On the races of Arenaria tetraquetra L. (Caryophyllaceae)

FAVARGER, C. & NIETO FELINER, G., 1988 On the races of Arenoria tetraquetra L. (Caryophyllaceae). The caryological study of some Betic populations of Arenaria tetraquetra northwards from Sierra Nevada has proved that they are polyploids ( 3x, 4x, 5x ). Even though their Rowers are pentamerous, they differ from the Nevadean Arenaria tetraguetra subsp. amabilis (2x ) not only by the chromosome number but also by the micromorphology of the seed coat and the hairiness of the stem internodes. They also differ from Arenaria tetraquetra subsp. tetraquetra , the Rowers of which are tetramerous and the degree of polyploidy higher (6x in the Pyrenees, 7x in the Sierra de Pela eastwards from Sierra de Guadarrama). The authors proposed to give a subspecific status to such Betic polyploid populations with a new combination. They suggest a hypothesis to explain the evolution of the A. tetraguetra polyploid complex.     

Comments on the taxonomic treatment of Arenaria section Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae)

Comments on the taxonomic treatment of Arenaria section Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae) by D. J.Goyder. Comments are given on the taxonomic treatment of Arenaria section Plinthine presented by D. J.Goyder in a revision of this group recently published in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 97(1): 9–32.     

Estimates of Gene Flow among Populations, Geographic Races, and Species in the Ipomopsis Aggregata Complex

Interpopulational gene flow within a species can reduce population differentiation due to genetic drift, whereas genetic exchange among taxa can impede speciation. We used allozyme data to estimate gene flow within and among geographic races and species of perennial herbs in the Ipomopsis aggregata complex (Polemoniaceae). Estimates of interpopulational gene flow within taxa from two methods (F statistics and private alleles) were correlated with one another. Gene flow among populations within each geographic race (subspecies) of I. aggregata was relatively high (Nm greater than approximately 1.0). Gene flow was also high among populations of I. arizonica and among four northern populations of I. tenuituba. However, gene flow was low (Nm less than 1.0) for I. tenuituba when a population representing subsp. macrosiphon was included. This is consistent with previous findings that subsp. macrosiphon has had an independent origin and is reproductively, as well as geographically, isolated. A recently developed model, based on hierarchical F statistics, was employed to estimate genetic exchange among taxa. Gene flow estimates were generally high among races of I. aggregata (dNmrace greater than 1.0) but were low among subspecies of I. tenuituba (dNmrace less than 1.0). Consistent with morphological evidence, estimates of interspecific gene flow were moderate between I. aggregata and I. tenuituba, which hybridize in several areas. However, contrary to morphological evidence, we estimated relatively high levels of interspecific gene flow involving I. arizonica. Our results suggest that I. arizonica has hybridized with other species without the transfer of morphological traits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Even more new taxa from South and East Anatolia II

10 new Turkish taxa are described:Arenaria eliasiana, A. sivasica, A. monscragus, A. angustifolioides; Campanula lycica; Scutellaria orientalis subsp.tortumensis; Stachys choruhensis, S. tundjeliensis; Calamintha caroli-henricana; Aristolochia rechingeriana, the latter two species named in honour ofKarl Heinz Rechinger;Allium vuralii. Dedicated to Prof. DrKarl Heinz Rechinger on the occasion of his 80th birthday. For part I see Pl. Syst. Evol.154, 111–128.     

论无心菜属的地理分布

全世界无心菜属植物有306种,隶属10亚属24组,主要分布于欧、亚、美三洲和北非,基本上是北温带分布属。文章分析了亚属的系统位置及其分布式样。地中海区到西亚亚区和中亚亚区的西北部是其分布区中心,也可能是它的起源地,中国横断山脉到青藏高原是其次生分布中心。起源时间至少应该追溯到白垩纪中期。最后,讨论了它的散布途径和现代分布式样的形成及其原因。     

A new subspecies ofArenaria grandiflora (Caryophyllaceae) from the Rif mountains (Northern Morocco)

A new subspecies,A. grandiflora subsp.gomarica (Caryophyllaceae), is described from the mountains of northern Morocco. The new taxon is tetraploid and has been confused in the past either with the Balearic endemicA. grandiflora subsp.glabrescens or with the widespreadA. grandiflora subsp.grandiflora, which is also present in the African continent. Detailed morphological analysis showed that plants from the Rif mountains are closely related toA. grandiflora subsp.glabrescens, but differ from it in having a longer calyx, smaller seed size, and a glandular indument on pedicels, leaves and calyx.Arenaria grandiflora subsp.gomarica can be distinguished from all infraspecific taxa of theA. grandiflora complex by the combined presence of a heterotrichous (simple and pluricellular eglandular hairs, glandular hairs) indument on the inflorescences and glandular hairs on the calyx.     

Tests of pre- and postpollination barriers to hybridization between sympatric species of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae)

The Ipomopsis aggregata species complex (Polemoniaceae) includes species pairs that hybridize readily in nature as well as pairs that meet along contact zones with no apparent hybridization. Artificial hybrids can be made between I. aggregata and I. arizonica, yet morphological intermediates between these two species have not been observed in natural populations. This apparent lack of hybridization is perplexing given that plants of the two species often grow within a few metres of each other and both species have red flowers visited by the same species of hummingbirds. We used trained hummingbirds to examine pollen transfer within and between species. We also hand-pollinated flowers to examine paternal success of heterospecific and conspecific pollen, testing paternity with electrophoretic examination of seeds. Hummingbirds were not simply better at transferring pollen within than between species. Instead, I. arizonica was a better pollen donor so that considerable pollen transfer was observed from I. arizonica to I. aggregata, but very little in the opposite direction. Conversely, once pollen arrived at stigmas, I. arizonica pollen performed very poorly on I. aggregata pistils. However, pollen from I. aggregata could, in some cases, sire seeds on I. arizonica. We hypothesize that hybrids are scarce in nature, in part, because of asymmetric barriers to reproduction: little pollen transfer in one direction and poor pollen performance in the other.     

Morphometric study of the complex Moehringia sect. Pseudomoehringia McNeill from the western Mediterranean

Moehringia. sect. Pseudomoehringia McNeill is endemic to the western Mediterranean, having its origin and diversification centre in the Iberian Peninsula and mountains of northern Morocco. Both the relationship with the genus Arenaria as well as the taxonomy within the section have been largely controversial. To disentangle these issues, we conducted a morphometric study using herbarium material. We measured 12 relevant morphological traits from 148 selected herbarium sheets. Data were analyzed using different statistical methods: general linear models, multiple factorial analysis and linear discriminant analysis. We found significant differences between Arenaria balearica and the rest of the genus Moehringia taxa. Within this genus, we identified three well-discriminated species: Moehringia fontqueri, M. glochidisperma and M. intricata. Within M. intricata complex, we discerned virtually no differences amongst most of the subspecies (intricata, giennensis and tejedensis) with the exception of subsp. castellana. We propose: (i) to maintain A. balearica separate from Moehringia sect. Pseudomoehringia; (ii) to consider three species in the section Pseudomoehringia: M. fontqueri, M. glochidisperma and M. intricata; (iii) to recognize only two subspecies within M. intricata complex: subsp. intricata and subsp. castellana. To clarify the taxonomy of this threatened group is of great interest because it might help to prioritize conservation measures.     

青藏高原4种无心菜属植物的细胞学研究

以四川康定和稻城两个居群的无心菜属（Arenaria）雪灵芝亚属（A. subgen.Eremogoneastrum）的雪灵芝（A.brevipetala Y.W.Tsui et L.H.Zhou）、西藏八宿业拉山和安久拉山两个居群的八宿雪灵芝（A.baxoiensis L.H.Zhou）、西藏当雄和工布江达两个居群的瘦叶雪灵芝（A.ischnophylla Williams）以及西藏拉萨居群的藓状雪灵芝（A.bryophylla Fernald）为研究材料,采用植物根尖常规压片法,对它们的细胞分类学特征进行研究。结果显示：7个居群中,4种植物的染色体数目均为2n=22,为二倍体,核型公式为2n=2x=22=22 m,核型不对称性属于Stebbins's-1A型,AI值在1.75~0.32范围内变化。结合无心菜属已有细胞学资料,推断雪灵芝亚属核型特征原始,染色体数目及倍性稳定。本研究中4种植物的染色体数目和核型资料均为首次报道,补充了青藏高原无心菜属的细胞学资料。     

Systematics of the high mountain taxa of the genus Sideritis L. section Sideritis, subsection Fruticulosae Obón & D. Rivera (Lamiaceae)

Section Sideritis is an extremely diversified group which is formed mainly by species growing at low altitude. The group of high altitude taxa of this section is polyphyletic and has been taxonomically divided in different subsections in which these taxa appear normally associated with low-lying planitiary ones, the latter being the probable ancestors. The subsections comprising high altitude taxa are: subsect. Gymnocarpae , subsect. Fruticulosae; subsect. Hyssopifoliae , subsect. Luridae; subsect. Boigiae and subsect. Aranensis . Most of the high altitude taxa of section Sideritis are endemics with small distribution areas; they are incompletely known and threatened with extinction. The upper altitude limit of this section is attained at over 3000 m in Sierra Nevada (Spain) by Sideritis glacialis Boiss., which has been included in subsect. Fruticulosae Obón and D. Rivera. The taxonomy of this complex group of high altitude endemic taxa of Sideritis subsection Fruticuhsae is discussed on the basis of macro-morphological and micro-morphological characters. These are used in identification keys and for analysis of dissimilarity. The different habitats, allied species and plant communities are described. The following taxa are recognized: Sideritis glacialis subsp. glacialis, S. glacialis subsp. vestita, S. glacialis subsp. virens and S. glacialis subsp. fontquerii .     

A new species of Arenaria subgenus Odontostemma from Tibet, with a review of the status of the genus Gooringia (Caryophyllaceae)

A specimen collected in southern Tibet in 1928, hitherto identified only as "Arenanu sp.", is found to represent a new species of the subgenus Odontostemma . The new species resembles A. littledalei , the species that forms the basis of the monotypic genus Gooringia , characterized by a dwarf habit, a tetramerous perianth and only two or three stamens. Several other species of Arenaria subgenus Odontostemma resemble A. littledalei in habit and one ( A. saginoides ) is tetramerous, but hitherto none has been found with its extremely reduced androecium. The new species has an identical androecium to A. littledalei and its discovery leaves no doubt that Gooringia should not be recognized taxonomically at any rank. The new species is described as A. pharensis McNcill & Majumdar and a table compares its diagnostic features with those of A. littledalei and five other dwarf Arenaria species of sibgrnus Odontostemma from the mountains of Sikkim, Tibet, Yunnan and Tsinghai.     

Three new species of Aiphanes (Palmae) with notes on the genus in Ecuador

Twelve species of the palm genus Aiphanes occur in Ecuador. The morphological variation in the genus is surveyed, and the distribution of the Ecuadorean species is discussed. A key to the species of Aiphanes in Ecuador is provided. Aiphanes chiribogensis, A. grandis , and A. verrucosa are described as new species, and illustrated. Aiphanes caryotifolia, A. eggersii, A. erinacea, A. fosteriorum, A. gela-tinosa, A. macroloba, A. schultzeana , and A. tricuspidata are characterized. One still unidentified species resembling A. tessmannii is discussed.     

A taxonomic revision of Crambe section Dendrocrambe (Brassicaceae)

As part of a recent revision of the genus Crambe , based on the morphological study of herbarium and cultivated material, the systematics of section Dendrocrambe DC. are reviewed here. Section Dendrocrambe (including monospecific section Rhipocrambe Svent.) is considered to comprise 14 species, all endemic to Macaronesian archipelagoes: 13 in the Canary Islands and one in the Madeira Islands. Crambe feuilleei A. Santos and C. gomerae subsp. hirsuta Prina are described here, C. fruticosa subsp. pinnatifida (Lowe) Prina & Mart.-Laborde is proposed as a new status, and a key for the identification of all taxa, as well as maps with localities of collection, are provided.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 156 , 291–304.     

Reproductive isolation and hybrid pollen disadvantage in Ipomopsis

One cause of reproductive isolation is gamete competition, in which conspecific pollen has an advantage over heterospecific pollen in siring seeds, thereby decreasing the formation of F1 hybrids. Analogous pollen interactions between hybrid pollen and conspecific pollen can contribute to post-zygotic isolation. The herbaceous plants Ipomopsis aggregata and I. tenuituba frequently hybridize in nature. Hand-pollination of I. aggregata with pollen from F1 or F2 hybrids produced as many seeds as hand-pollination with conspecific pollen, suggesting equal pollen viability. However, when mixed pollen loads with 50% conspecific pollen and 50% hybrid pollen were applied to I. aggregata stigmas, fewer than half of the seeds had hybrid sires. Such pollen mixtures are frequently received if plants of the two species and F1 and F2 hybrids are intermixed, suggesting that this advantage of conspecific over hybrid pollen reduces backcrossing and contributes to reproductive isolation.     

Predicting patterns of mating and potential hybridization from pollinator behavior

Hybridization in flowering plants is determined in part by the rate at which animal pollinators move between species and by the effectiveness of such movements in transferring pollen. Pollinator behavior can also influence hybrid fitness by determining receipt and export of pollen. We incorporated information on pollinator effectiveness and visitation behavior into a simulation model that predicts pollen transfer between Ipomopsis aggregata, Ipomopsis tenuituba, and hybrids. These predictions were compared with estimates of pollen transfer derived from movement of fluorescent dyes in experimental plant arrays. Interspecific pollen transfer was relatively uncommon in these arrays, whereas transfer between hybrids and the parental species was at least as common as conspecific transfer. Backcrossing was asymmetrical; I. aggregata flowers frequently received mixed loads of hybrid and conspecific pollen. The simulation suggests that these patterns of pollen transfer are largely explained by the visitation sequences of hummingbird and insect pollinators, with little contribution from mechanical isolation. Pollen receipt by hybrids exceeded that of both parental species in a year when pollinators preferred to visit F(1) and F(2) hybrids and was intermediate in another year when they preferred to visit I. aggregata. This suggests that natural variation in pollination may produce spatiotemporal variation in hybridization and hybrid fitness.     

The effect of cactus spines on light interception and Photosystem II for three sympatric species of Opuntia from the Mojave Desert

Cactus spines reduce herbivory, direct water toward roots and reduce the impacts of high- and low-temperature extremes. Yet, shading of stems by spines reduces incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD), photosynthesis and growth. This study compared spinescence, PFD interception, stem temperature, Photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and xanthophyll pigment composition for three species of cacti from the Mojave Desert, CA. The species vary in spinescence: Opuntia basilaris , which has no central or radial spines; Opuntia erinacea , which is densely covered with spines; and Opuntia phaeacantha , which has an intermediate coverage of spines. The role of spines was tested by removing spines from stems of O. erinacea . PFD interception was similar for both O. basilaris and O. phaeacantha , and about three times that for densely spined O. erinacea ; removal of spines increased incident PFD three-fold. There were no effects of spines on stem temperatures. Steady-state light-response curves of chlorophyll a fluorescence from PSII indicated that ΦPSII, photochemical quenching (qP) and electron flux within PSII were lower, and non-photochemical quenching was higher, for O. erinacea in comparison to the other two species with less spines. After 2 months, qP was higher and electron flux lower, and xanthophyll pigment pool size was higher, for stems from which spines had been removed compared with intact stems. These three species allocate different amounts of biomass to spines, resulting in species-specific PFD interception, PSII photochemistry and xanthophyll pigment pool size, which may help maintain rates of photosynthesis during the hot, dry Mojave Desert summer.     

Redescription of Pseudanthobothrium hanseni Baer, 1956 and description of P. purtoni n. sp. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from different pairs of rajid skate hosts, with comments on the host-specificity of the genus in the Northwest Atlantic

During a parasitological survey of Leucoraja erinacea, L. ocellata, Malacoraja senta and Amblyraja radiata from Passamaquoddy Bay and waters surrounding the West Isles of the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada, seven species of cestodes were recovered. Examination of these skates revealed the presence of two distinct species of Pseudanthobothrium Baer, 1956: one was retrieved from M. senta and A. radiata, identified as P. hanseni Baer, 1956 and redescribed herein; the other was retrieved from L. erinacea and L. ocellata and differs from previously described species. The new species is described herein as P. purtoni n. sp. on the basis of the degree of apolysis, the maximum width of the strobila, the length of the cirrus-sac and the number of testes. Additionally, the distinctiveness of both species of Pseudanthobothrium is supported by the characterisation of a 643 base-pair nuclear marker, which includes most of the D2 variable region of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU). The recovery of two different tetraphyllidean species, each from two different host species, challenges the oioxeny (strict host-specificity) of echeneibothriine cestodes and can be explained, at least in part, by the similarities in diet and substrate preference within each host pair.     

Taxonomical and chorological study on the central Mediterranean Basin endemic Arenaria bertolonii Fiori & Paol. (Caryophyllaceae)

Arenaria bertolonii Fiori & Paol. is an orophyte and endemic European species of Italy and France. The name Stellaria saxifraga Bertol. (basionym of A. bertolonii) is typified on a herbarium specimen kept in BOLO. Infraspecific variability of the species is discussed and a comparison with related taxa included in the Subg. Arenaria was made on the basis of morphological analyses and chorological and cytological data. At the sectional level, the results show that A. bertolonii is clearly separate from the morphological and chorological points of view, thus supporting the proposal for a new monotypic section (Sect. Italiae Iamonico) of central Mediterranean species. The analysis of infraspecific variability instead highlighted overlapping morphological characteristics; the distribution areas of the infraspecific taxa are sympatric and any cytological difference is lacking, thus pointing to a synonymization of the names. Notes on the ecology and distribution of A. bertolonii are also provided.     

基于转录组数据的齿缘刺猎蝽微卫星分子标记开发

【目的】齿缘刺猎蝽Sclomina erinacea是我国猎蝽科天敌昆虫常见种类,其不同地理种群存在明显形态差异。本研究旨在利用已经获得的齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据筛选微卫星位点,为齿缘刺猎蝽种群遗传多样性和遗传分化研究开发可靠的微卫星分子标记。【方法】基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000获得齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据(42 215条unigenes),利用MISA软件进行搜索发掘SSR标记;利用Primer Premier 3软件设计SSR引物,从中随机选取54对SSR引物,利用PCR技术在中国齿缘刺猎蝽9个地理种群上进行验证。【结果】利用MISA软件搜索到微卫星位点2 395个,它们分布在2 107条unigenes上,其主要重复类型是三核苷酸重复(占总SSR的44.43%),其次是二核苷酸重复(占总SSR的40.08%),再次是四核苷酸重复(占总SSR的12.94%)。利用Primer Premier 3 软件成功设计出2 000余对SSR引物。随机选取的54对引物对9个齿缘刺猎蝽不同地理种群进行的SSR位点PCR扩增结果表明,共有16对引物较好地扩增出目的片段。【结论】研究表明利用齿缘刺猎蝽转录组数据可以大量发掘微卫星分子标记。本研究为进一步开展齿缘刺猎蝽的种群遗传学研究奠定了基础。