发菜G6PDH基因(GND)克隆及其干旱胁迫下的差异表达分析

由GND编码的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是戊糖磷酸途径的关键酶。为了解发菜GND分子信息以及对干旱胁迫的响应机制,该研究设计了特异性引物克隆发菜GND全长,进行序列分析、原核表达和MALDITOF-TOF/MS鉴定,并对干旱胁迫下发菜GND的差异表达水平和G6PDH活性进行分析。结果表明:(1)发菜GND全长1 431bp(GenBank登录号为KX553955),与点形念珠藻(73102)的GND核苷酸序列相似性为96%,G6PDH氨基酸相似性为98%;氨基酸序列中第26和27位的Ile疏水性最强,在第302位的Arg亲水性最强,Thr有19个磷酸化位点,Ser有18个磷酸化位点,Tys有5个磷酸化位点,二级结构和三级结构主要由α螺旋、β折叠、β转角和随机卷曲构成。(2)将GND基因进行原核表达,获得47.23kD的外源表达蛋白G6PDH。(3)随干旱胁迫程度加剧,GND在转录水平的表达量和G6PDH活性均逐渐增加。研究结果为进一步探讨干旱胁迫条件下发菜GND表达调控奠定了基础。     

发菜藻蓝蛋白基因克隆及原核表达

发菜（Nostoc flagelliforme）是一种陆生固氮蓝藻,具有重要的经济和生态价值。运用双向电泳技术、MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS鉴定和数据库检索,获得藻蓝蛋白部分氨基酸序列并设计简并性引物,克隆藻蓝蛋白基因并研究其表达。结果表明,发菜藻蓝蛋白α和β亚基两个基因的编码序列及两者之间的间隔序列全长为1097bp,编码β亚基和α亚基的基因序列全长分别为519bp和489bp,β亚基基因序列位于α亚基基因序列上游,两者之间通过89bp的基因片段连接,GenBank登录号为GU549478,并对推译的α和β亚基三维结构进行了预测。将藻蓝蛋白的α和β亚基基因在大肠杆菌中表达,获得了符合预期的外源重组蛋白。研究结果为进一步研究发菜藻蓝蛋白的分子结构及生物学功能奠定了基础。     

发菜磷酸葡糖胺变位酶(glmM)对干旱胁迫的响应及其基因克隆

glmM编码的磷酸葡糖胺变位酶是肽聚糖合成前体的关键酶。为探究发菜glmM响应干旱胁迫的表达调控机制及明确其分子信息,本研究对干旱胁迫条件下发菜glmM在转录水平的差异表达进行了分析,并对glmM的表达水平、磷酸化修饰、乙酰化修饰和琥珀酰化修饰水平进行了检测,克隆了发菜glmM,进行了序列分析和原核表达。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,发菜glmM在转录水平上的表达量先增加后减少,glmM上调表达,glmM的磷酸化修饰水平逐渐增加,乙酰化修饰水平相对稳定,琥珀酰化修饰水平有明显变化。设计特异性引物克隆glmM基因,获得全长1416 bp发菜glmM基因,与肺衣(5183)glmM的核苷酸序列同源性为95%,氨基酸同源性为97%。将glmM在大肠杆菌中表达,获得一个51.45 kD的外源蛋白,MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS分析证明该蛋白为磷酸葡糖胺变位酶。研究结果为深入研究发菜glmM的分子信息、生物学功能及其响应干旱胁迫的分子机制提供帮助。     

干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB差异表达与基因克隆

发菜是一种分布在干早、半干旱荒漠草原地区的陆生固氮蓝藻,对干旱具有极强的适应性。采用qRT-PCR技术,对干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB的差异表达进行了分析,发现干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB在转录水平上呈逐渐增加的趋势。根据发菜同源物种设计简并性引物克隆cphB基因,获得长度为864bp的DNA(GenBank登陆号为KX092456)。同源性比较发现发菜cphB基因具有较高的保守性,二级结构预测表明发菜CphB由α螺旋,β折叠和随机卷曲构成。三级结构预测表明CphB具有一个由α螺旋和β折叠组成的5股的结构域和由7个β折叠连成三明治结构的7股的结构域。将cphB基因在大肠杆菌中表达,获得符合预期的外源重组蛋白,CphB亚细胞定位于细胞质中。研究成果为进一步研究干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB表达调控、藻蓝素的代谢机制及能量代谢机制方面奠定了基础。     

干旱胁迫条件下发菜Ferritin差异表达与基因克隆

发菜(Nostoc flagelliforme)是一种陆生固氮蓝藻,具有强烈的旱生生态适应性.运用双向电泳技术、凝胶图像分析、MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS质谱鉴定和数据库检索,发现发菜Ferritin在干旱胁迫条件下表达量逐渐降低.根据鉴定的Ferritin已知氨基酸序列设计简并性引物克隆该基因,获得了长度为540 bp的DNA,GenBank登陆号为HM854287.序列比较显示该基因具有较高的保守性,蛋白质二级结构主要由α螺旋和随机卷曲构成.RT-PCR分析表明,Ferritin mRNA在干旱胁迫条件下表达量逐渐降低,与Ferritin的表达趋势一致.将Ferritin基因在大肠杆菌中表达,获得符合预期的外源重组蛋白(22.4 kD).实验结果可为进一步研究发菜耐旱的分子机理及探讨发菜对极端干旱环境的适应和保护机制奠定基础.     

发状念珠藻NfwspA3基因的克隆及其耐旱能力分析北大核心CSCD

水分胁迫蛋白(WSP,Water stress protein,)在植物耐干旱过程中起着重要作用。发状念珠藻具有极强的耐旱、耐盐和抗辐射等能力。本研究以发状念珠藻基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆到一个发状念珠藻水分胁迫蛋白基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfwspA3,其序列全长1017 bp。生物信息学预测表明,该基因可编码338个氨基酸残基,预测等电点为4.85,分子量为37.48 kD,为亲水性稳定蛋白,分布在细胞质中。构建了NfwspA3基因的重组表达菌株pET32aNfwspA3,以聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)对其模拟干旱胁迫,发现重组菌株最高可忍耐60%浓度的PEG-6000,表现出较强的耐旱性,且具有较高的半乳糖苷酶活性。研究结果为探知发状念珠藻WSP蛋白逆境响应机制及其遗传改良提供了理论依据和基因元件。     

发状念珠藻NfwspA3基因的克隆及其耐旱能力分析

水分胁迫蛋白(WSP,Water stress protein,)在植物耐干旱过程中起着重要作用。发状念珠藻具有极强的耐旱、耐盐和抗辐射等能力。本研究以发状念珠藻基因组DNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆到一个发状念珠藻水分胁迫蛋白基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfwspA3,其序列全长1017 bp。生物信息学预测表明,该基因可编码338个氨基酸残基,预测等电点为4.85,分子量为37.48 kD,为亲水性稳定蛋白,分布在细胞质中。构建了NfwspA3基因的重组表达菌株pET32aNfwspA3,以聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)对其模拟干旱胁迫,发现重组菌株最高可忍耐60%浓度的PEG-6000,表现出较强的耐旱性,且具有较高的半乳糖苷酶活性。研究结果为探知发状念珠藻WSP蛋白逆境响应机制及其遗传改良提供了理论依据和基因元件。     

吸水和干燥条件下发菜核糖体代谢差异表达基因分析

为解析发菜吸水和干燥条件下的基因差异表达规律以及发菜适应“干 湿”水分节律调控机制,该研究以充分吸水发菜藻体为对照组,干燥状态下的发菜藻体为处理组,采用高通量Illumina HiSeq PE150测序平台结合生物信息学分析方法对发菜吸水和干燥条件下的差异表达基因进行分析。结果显示：(1)发菜吸水和干燥条件下共鉴定到差异表达基因3 383个,其中显著上调和显著下调表达的基因数分别为1 767个和1 616个。(2)GO功能富集分析发现,在吸水和干燥条件下发菜差异表达基因主要富集在蛋白质合成与代谢等相关途径中;KEGG显著性富集分析发现,吸水和干燥条件下发菜有46个差异表达基因被显著富集到核糖体代谢途径,且均为显著上调表达,这些基因可能参与发菜对干旱胁迫的响应。(3)随机挑选6个被显著富集到核糖体代谢途径的基因进行qRT PCR分析发现,其基因相对表达量与转录组测序结果一致。研究表明,发菜在干燥条件下可能通过激活核糖体代谢特定基因表达帮助抗旱相关的蛋白质的合成和正确折叠、并参与渗透调节等重要生理活动进而调控其适应干燥环境条件。     

温度,含水量和光照对发菜固氮酶活性的影响

陆生蓝藻发菜(Nostoc flagelliforme)固氮酶活性的最适温度为21—28℃;最适藻丝体含水量为1000—1500%;最大饱和光强达150—200焦耳/m~2·秒。在湿润状态下,发菜对较高的温度很敏感。在45℃下1小时,发菜固氮酶失掉活性。在干燥状态下,发菜在55℃高温下,每天5小时,放置21天后,其固氮酶活性保持不变。预先培养4—5天的湿发菜对干燥变得敏感;但在干湿交替循环中,其固氮酶活性逐步提高,并明显地改善了它对干燥的抵抗能力。此外,在高盐浓度下(0.17—0.43mol/LNaCl)发菜的固氮酶活性被强烈地抑制,说明它不能耐盐碱。发菜的固氮生理特性是它对荒漠草原生态条件适应的结果。干湿交替循环或许是发菜维持生存的必需条件。     

发状念珠藻醛酮还原酶基因NfAKR的克隆与表达

以发状念珠藻细胞为试材,采用PCR技术克隆了醛酮还原酶基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfAKR。对基因序列特征进行了生物信息学分析,根据其编码氨基酸序列预测了NfAKR蛋白的三维结构,同时探讨了PEG-6000胁迫下NfAKR的表达特性。结果表明:NfAKR基因的编码序列长912bp,编码304个氨基酸,预测其编码蛋白的相对分子量为33.51kD,理论等电点为4.94,具有醛酮还原酶超家族保守结构域。NfAKR蛋白主要由10个α-螺旋和11β-折叠组成,中间形成一个疏水穴,作为酶的催化活性中心。NfAKR与点形念珠藻处在同一进化枝上,具有较近的亲缘关系。qRT-PCR分析显示,PEG-6000胁迫下NfAKR基因上调表达,当PEG-6000浓度为8%时,其相对表达量为5.66并达到峰值。依据NfAKR基因响应干旱胁迫上调表达的特性,推测醛酮还原酶可能参与发状念珠藻抵御干旱胁迫过程。     

The structural nif genes of the cyanobacteria Gloeothece sp. and Calothrix sp. share homology with those of Anabaena sp., but the Gloeothece genes have a different arrangement.

Probes carrying the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 nitrogenase reductase (nifH) and nitrogenase (nifK and nifD) genes were hybridized to Southern blots of DNA from the unicellular, aerobic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Gloeothece sp. strain PCC 6909 and from the filamentous cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. strain PCC 7601. These data suggest that the Gloeothece sp. nif structural proteins must be similar to those of other diazotrophs and that the ability for aerobic nitrogen fixation does not reside in the nif protein complex. We also found that the nif structural genes of Gloeothece sp. are clustered, whereas those of Calothrix sp. are arranged more like those of Anabaena sp.     

Regulation and characterization of protein products coded by the nif (nitrogen fixation) genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Two hundred and thirty-five Nif- strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Forty-two of these strains were tested further by in vitro acetylene reduction assays. By these techniques, nine nif-coded polypeptides were identified, and eight of these were assigned to specific nif genes. Nitrogenase component I required nifK and nifD, which coded for the beta and alpha subunits, and nifB, -E, and -N were required for the iron-molybdenum cofactor, which is a part of the active site of nitrogenase. nifH coded for the structural protein of component II, and nifM and nifS products seemed to be necessary for the synthesis of an active component II. There were two genes, nifF and nifJ, that were required for N2 fixation in vivo but not for N2 fixation in vitro. There were at least two cases (nifE and nifN, nifK and nifD) of two proteins that seemed to require each other for stability in vivo. Regulation of N2 fixation is apparently complex, and this is reflected by the assignment of regulatory functions to the gene products of nifA, nifL, nifK, nifD, nifH, and NIFJ.     

Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the nitrogenase structural genes from the filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. PCC7409

Abstract Sequences homologous to the structural genes for dinitrogenase ( nifD and nifK ) and nitrogenase reductase ( nifH ) have been cloned from the filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena PCC7409. The nifHDK ⁻ homologous sequences were shown to reside on a 6.5-kb Eco RI restriction fragment by using a restriction fragment encoding the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifHDK genes as a heterologous hybridization probe. This 6.5-kb restriction fragment was cloned from a λ gt.wes Eco RI library of the Paseudanabaena sp. PCC7409 genome. This fragment was subcloned into the plasmid vector pUC9 to generate plasmid pPSU20. A detailed physical map of the insert in plasmid pPSU20 was determined, and relative positions of the nifH, nifD , and nifK homologous sequences on this fragment were determined by hybridization analysis with gene-specific fragments derived from the corresponding Anabaena sp. PCC7120 genes. The results indicate that these genes are contiguous in Pseudanabaena sp. PCC 7409 and are arranged in the order nifH, nifD , and nifK . This arrangement resembles that observed for other non-heterocystous cyanobacteria but differs from that observed for Anabaena, Calothrix , and Nostoc species.     

DNA hybridization analysis of the nif region of two methylotrophs and molecular cloning of nif-specific DNA.

DNA isolated from two diazotrophic methylotrophs, the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus sp. strain 6 and the methanol autotroph Xanthobacter sp. H4-14, hybridized to DNA fragments encoding nitrogen fixation (nif) genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae. This interspecific nif homology was limited to DNA fragments encoding the nitrogenase structural proteins (nifH, nifD, and nifK) and specific methylotroph DNA sequences. The hybridization patterns obtained with the two methylotrophs were dissimilar, indicating that the nif region of methylotrophs is not physically conserved. By using the K. pneumoniae nif structural genes as a probe, a fragment of nif DNA from each methylotroph was cloned and characterized. The DNA fragment from Methylosinus sp. 6 encoded two polypeptides of 57,000 and 34,000 molecular weight.     

Assessing horizontal transfer of nifHDK genes in eubacteria: nucleotide sequence of nifK from Frankia strain HFPCcI3

The structural genes for nitrogenase, nifK, nifD, and nifH, are crucial for nitrogen fixation. Previous phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence of nifH suggested that this gene had been horizontally transferred from a proteobacterium to the gram-positive/cyanobacterial clade, although the confounding effects of paralogous comparisons made interpretation of the data difficult. An additional test of nif gene horizontal transfer using nifD was made, but the NifD phylogeny lacked resolution. Here nif gene phylogeny is addressed with a phylogenetic analysis of a third and longer nif gene, nifK. As part of the study, the nifK gene of the key taxon Frankia was sequenced. Parsimony and some distance analyses of the nifK amino acid sequences provide support for vertical descent of nifK, but other distance trees provide support for the lateral transfer of the gene. Bootstrap support was found for both hypotheses in all trees; the nifK data do not definitively favor one or the other hypothesis. A parsimony analysis of NifH provides support for horizontal transfer in accord with previous reports, although bootstrap analysis also shows some support for vertical descent of the orthologous nifH genes. A wider sampling of taxa and more sophisticated methods of phylogenetic inference are needed to understand the evolution of nif genes. The nif genes may also be powerful phylogenetic tools. If nifK evolved by vertical descent, it provides strong evidence that the cyanobacteria and proteobacteria are sister groups to the exclusion of the firmicutes, whereas 16S rRNA sequences are unable to resolve the relationships of these three major eubacterial lineages.      

Structural and functional analysis of nitrogenase genes from the broad-host-range Rhizobium strain ANU240

The genes encoding the structural components of nitrogenase, nifH, nifD and nifK, from the fast-growing, broad-host-range Rhizobium strain ANU240 have been identified and characterized. They are duplicated and linked in an operon nifHDK in both copies. Sequence analysis of the nifH gene from each copy, together with partial sequence analysis of the nifD and nifK genes, and restriction endonuclease analysis suggested that the duplication is precise. Comparison of the Fe-protein sequence from strain ANU240 with that from other nitrogen-fixing organisms revealed that, despite its broad host range and certain physiological properties characteristic of Bradyrhizobium strains, ANU240 is more closely related to the narrow-host-range Rhizobium strains than to the broad-host-range Bradyrhizobium strains. The promoter regions of both copies of the nif genes contain the consensus sequence characteristic of nif promoters, and functional analysis of the two promoters suggested that both nif operons are transcribed in nodules.