含量(19%)比人面子树叶的含量高(6%),其分解速率(分解系数k=0.01d^-1)比人面子树叶慢(k=0.04d^-1)。研究还发现,蒲桃叶片上的微生物呼吸量比人面子的低(每克叶片单位时间的耗氧量分别为0.2和0.4毫克),而且底栖动物中撕食者的种类和数量也比人面子树叶少。说明蒲桃叶片中较高的多酚含量抑制了微生物的活性和底栖动物的取食,从而减缓了蒲桃树叶的分解进程,表明叶片中多酚含量与树叶凋落物分解速率呈负相关关系。     

森林叶凋落物混合分解的研究I.缩微(Microcosm)实验

采用缩微实验法 ,初步系统研究了杉木叶凋落物分别与火力楠、红栲和木荷 3个阔叶树种之一的叶凋落物两两混合分解的动态变化 ,以探明凋落物混合分解过程中可能存在的相互作用 .结果表明 ,杉木叶凋落物与 3种阔叶树种叶凋落物两两混合分解时所表现出不同的相互作用形式 :杉木与木荷表现出抑制作用 ,杉木与红栲或火力楠表现为较弱的促进作用 .     

森林叶凋落物混合分解的研究Ⅰ.缩微(Microcosm)实验

采用缩微实验法,初步系统研究了杉木叶凋落物分别与火力楠、红栲和木荷3个阔叶树种之一的叶凋落物两两混合分解的动态变化,以探明凋落物混合分解过程中可能存在的相互作用.结果表明,杉木叶凋落物与3种阔叶树种叶凋落物两两混合分解时所表现出不同的相互作用形式:杉木与木荷表现出抑制作用,杉木与红栲或火力楠表现为较弱的促进作用.     

长白山源头溪流河床凋落物的分布特征及季节动态

在北方寒冷区,凋落物于秋季大量输入溪流,是水生生物越冬生存的关键.河床凋落物的堆积和组成会直接影响凋落叶分解等关键生态过程,但目前国内关于北方地区溪流河床凋落物分布特征的研究匮乏.在长白山地区一条源头溪流,采用原位取样的方法,探究了溪流河床凋落物的分布特征及季节动态.结果表明:深潭型凋落物斑块的堆积面积和水深显著大于浅...     

Composition of riparian litter input regulates organic matter decomposition: Implications for headwater stream functioning in a managed forest landscape

Although the importance of stream condition for leaf litter decomposition has been extensively studied, little is known about how processing rates change in response to altered riparian vegetation community composition. We investigated patterns of plant litter input and decomposition across 20 boreal headwater streams that varied in proportions of riparian deciduous and coniferous trees. We measured a suite of in‐stream physical and chemical characteristics, as well as the amount and type of litter inputs from riparian vegetation, and related these to decomposition rates of native (alder, birch, and spruce) and introduced (lodgepole pine) litter species incubated in coarse‐ and fine‐mesh bags. Total litter inputs ranged more than fivefold among sites and increased with the proportion of deciduous vegetation in the riparian zone. In line with differences in initial litter quality, mean decomposition rate was highest for alder, followed by birch, spruce, and lodgepole pine (12, 55, and 68% lower rates, respectively). Further, these rates were greater in coarse‐mesh bags that allow colonization by macroinvertebrates. Variance in decomposition rate among sites for different species was best explained by different sets of environmental conditions, but litter‐input composition (i.e., quality) was overall highly important. On average, native litter decomposed faster in sites with higher‐quality litter input and (with the exception of spruce) higher concentrations of dissolved nutrients and open canopies. By contrast, lodgepole pine decomposed more rapidly in sites receiving lower‐quality litter inputs. Birch litter decomposition rate in coarse‐mesh bags was best predicted by the same environmental variables as in fine‐mesh bags, with additional positive influences of macroinvertebrate species richness. Hence, to facilitate energy turnover in boreal headwaters, forest management with focus on conifer production should aim at increasing the presence of native deciduous trees along streams, as they promote conditions that favor higher decomposition rates of terrestrial plant litter.     

Litter decomposition in a temperate and a tropical stream: the effects of species mixing,litter quality and shredders

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Relationships between deforestation, riparian forest buffers and benthic macroinvertebrates in neotropical headwater streams

1. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of riparian buffers in the tropics, despite their potential to reduce the impacts of deforestation on stream communities. We examined macroinvertebrate assemblages and stream habitat characteristics in small lowland streams in southeastern Costa Rica to assess the impacts of deforestation on benthic communities and the influence of riparian forest buffers on these effects. Three different stream reach types were compared in the study: (i) forested reference reaches, (ii) stream reaches adjacent to pasture with a riparian forest buffer at least 15 m in width on both banks and (iii) stream reaches adjacent to pasture without a riparian forest buffer. 2. Comparisons between forest and pasture reaches suggest that deforestation, even at a very local scale, can alter the taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, reduce macroinvertebrate diversity and eliminate the most sensitive taxa. The presence of a riparian forest buffer appeared to significantly reduce the effects of deforestation on benthic communities, as macroinvertebrate diversity and assemblage structure in forest buffer reaches were generally very similar to those in forested reference reaches. One forest buffer reach was clearly an exception to this pattern, despite the presence of a wide riparian buffer. 3. The taxonomic structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages differed between pool and riffle habitats, but contrasts among the three reach types in our study were consistent across the two habitats. Differences among reach types also persisted across three sampling periods during our 15‐month study. 4. Among the environmental variables we measured, only stream water temperature varied significantly among reach types, but trends in periphyton abundance and stream sedimentation may have contributed to observed differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure. 5. Forest cover was high in all of our study catchments, and more research is needed to determine whether riparian forest buffers will sustain similar functions in more extensively deforested landscapes. Nevertheless, our results provide support for Costa Rican regulations protecting riparian forests and suggest that proper riparian management could significantly reduce the impacts of deforestation on benthic communities in tropical streams.     

The benthic litter-dwelling macrofauna of the Amazonian forest stream Tarumã-Mirím: patterns of colonization and their implications for community stability

Between 1983 and 1988 a total of 928 litter-filled baskets (1.8 1 volume), exposed for various periods on a stream litterbank and in its vicinity, collected 2703 individuals of 122 macrofaunal species, excluding chironomids. Species abundance was analysed in relation to exposure time, annual inundation cycle, water depth and sample size. Long-term, average species packing and animal density proved to be relatively invariant and revealed non-random frequency patterns. Previous and present data indicate that these patterns are a function of regular, specific life cycles and of intra-specific, stereotype behaviour in relation to space and litter quality, among other possibilities not considered here. Potential competition for space in these communities is discussed, considering the assumption of individual random movement versus species maintenance as a function of genetically and neurophysiologically in ormed, non-random behaviour.     

Experimental reductions in stream flow alter litter processing and consumer subsidies in headwater streams

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氮沉降对森林凋落物分解的影响

氮沉降增加作为全球变化的重要现象之一,已经并将继续对森林凋落物分解产生影响.综述了国内外氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响及其机理的研究现状.氮沉降对凋落物分解的影响可分为直接影响和间接影响.氮沉降通过影响森林地被物组成和凋落物化学成分,间接影响凋落物分解.氮沉降对凋落物分解的直接影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制3种效果.分析了产生以上影响效果的作用机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林凋落物分解影响的研究方法,探讨了目前研究存在的问题,讨论了未来该方面研究的重点和方向.     

Invertebrate colonization and processing of maple leaf litter in a forested and an agricultural reach of a stream

Processing of maple leaf (Acer saccharum Marsh) packs, their colonization by invertebrates and nutrient dynamics in leaves were investigated in a forested reach and agricultural reach of Canagagigue Creek, Ontario. Shredders, Pycnopsyche, and collectors, Ephemerella subvaria, Stenonema vicarium and Baetis were significantly more numerous in packs at the forest site than in packs at the agricultural site, whereas filter feeders, especially blackflies, were significantly more numerous in packs at the agricultural site. Weight loss of litter packs was nearly equivalent at the two sites. However, there were major differences in the mechanism of processing between the sites. Physical abrasion and microbial activity governed weight loss of maple leaf packs at the agricultural site, whereas processing was governed mainly by microbial and invertebrate activity and, to a much lesser extent, by physical abrasion at the forest site. Both shredders and collector species played an important role in the processing of leaf material at the forest site. Greater uptake of N and P (P<0.05 in spring) and higher C concentrations were observed in leaf packs at the forest site than the agricultural site. Therefore, the results support the concept of retention of nutrients in forested areas and their export in deforested (agricultural) areas. Findings also indicated that the processing of leaf litter is not an efficient means of monitoring changes in stream ecosystems since leaf processing is affected by many factors, particularly physical abrasion.     

Review of mixed forest litter decomposition researches

The litter plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Decomposition of mixed leaf litters has recently become an active research area because it mimics the natural state of leaf litters in most of forests. Many studies reported effects of mixing litters on their decomposition, ranging from positive, negative to neutral. In this paper decomposition mechanisms of mixed litters concluded by researchers were summarized. Firstly, plant litter quality had been recognized as an important factor to affect decomposition rate. Some studies showed a positive significant correlation between initial N, P concentration and non-additive effect in litter mixture decomposition. Secondly, it has been suggested that litter mixture could increase abundance and diversity of fauna and microbial decomposers, especially fungi. Thirdly, compared with single litter decomposition, the nutrient exchange between different litter species is often considered as one of main non-additive effects observed in litter mixture. Some results showed that the active transport of nutrients by fungal hyphae derived positive effect on the decomposition of litter mixture. The multiple factors such as, leaf litter species, investigation method and plot, were also analyzed. In conclusion, it is necessary to enhance a further research on factors in mixed litter decomposition and an interaction between various factors due to the complex relationship. We are looking forward to using these theories of mixed litter decomposition to direct practical forest management.