牛脂肪间充质干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

为了给组织工程提供种子细胞,对牛间充质干细胞(Adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)进行体外分离培养。首先应用胶原酶消化法分离牛ADSCs,进行体外培养、连续传代,并观察细胞的形态变化,通过细胞计数绘制生长曲线,细胞压片进行染色体分析,采用细胞免疫荧光化学方法检测细胞表面标记,利用成骨分化和成脂分化检测其分化能力。结果显示牛ADSCs体外培养时细胞形态呈成纤维细胞样,增殖稳定;Vimentin、CD49d、CD13表达呈阳性,CD34表达呈阴性;成骨诱导条件下的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高,茜素红染色呈阳性;成脂诱导条件下细胞周围脂滴明显,油红-O染色呈阳性。结果证明牛ADSCs体外生长稳定、增殖速度快、定向分化能力强,简易的体外分离培养及诱导方法为其在组织工程中的应用奠定了基础。     

蛋肉鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的特性比较及分析

目的:比较蛋、肉鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞在增殖、分化速度及在细胞因子作用下细胞周期等方面所存在的特性差异,为人类肌肉疾病的研究和千细胞治疗提供一定的理论依据。方法:采用两步酶消化法体外原代培养获得7日龄蛋肉鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞,利用血球计数板进行细胞计数绘制出二者的细胞生长曲线;通过流式细胞仪检测经细胞因子bFGF和Myostatin处理后,蛋肉鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的细胞周期变化情况。结果:体外相同的培养条件下,肉鸡肌卫星细胞的增殖、分化速度大于蛋鸡肌卫星细胞;且经相同剂量的同种细胞因子处理后,蛋鸡卫星细胞对于Myostatin的抑制作用十分敏感,而肉鸡则对bFGF的促进增殖的作用反应强烈。结论:肉鸡肌卫星细胞的增殖、分化速度大于蛋鸡肌卫星细胞,且二者对于同种细胞因子的敏感程度不同。     

鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养、鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用I型胶原酶和胰蛋白酶二步消化,经体外培养获得鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞,并通过检测肌卫星细胞特异基因的表达进行鉴定。结果表明：二步消化法适用于鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离和获取,此方法分离得到的鸡骨骼肌卫星细胞表达卫星细胞特异的标志基因desmin和Pax7,并具有良好的增殖和分化能力,为鸡骨骼肌细胞增殖、分化和再生机制的研究提供技术平台。      

骨骼肌卫星细胞的特性及其增殖与分化的调控

成体骨骼肌细胞的数量基本保持恒定,骨骼肌的再生主要依赖肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化。骨骼肌卫星细胞是能够被激活、进而分化为肌细胞的一类成肌细胞。现对肌卫星细胞的发生、体外培养以及增殖与分化的调控进行综述,并对能否通过激活肌卫星细胞的增殖来实现肌肉组织生长的调控进行探讨。     

大鼠脂肪基质细胞成脂分化及慢病毒感染的实验研究

目的诱导大鼠脂肪基质细胞成脂分化,观察慢病毒感染效果。方法大鼠脂肪基质细胞培养至第3代后,间接免疫荧光法鉴定细胞表面抗原CD44,并采用MTT法绘制生长曲线;第3代基质细胞成脂诱导分化为脂肪细胞,油红O染色法鉴定,并行慢病毒感染。结果第3代脂肪基质细胞表面抗原CD44表达呈阳性;细胞生长曲线呈"S"形。细胞经成脂诱导分化剂诱导10d后,胞内有大量脂滴形成,脂滴大小不等。油红O染色显示脂滴被染成红色;携带GFP报告基因的慢病毒可感染成熟脂肪细胞,感染率约为80%,且细胞被感染后状态良好。结果 慢病毒可高效感染由大鼠脂肪基质细胞成脂诱导分化成的脂肪细胞,为研究脂肪细胞的基因功能、相关疾病的基因治疗提供了一个有效工具。     

脐血间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的实验研究

目的：研究脐血间充质干细胞生物学特性及向神经元样细胞分化的潜能。方法：采用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法自脐血中分离间充质干细胞,观察细胞生长情况,描绘生长曲线,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物,分别向成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、神经元样细胞进行诱导分化,通过茜素红染色、油红O染色检测脐血间充质干细胞成骨、成脂肪细胞诱导分化能力,而以免疫组织化学检测诱导后细胞表面神经标志物的表达。结果：纯化的脐血间充质干细胞贴壁生长,呈均一梭形,生长曲线呈S型,并以P3代增殖能力最强,细胞表面不表达或弱表达CD34、CD35、CD106,高表达CD29、CD44、CD105。成骨诱导2周后,可检测到钙化基质的形成,成脂肪诱导3周后,可检测到脂滴的形成。向神经元样细胞诱导分化后,可观察到典型的神经元样形态改变,且NSE、NF、GFAP阳性表达。结论：分离纯化的脐血间充质干细胞具有较强的增殖能力与分化潜能,并在体外诱导条件下可以向神经元样细胞定向分化。     

脐血间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的实验研究

目的:研究脐血间充质干细胞生物学特性及向神经元样细胞分化的潜能。方法:采用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法自脐血中分离间充质干细胞,观察细胞生长情况,描绘生长曲线,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物,分别向成骨细胞、脂肪细胞、神经元样细胞进行诱导分化,通过茜素红染色、油红O染色检测脐血间充质干细胞成骨、成脂肪细胞诱导分化能力,而以免疫组织化学检测诱导后细胞表面神经标志物的表达。结果:纯化的脐血间充质干细胞贴壁生长,呈均一梭形,生长曲线呈S型,并以P3代增殖能力最强,细胞表面不表达或弱表达CD34、CD35、CD106,高表达CD29、CD44、CD105。成骨诱导2周后,可检测到钙化基质的形成,成脂肪诱导3周后,可检测到脂滴的形成。向神经元样细胞诱导分化后,可观察到典型的神经元样形态改变,且NSE、NF、GFAP阳性表达。结论:分离纯化的脐血间充质干细胞具有较强的增殖能力与分化潜能,并在体外诱导条件下可以向神经元样细胞定向分化。     

猫骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离培养、纯化、鉴定

目的:分离、培养、纯化家猫的骨髓间充质干细胞,并对获得细胞的表面标志物进行鉴定,为进一步利用骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞移植实验奠定基础。方法:采用全骨髓贴壁法体外分离、培养、纯化家猫骨髓间充质干细胞,通过多次更换培养液获得较纯化的骨髓间充质干细胞,倒置相差显微镜下对细胞形态进行观察;根据第1、3、5、7、9代细胞的镜下增殖情况绘制出生长曲线;通过流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志抗原CD34、CD44和CD90的表达率。结果:在倒置相差显微镜下观察,分离培养的骨髓间充质干细胞贴壁呈梭形或纺锤形;原代细胞生长丛集成片,5~7 d达到融合,进行传代;培养到第三代以后,细胞出现相对均匀的梭形扁平外观,迅速增殖的细胞呈涡流样排列;第3、5代骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力强于第7、9代;采用流式细胞仪分析结果显示细胞的CD34、CD44和CD90阳性率分别为17.5%、97.9%和91%,这与骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原的表达一致。结论:分离培养的细胞具有骨髓间充质干细胞特性,成分相对单一,第3、5代细胞纯度高,增殖能力强,适用于进一步的实验研究。     

小鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的分离培养及鉴定

目的:建立分离培养小鼠原代主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)的方法并检测其生长特性。方法:剥离小鼠主动脉中膜层,分别采用组织块培养法及胶原酶消化法分离培养小鼠主动脉来源的原代VSMC,免疫荧光法检测细胞的纯度和分化状态;3-(4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2,5-二苯基溴化四氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定小鼠主动脉VSMC传代细胞的生长、增殖特性。结果:组织块培养法培养组织块8d后,细胞从组织块边缘爬出,18 d后细胞汇合度达到80%以上后传代;胶原酶消化法分离培养的细胞生长7 d后,汇合度可达80%,此时进行传代;2种方法获得的细胞进行免疫荧光染色,结果显示细胞传至第3代时纯度在95%以上,传至第8代时分化状态并没有改变;MTT法显示细胞生长3~5 d时处于指数生长期。结论:本研究建立了2种可靠稳定的分离和培养小鼠主动脉VSMC的方法,VSMC纯度高,多次传代后细胞特征稳定。     

低温冻存对兔脂肪间充质干细胞部分生物学特性的影响

目的：研究低温冻存对兔脂肪间充质干细胞部分生物学特性的影响。方法采用组织块法分离培养兔脂肪间充质干细胞。用倒置显微镜观察原代细胞的细胞形态,流式细胞仪检测兔脂肪间充质干细胞的免疫表型。取第3代兔脂肪间充质干细胞置于-196℃液氮保存半年,37℃复苏并传至第7代。实验分为两组,实验组为冻存复苏后传至第7代的兔脂肪间充质干细胞,对照组为未冻存的第7代兔脂肪间充质干细胞,用MTT绘制其生长曲线;添加成脂、成骨诱导液进行诱导,油红O、茜素红染色和碱性磷酸酶活性检测分别进行鉴定。结果体外培养的兔脂肪间充质干细胞呈梭形纤维样细胞形态,生长力旺盛。流式细胞仪检测显示,第3代兔脂肪间充质干细胞强表达CD44、CD90,阴性表达造血细胞相关的表面标志CD45。两组细胞生长曲线呈典型的“S”形,无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;成脂诱导14 d后,油红O染色呈阳性;成骨诱导2周时茜素红染色阳性,ALP表达活性随成骨诱导时间延长不断增加且无统计学差异（ P＞0.05）。结论冻存后的兔脂肪间充质干细胞体外生长及多向分化潜能未发生显著变化。     

MiR-27b promotes sheep skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation by targeting <Emphasis Type="Italic">myostatin</Emphasis> gene

To investigate the role of miR-27b in sheep skeletal muscle development, here we first cloned the sequence of sheep pre-miR-27b, then further investigated its expression pattern in sheep skeletal muscle in vivo, the relationship of miR-27b expression and sheep skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and then finally confirmed its target gene during this development process. MiR-27b sequence, especially its mature sequence, was conservative among different species. MiR-27b highly expressed in sheep skeletal muscle than other tissues. In skeletal muscle of Suffolk and Bashbay sheep, miR-27b was upregulated during foetal period and downregulated during postnatal period significantly (\(P{<}0.01\)), but it still kept a relatively higher expression level in skeletal muscle of postnatal Suffolk sheep than Bashbay. There is a potential target site of miR-27b on \(3^\prime \)-UTR of sheep myostatin (MSTN) mRNA, and the double luciferase reporter assay proved that miR-27b could successfully bind on this site. When sheep satellite cells were in the proliferation status, miR-27b was upregulated and MSTN was downregulated significantly (\(P{<}0.01\)). When miR-27b mimics was transfected into sheep satellite cells, the cell proliferation was promoted and the protein level of MSTN was significantly downregulated (\(P{<}0.01\)). Moreover, miR-27b regulated its target gene MSTN by translation repression at an early step, and followed by inducing mRNA degradation in sheep satellite cells. Based on these results, we confirm that miR-27b could promote sheep skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation by targeting MSTN and suppressing its expression.     

In vitro culture and induced differentiation of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells

Skeletal muscle satellite cells are adult muscle-derived stem cells receiving increasing attention. Sheep satellite cells have a greater similarity to human satellite cells with regard to metabolism, life span, proliferation and differentiation, than satellite cells of the rat and mouse. We have used 2-step enzymatic digestion and differential adhesion methods to isolate and purify sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells, identified the cells and induced differentiation to examine their pluripotency. The most efficient method for the isolation of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells was the type I collagenase and trypsin 2-step digestion method, with the best conditions for in vitro culture being in medium containing 20% FBS+10% horse serum. Immunofluorescence staining showed that satellite cells expressed Desmin, α-Sarcomeric Actinin, MyoD1, Myf5 and PAX7. After myogenic induction, multinucleated myotubes formed, as indicated by the expression of MyoG and fast muscle myosin. After osteogenic induction, cells expressed Osteocalcin, with Alizarin Red and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) staining results both being positive. After adipogenic induction, cells expressed PPARγ2 (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ2) and clear lipid droplets were present around the cells, with Oil Red-O staining giving a positive result. In summary, a successful system has been established for the isolation, purification and identification of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells.     

Isolation,Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.     

去神经后小鼠骨胳肌胞纳的增加和卫星细胞增殖

用生物化学和体外培养法研究了小鼠骨胳肌的胞纳增加和卫星细胞增殖的关系。结果表明：（１）去神经４ｄ或６ｄ的肌肉可引起胞纳的增和卫星细胞的增殖;（２）放线菌素Ｄ抑制正常肌肉的卫星细胞激活和胞纳作用;（３）在去神经的肌肉中,放线菌素Ｄ抑制了卫星细胞增殖的同时还抑制了胞纳的增加,但不能去神经肌肉的萎缩。上述结果：肌肉的卫星细胞增殖和胞纳增加可能发生于去神经后某些因素的出现,或者胞纳的增加即是卫星细胞增殖的     

Proliferation of muscle satellite cells on intact myofibers in culture

Muscle satellite cells are quiescent myogenic stem cells situated between the basal lamina and plasmalemma of mature skeletal muscle fibers. Injury to the fiber triggers the activation and proliferation of satellite cells whose progeny subsequently fuse to form new myotubes during regeneration. In this paper we report the proliferation of satellite cells on single muscle fibers isolated from adult rats and placed in culture. Viable fibers were liberated from muscle with collagenase and purified from non-muscle cells. The fibers were covered with a basal lamina and retained normal morphological characteristics. Each fiber contained two to three satellite cells per 100 myonuclei. Satellite cells showed little proliferative activity in medium with 10% serum but could be induced to enter the cell cycle by chick embryo extract or fibroblast growth factor. Other polypeptide mitogens such as epidermal growth factor, multiplication stimulating activity, and platelet-derived growth factor were ineffective. Mitogen-stimulated satellite cells fused to form new myotubes after 4-5 days in culture. These results imply that satellite cells are under positive growth control since they proliferate in contact with viable mature fibers when stimulated with mitogen. The mature fibers remained viable in culture but did not give rise to mononucleated cells. After several days, however, the fibers began to extend sarcoplasmic sprouts and underwent dedifferentiative changes that led to the formation of multinucleated cells resembling myotubes. These cells reexpressed embryonic isozymes of creatine kinase not made by the mature fibers.     

EGCG通过抑制wnt/β-catenin信号通路调节猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖和分化

为了阐明Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化中的作用,利用Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制剂(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)处理猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,采用MTT、流式细胞术、免疫荧光和Western印迹等方法检测了细胞增殖和分化情况.结果显示,与对照组相比,EGCG以时间、浓度依赖方式抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖.流式细胞术检测细胞周期结果表明,与对照组相比,经EGCG处理后,猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的G1期细胞比例上升,而G2和S期细胞比例下降,这说明细胞被阻滞在G1期,细胞的增殖受到抑制.免疫荧光检测分化过程中MyHC的表达,与对照组相比,EGCG促进猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化,并降低增殖标志基因MyoD以及细胞周期蛋白D的表达量,而提高了分化标志基因MyoG和MyHC的表达量.在猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化过程中,EGCG降低β-联蛋白的表达量,且核内的β-联蛋白明显减少.结果表明,EGCG通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖,促进其分化.     

Muscle-derived stem cells

Researchers have identified 2 types of stem cells in skeletal muscle: satellite cells and multipotent stem cells (MPSCs). The latter category includes different cell populations isolated by various researchers using several techniques. The methods used to isolate these cells appear to influence the stem cell characteristics of the MPSCs. Although MPSCs and satellite cells could represent different stages of maturation of the same progenitor cells, they also could represent distinct populations of stem cells that exist in skeletal muscle. This article summarizes the recent developments in muscle-derived stem cell research.     

A satellite cell mitogen from crushed adult muscle

Single fiber-satellite cell units from skeletal muscle of adult rats were used to study the regulation of satellite cell proliferation. The satellite cells remained quiescent during culture in serum-containing medium but could be induced to enter the cell cycle by exposure to a saline extract of crushed adult muscle. The activity in the extract has a molecular weight greater than 30K and is heat and trypsin sensitive. The mitogenic activity does not result from transferrin. Little or no activity was obtained from crushed extracts of heterologous tissues. Proliferation of myogenic cells from rat embryos was also stimulated by the muscle mitogen but growth of muscle fibroblasts was not enhanced. The time response of satellite cell proliferation after exposure to the muscle mitogen showed that the cells enter DNA synthesis after a lag period of 18 hr and proliferate with a generation time of 12 hr. This confirms that satellite cells in adult muscle are in G0, or an extended G1. The mitogen is also effective in stimulating muscle growth and myoblast fusion in vivo when injected into 1-week-old rat pups. These experiments suggest that muscle regeneration is initiated by the release of an endogenous mitogen from traumatized muscle.