太行隆肛蛙的早期胚胎发育及生态适应性

报道了在自然条件下太行隆肛蛙(Feirana taihangnicus)早期胚胎发育的过程。根据胚胎外部形态变化、主要生理特征及行为的出现,其早期胚胎发育过程可划分为25个时期。在水温11.0～18.0℃下,从受精卵形成至蝌蚪两侧鳃盖完全闭合、出水管形成为止,共历时470.18 h。卵裂开始时集中在动物极顶端,直到囊胚早期植物极才出现分割线;胚体的出膜时间集中在右侧鳃盖闭合期,出膜后即具备主动取食的能力,属于晚出膜类型;隐蔽的产卵环境、特殊的卵群附着方式以及大卵径、高卵黄量,是太行隆肛蛙对低温条件下早期胚胎发育时程长的生态适应。     

太行隆肛蛙补充描述(无尾目,蛙科)

对采自我国河南济源市邵原镇太行山的隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学观察分析,发现该地标本在形态上与模式产地巫山隆肛蛙标本及其它种群存在明显差异,这表明太行山的隆肛蛙应是一独立种,即太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus.本文对该种进行了详细的记述,并依据遗传学资料做了相应的分类讨论.     

隆肛蛙属种群形态量度分析

对隆肛蛙属Feirana中隆肛蛙F.quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F.taihangnicus的15个种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量,并运用典型判别分析法对其进行分析,分析结果表明:1)太行隆肛蛙和隆肛蛙的形态差异明显,形态度量信息支持太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙是不同的物种;2)原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群均为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群;3)隆肛蛙的种群间形态差异明显,其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平.     

隆肛蛙

从2010年5月开始,对分布在甘肃省天水市利桥乡的隆肛蛙进行了包括生态习性、繁殖情况在内的调查,并了解其贸易状况及相关价值;调查发现:隆肛蛙在生态学和商业方面都具有较高的价值,应在保护的前提下进行合理的开发利用.     

泽蛙的骨骼系统研究

研究我国产泽蛙（Rana limnocharis）的骨骼系统,包括对各部分形态和结构的详细描述。蝶筛骨结构特别,与已报道的粗皮蛙（R．rugosa）很不相同;第8椎体双凹型,属参差型椎体;左上喙骨在中央区部分重叠在右上喙骨之外边缘上,显示为不完全的固胸型,肩胸骨基部分叉;两性成体的掌、指以及踱、趾各关节下瘤的皮下均有一游离的小骨块,但1龄幼体在该位处则缺如,目前尚未见到有关此小骨块的资料。     

隆肛蛙皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特征

观察了隆肛蛙(Paa quadranus)皮肤及其腺体的显微结构特点,主要对成体、幼蛙和蝌蚪泄殖腔上方皮肤腺进行了描述和比较。结果表明,隆肛蛙的表皮和真皮内均分布有微血管及黑色素细胞;皮肤腺为泡状腺,腺泡位于真皮浅层的疏松层内,属顶质分泌的粘液腺;雄性成体泄殖腔上方皮肤腺是隆肛蛙的特有结构,属于雄性的第二性征,本文建议称其为肛上腺(supra-anal gland)。文中对肛上腺及其机能、表皮中微血管与皮肤呼吸、黑色素细胞与体温调节等之间的关系进行了讨论。     

隆肛蛙幼体脊椎骨骼的发育

无尾两栖类幼体在水栖到陆栖环境的转变过程中,脊椎骨会发生重塑来适应陆栖环境。本研究采用茜素红和阿利新蓝对不同发育阶段的隆肛蛙Feirana quadranus幼体的脊椎骨进行双染色,描述幼体发育中脊椎骨形态发生过程。本研究结果显示,在Gosner 26期,荐前椎Ⅰ~Ⅷ的椎弓和椎体开始骨化,提示无尾两栖类幼体发育持续时间越长,其骨化起始时期可能越早。在Gosner 42期,脊椎骨前后关节形成。在Gosner 46期,荐后椎和底索愈合形成尾杆骨。前后关节和尾杆骨的形成时期与大多无尾两栖类幼体基本一致。本研究推测,脊椎骨前后关节的形成有利于前肢和后肢的协调运动;尾杆骨的出现有利于后肢力量的传递。     

叶氏隆肛蛙(无尾目,蛙科)的补充描述

对采自河南省商城县隆肛蛙标本进行了形态学研究,发现该标本在形态上与巫山隆肛蛙及太行隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)taihangnicus存在明显差异,定为1新种,即叶氏隆肛蛙Paa(Feirana)yei.文中对该种作了详细记述.     

康县隆肛蛙的两性异形

测量和比较了采自甘肃省康县的康县隆肛蛙Feirana kangxianensis标本共计90只(雌性48只,雄性42只)。结果表明,康县隆肛蛙成体的头体长、头长、头宽、吻长、鼻间距、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜长、前臂及手长、后肢全长、手长、足长的形态特征在两性间的差异有统计学意义。以头体长为协变量的协方差分析显示,康县隆肛蛙两性的差异均有统计学意义,异形指数达到0.08,雌性与雄性的平均头体长比值为1.091。对所有测量的形态特征与头体长进行一元线性回归分析表明,雌性康县隆肛蛙局部形态特征的生长速度明显大于雄性,其中,吻长、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜长、前臂及手长、手长的两性差异最明显。生育力选择假设能解释康县隆肛蛙的两性异形现象。     

粗皮蛙的骨骼系统

详细记述了我国产粗皮蛙Rana rugosa Temmict et Schegel全套骨骼形态结构特征。第8椎体双凹椎amphicoelous vertebra,属于典型的参差型脊柱DIPLASIOCOELA Noble;肩带固胸型Firmisternia,肩胸骨基部正中央缺刻或深或浅;蝶筛骨前截背面暴露区向前延伸至与鼻骨相对的水平位。在个体间并不一致,可能与年龄变化相关而呈递增的趋势。本文首次描述了位于鼻腔软骨囊外侧边缘上镶嵌的一小骨块,目前文献上尚未查到该骨块的命名及有关功能、适应的记载,为便于叙述起见,暂称“鼻腔骨”加以描述。     

冠斑犀鸟的骨骼系统解剖

对冠斑犀鸟的骨骼系统进行了详细的观察和描述,其头骨厚重、骨壁坚硬;颌骨、前颌骨极度前伸,构成巨大的上喙,其后部连同鼻骨向背方显著隆起,构成盔.寰椎、枢椎、尾综骨、胸骨等形态特殊.跗跖骨结构以及足趾近、远端趾节的长度反映了明显的树栖性特征.     

秦岭山区隆肛蛙胚后发育的初步观察

初步观察记录了秦岭山区隆肛蛙Feirana quadrana胚后发育过程.隆肛蛙蝌蚪的头长、体长、尾长和后肢长度随发育时间的增加而显著增长.将隆肛蛙的胚后发育过程划分为20期.其蝌蚪在发育中体色、荚膜(皮肤褶)、侧线以及唇齿式等结构都发生了相应的变化.唇齿式由以II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主演变为以II∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1、I∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1和II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主.     

Morphological changes in rat skeletal muscle following reinnervation

Morphological changes appearing in the course of muscle regeneration after reinnervation of denervated M. soleus (slow) and M. tibialis anterior (fast) rat skeletal muscle were investigated. It was found that pathological changes typical for denervation atrophy (seen on the 10th day after crushing the sciatic nerve) and symptoms of regeneration (beginning about the 15th day) were much more pronounced in the soleus than in the tibialis muscle. Some stages of regeneration in the soleus muscle could be distinguished. The contractile material destructions were the first pathological changes that disappeared after the beginning of regeneration. In the second stage other denervation changes disappeared and intensive regeneration of muscle fibres was observed. In the next stage regeneration slowed down, and the reduction of the excess of muscle nuclei was visible. Four months after crushing the nerve, regeneration proceeded to completion with only some traces of the passed processes: in the soleus muscle, chains of sarcolemmal nuclei, satellite cells and newly formed muscle fibres were more often seen than in contralateral muscle; in the tibialis, collagen depots were present around the vessels and between muscle fascicles.     

Morphological changes in continuously stretched skeletal muscles in sheep

The effects of continuous elongation of skeletal muscles were studied on six sheep who underwent a lengthening osteotomy of the right tibia. Open muscle biopsies were taken from the biceps femoris muscle preoperatively (Group A), after 5 weeks of bone distraction (Group B) and after another 5 weeks without further distraction (Group C). The size and distribution of type 1 (slow-twitch) and type 2 (fast-twitch) muscle fibres were determined from sections stained for myofibrillar ATPase activity. All sections were also evaluated by light microscopy, especially with regard to myopathic changes. The type 2 fibres showed a significant decrease in size from group A to B and from group B to C. The reduction in fibre size from group A to C was 44.2%. The type 1 fibres, on the other hand, showed no significant differences in mean fibre size between the groups. However, there were considerable individual variations in type 1 fibre size between the groups. The distribution of both fibre types was similar in groups A and B (appr. 17% type 1 fibres) whereas the relative number of type 1 fibres was reduced to 12.4% in group C (P less than 0.01). Myopathic changes, i.e. muscle fibre necroses, were not seen in any of the groups. It is concluded that the type 2 fibre atrophy is mainly caused by muscular inactivity during the postoperative period, but an additional effect of continuous stretching of the muscle cannot be excluded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Morphological study of the atrioventricular conduction system and Purkinje fibers in yak

We studied the morphology of the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS) and Purkinje fibers of the yak. Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the histological features of AVCS. The distributional characteristics of the His‐bundle, the left bundle branch (LBB), right bundle branch (RBB), and Purkinje fiber network of yak hearts were examined using gross dissection, ink injection, and ABS casting. The results showed that the atrioventricular node (AVN) of yak located in the right side of interatrial septum and had a flattened ovoid shape. The AVN of yak is composed of the slender, interweaving cells formed almost entirely of the transitional cells (T‐cells). The His‐bundle extended from the AVN, and split into left LBB and RBB at the crest of the interventricular septum. The LBB descended along the left side of interventricular septum. At approximately the upper 1/3 of the interventricular septum, the LBB typically divided into three branches. The RBB ran under the endocardium of the right side of interventricular septum, and extended to the base of septal papillary muscle, passed into the moderator band, crossed the right ventricular cavity to reach the base of anterior papillary muscle, and divided into four fascicles under the subendocardial layer. The Purkinje fibers in the ventricle formed a complex spatial network. The distributional and cellular component characteristics of the AVCS and Purkinje fibers ensured normal cardiac function.     

Group-spawning and Simultanous Polyandry of a Stream-dwelling Frog Feirana kangxianensis

Here we provide an example of simultaneous polyandry based on genetic evidence in Feirana kangxianensis. This stream-dwelling species occurs only in Kangxian County, southern Gansu Province, where it is sympatric with its sibling species E quadranus. During the breeding season the sex ratio of E kangxianensis was marginally female- biased （44~：59~） and the encounter rate in a relatively pristine habitat was significantly higher than that in heavily quarried habitats （9.6 ± 4.8 indiv./km vs. 3.2 ± 2.5 indiv./km）. Three egg masses containing an average of 698 eggs were deposited on the underside of one or two adjacent flat rocks, 6.0-10.0 cm under the water surface and 1.0-3.5 cm above the streambed. Using Bayesian sibship clustering of nine polymorphic microsatellite genotypes, two females were detected as group-spawning in one oviposition site, with three males fertilizing each female＇s eggs simultaneously. We also discuss the conservation requirements of this range-restricted species and the evolutionary implication of its unusual reproductive strategy.