Effect of environmental conditions and water status on the bioactive compounds of broccoli

Four experiments were carried out in 2010 and 2011 to determine how cultivation period (spring or autumn), harvest season (summer or autumn), and plant water status (irrigated or rainfed) influenced content and composition of broccoli cultivar Parthenon F1 with respect to sulforaphane and phenolics under field conditions in Gödöll?, Hungary. Sulforaphane content was significantly higher in the autumn harvests, regardless of irrigation treatments. Harvest season also influenced total phenolics content, with the highest values occurring in the spring season. Harvest season also affected trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and this capacity was also the greatest in spring. Caffeic acid glucoside was a major phenolics component in both spring and autumn season harvests. The season and irrigation related changes in other phenolic component contents were also characterised in this study.     

滨海沙地植物厚藤叶片生理特征的季节变化

滨海沙地条件恶劣,季节气候环境差异较大,植物生存困难。厚藤是南方滨海沙地广泛分布的重要固沙植物。为探究厚藤对不同季节环境变化的适应机制,研究其叶片生理性状的季节变化,该文以广西滨海沙地自然生长的厚藤为实验材料,分别测定了不同季节厚藤叶片的叶绿素含量、渗透物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素荧光参数等生理指标,并进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明:(1)叶绿素含量随季节变化的趋势一致,春季均显著大于其他三个季节,但叶绿素a/b在各季节间无显著变化。(2)叶绿素荧光参数的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o具有相同的变化趋势,整体表现为夏冬季显著高于春秋季。(3)脯氨酸含量随季节逐渐增大,冬季时含量最高; 可溶性糖含量冬季显著高于其他三个季节; 丙二醛(MDA)含量各季节间差异不显著。(4)春季的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于其他季节,夏秋冬季节间无显著差异; 过氧化物酶(POD)活性在各季节间差异不显著。(5)相关性分析和主成分分析显示,各生理指标与气候因子间存在一定的关联。温度和日照数显著影响可溶性糖含量; 叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性能够较好地反映厚藤对季节气候变化的响应。综上可知,厚藤可通过调节叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量使叶绿素a/b保持稳定,同时提高渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性以适应季节变化,其中光合作用和抗氧化酶系统是影响其季节性适应能力的关键。     

Seasonal pattern of antioxidant enzyme system in the roots of perennial forage grasses grown in alpine habitat, related to freezing tolerance

The relationship between active oxygen species (AOS) and membrane damage, and between antioxidant enzyme activity and chilling tolerance has been documented, but the mechanisms responsible for perennial forage grass to survive winter with temperatures at ?30°C in temperate alpine regions is not well understood. In this study, the seasonal pattern of enzymatic antioxidant systems superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) and lipid peroxidation in roots and leaves of alpine perennial grasses grown in their natural environment were investigated to understand the role of the enzymatic antioxidant system in freezing tolerance of perennial grasses. Four grasses, Poa sphyondylodes Trine., Bromus inermis Leyss., Bromus sinensis Keng. and Elymus nutans Griseb., were established in alpine conditions in 1993. The grasses were sampled at approximately semi‐monthly intervals in the autumn of 1995 and spring of 1996. The results showed that leaves were dead in the autumn and membrane damage seems to play a key role in the decline of this organ. Antioxidant enzyme activities of the roots strongly changed with declining temperature in the autumn and winter or increasing temperature in the spring. With the decrease in temperature in the autumn the antioxidant enzyme activities increased rapidly, reaching maximum values in early November and then slowly declining during the following winter period, although they were still higher than in September In the spring, antioxidant enzymes activities increased again in the roots with the rise of temperature from mid April to early May when the shoots began re‐growth. In contrast, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances content in the roots increased markedly in the autumn, reaching maximum values in early October and remaining constant with little fluctuation during the following winter. In the autumn when the roots experienced winter acclimation, the formation of freezing tolerance in the roots was correlated with the activities of the antioxidant enzyme, indicating that antioxidant activity systems in the roots played an important role in limiting the production of free radicals to protect membrane integrity. Freezing tolerance in alpine grasses correlated with an increased capacity to scavenge or detoxify activated AOS by the antioxidant enzymatic system. AOS accumulated with decreasing temperature in early cold acclimation may be an inducer in activating the antioxidant enzyme defence system for the formation of freezing tolerance in roots.     

Effect of vegetables on human phenolsulfotransferases in relation to their antioxidant activity and total phenolics

Epidemiology studies have shown that consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Induction of cellular phase II detoxifying enzymes is associated with cancer preventive potential. Phenolsulfotransferases (PSTs) are traditionally known as phase II drug-metabolizing or detoxifying enzymes that facilitate the removal of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. Phenolic acids are known to increase the activities of PSTs. In the present study, human HepG2 cells were used as model to investigate the influence of twenty vegetables on human PST activity and to evaluate the relationships to their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The result showed that PST-P activity was significantly (p < 0.01) induced by asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, celery and eggplant, whereas PST-M activity was induced by asparagus, broccoli, carrot, eggplant and potato at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. The vegetable extracts that induced both forms of PSTs activities were found to have higher antioxidant capacities and total phenolic content in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The major polyphenols in broccoli, the most potential inducer in both forms of PSTs activities, was antioxidant phenolic acids. HPLC retention times and standard spiked indicated the presence of gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, gentisic acid and ferulic acid in broccoli. The overall effect of vegetables tested on the activity of PST-P was well correlated to their ORAC value and total phenolics content (r= 0.82, p < 0.05 and r = 0.78, p < 0.05). These results imply that vegetables have a capability of inducing PST activity, and the PST induction may be possibly ascribed to antioxidant phenolic acids in vegetable extracts.     

The activity of pro- and antioxidant systems in the liver of freshwater fishes during different seasons

The content of lipid peroxidation products--diene conjugates, lipid hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), vitamins A, E and carotenoids and the activity of antioxidant enzymes--superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the liver of freshwater fishes of different species (silver carp, grass carp and common carp) in different seasons have been studied. It was established the activity of antioxidant defence system in the liver of fish depends significantly on the season and fish species. In particular, the content of lipid peroxidation products in the liver of freshwater fishes at the beginning of winter and spring was significantly higher compared to their content at the beginning of summer and autumn. The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver of these fish species at the beginning of winter and spring were significantly lower than at the beginning of summer and autumn while the seasonal changes of catalase activity in the liver of fish are expressed insignificantly. The content of vitamins E, A1, A2 and carotenoids in the liver of fishes of different species at the beginning of winter and spring was significantly lower than at the beginning of summer and autumn. The content of lipid peroxidation products and vitamins E, A1 and A2 in the liver of common carp is significantly lower than in the liver of silver carp and grass carp and species differences in antioxidant enzymes activity are insignificant.     

Microwave-induced stimulation of l-DOPA,phenolics and antioxidant activity in fava bean (Vicia faba) for Parkinson’s diet

Fava bean sprouts are rich in levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine (l-DOPA), the precursor of dopamine, and are being investigated for use in the management of Parkinson’s disease. The phytopharmaceutical value was improved during germination by a microwave treatment of the seeds, the phenolic content of the germinated sprouts increasing 700% and l-DOPA content by 59% compared to control. A higher antioxidant activity that was observed correlated with total phenolics and l-DOPA contents. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity peaked on the seventh day of germination with a concurrent increase in phenolics indicating enhanced mobilization of carbohydrates. A higher guaiacol peroxidase activity was observed indicating an increased polymerization of phenolics. The elevated superoxide dismutase activity was proportional to the stimulation of antioxidant activity. The major implication from this study is that microwave treatment can significantly stimulate the phenolic antioxidant activity and Parkinson’s relevant l-DOPA content of fava beans sprouts.     

Zinc stress induces physiological,ultra-structural and biochemical changes in mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) seedlings

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants; yet, at higher concentrations it is toxic. In order to explore the effect of Zn stress on growth, biochemical, physiological and ultra-structural changes, 1 year old mandarin plants were grown under various Zn concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 15 and 20 mM) for 14 weeks. The biomass of the plants increased with increasing Zn concentrations and finally declined under excess Zn concentration but the prime increase was observed at 4 and 5 mM Zn. Zn stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration along with reduction of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids content in leaf. Superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage were elevated in Zn stressed plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) enzymes were increased in both Zn-deficient and Zn-excess plants. Therefore it is suggested that antioxidant defense system did not sufficiently protect the plants under rigorous Zn stress which was also corroborated by the alteration in cell ultrastructure as revealed by transmission electron microscopy.     

Induction of oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna mungo</Emphasis> by zinc stress

Significant changes were observed in the antioxidant systems in the leaves of black gram (Vigna mungo L., var. DPU-88-31) grown under deficient and excess supply of Zn. Plant grown with Zn supply ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 μM under glasshouse conditions showed optimal growth and biomass yield at 1.0 μM Zn supply. Deficient (0.001 and 0.01 μM) as well as excess (2.0 and 10.0 μM) supply of Zn decreased the concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and nonprotein thiols and increased that of ascorbate. The activity of superoxide dismutase and carbonic anhydrase was decreased at deficient levels and increased with increase in Zn supply up to 10 μM. At both stages of growth, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, were decreased, whereas the activities of glutathione reductase and peroxidase were increased at both deficient and excess supply of Zn. An accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was observed in Zn-stressed leaves, indicating oxidative damage. Different responses to deficient and excess supply of Zn were observed in the production of oxidative damage.     

Nitrogen resorption in Acer platanoides and Acer saccharum: influence of light exposure and leaf pigmentation

We investigated the effects of leaf color change in the fall on photosynthetic production and nitrogen resorption. Seedlings of Acer platanoides L. and A. saccharum Marsh. were grown in a shade house for 5 months in either 21 % (intermediate light, M) or 4.9 % (low light, L) of incident irradiance. After this period, a subset of the intermediate-light grown seedlings was transferred to a high-light stress treatment (H). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen (N) resorption were examined at three leaf senescence stages during September and October. Our results show that plants of both species produce more anthocyanins in the H treatment. In comparison with plants grown in the L and M treatments, plants of both species in the H treatments had lower chlorophyll, carotenoid and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F _v/F _m, Φ _PSII, NPQ and ETR) at the third sampling date (October 12–18), and indicating higher levels of photoinhibition in the seedlings exposed to high light. Our results imply that autumn leaf redness is inducible and closely linked to photo-oxidative stress. However, anthocyanins did not enhance antioxidant capacity in red leaves in either species, when exposed to high light. For both species, our results showed a higher N-resorption for high-light stressed plants. We also observed that the number of abscised leaves at the second sampling dates (September 10) was higher than at the third sampling dates. The intra-leaf distribution of anthocyanin, the association between anthocyanin production and the high-light environments, the retention of red leaves, the substantial physiological gain of photosynthetic activity, as well as the links between anthocyanins and increased N resorption led us to assume that one primary role of autumn anthocyanin could be to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photo-oxidative damage as light filters rather than as antioxidant. Another major role is to extend carbon capture and help supply the energy needed for N resorption from senescing leaves in both A. saccharum and A. Platanoides during high-light stress. Nevertheless, photoprotective capacity of anthocyanins was not able to fully compensate for photoinhibitory stress as the anthocyanins are not optimally located to efficiently reduce light within the leaves.     

Changes in IAA,Phenolic Compounds,Peroxidase, IAA Oxidase,and Polyphenol Oxidase in Relation to Flower Formation in Crocus sativus

Changes in levels of IAA, phenolic compounds, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and IAA oxidase activities in the corm and the apical bud of Crocus sativusL. during bud growth and development, with special emphasis on the flowering stage, were studied. In the bud, flower formation was accompanied by enhanced activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, IAA oxidase, and higher contents of phenolic compounds as well as lower levels of IAA. In the corm, during the flower formation, these enzymes showed an opposite behavior. Moreover, the contents of phenolics and IAA in the corm tissues during flower formation and growth were higher than at the other developmental stages. It may be concluded that the transition of saffron plants to flowering is correlated with peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and IAA oxidase. Furthermore, these enzymes might exert their roles in the regulation of flowering through their participation in IAA catabolism. The hypothesis of regulation of bud development by an interaction between phenolics and the enzymes involved in IAA catabolism is discussed.     

Lepidopteran pest populations and crop yields in row intercropped broccoli

Abstract

• 1 To determine how the presence of non‐host plants impact populations of lepidopteran pests and yield of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica L., broccoli was intercropped with tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, or yellow sweetclover (YSC), Melilotus officinalis L., and compared with broccoli monoculture grown at two densities (high and low).
• 2 During a 1997 study, numbers of early instar imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae L., were greater in broccoli monoculture compared with intercropped plantings. In contrast, late instar A. rapae numbers were significantly higher in intercropped broccoli during most of the season, indicating greater survival of early instar stages in intercropped habitats.
• 3 Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, eggs and larvae were more abundant in broccoli monoculture than intercropped broccoli in 1997. In addition, T. ni populations were found at significantly lower levels in broccoli‐YSC compared with broccoli‐tomato habitat throughout the season.
• 4 During a 1998 study, numbers of early and late A. rapae instars were greater in intercropped broccoli on most sampling dates.
• 5 The mean percentages of harvested broccoli heads infested with insects and associated frass were higher in monocultures than intercropped treatments in 1997. Additionally, a significantly lower number of contaminants were found in the crowns of broccoli harvested from broccoli‐YSC (YSC) compared with broccoli‐tomato (tomato) habitat. However, broccoli heads were significantly smaller in intercropped habitats.
• 6 Variations in insect responses and challenges to using crop diversification as a management tool are discussed.

     

不同透光环境下红松光合色素含量的季节变动及应对策略

研究了辽东山区天然次生林内3种不同透光环境(强度透光、中度透光和弱度透光)下红松针叶光合色素(叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和叶绿素总量(Chl T))应对光环境季节变动做出的适应性调整。结果表明,随季节的变动(从春季至秋季),林分透光孔隙度逐渐减小。春季,透光度越大,红松叶绿素含量越高,Chl a/b值升高,Car/Chl T值降低;夏季,不同透光条件对红松光合色素含量无影响;秋季,各类透光条件下红松光合色素含量总体表现为升高的趋势,强度透光与中度透光条件红松针叶Chl a/b显著大于弱度透光,3种透光条件下红松Car/Chl T均降低。在春季红松开始生长前进行适当抚育,能提高光合色素含量,增强光合作用能力,促进生长。     

Proteomic analysis of stress-related proteins in transgenic broccoli harboring a gene for cytokinin production during postharvest senescence

Our previous study revealed a cytokinin-related retardation of post-harvest floret yellowing in transgenic broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) that harbored the bacterial isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene. We aimed to investigate the underlining mechanism of this delayed post-harvest senescence. We used 2D electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry for a proteomics analysis of heads of ipt-transgenic and non-transgenic inbred lines of broccoli at harvest and after four days post-harvest storage. At harvest, we found an accumulation of stress-responsive proteins involved in maintenance of protein folding (putative protein disulfide isomerase, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and chaperonins), scavenging of reactive oxygen species (Mn superoxide dismutase), and stress protection [myrosinase-binding protein, jasmonate inducible protein, dynamin-like protein, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1 and stress-inducible tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein]. After four days’ post-harvest storage of non-transgenic broccoli florets, the levels of proteins involved in protein folding and carbon fixation were decreased, which indicates cellular degradation and a change in metabolism toward senescence. In addition, staining for antioxidant enzyme activity of non-transgenic plants after post-harvest storage revealed a marked decrease in activity of Fe-superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. Thus, the accumulation of stress-responsive proteins and antioxidant enzyme activity in ipt-transgenic broccoli are most likely associated with retardation of post-harvest senescence.     

Changes in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Salt-induced changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), level of H₂O₂, and some key metabolites such as soluble proteins, free proline and phenolics in the leaves of six radish cultivars (Radish Red Neck, Radish Lal Pari, Radish Mino Japani, Radish 40 Days, Mannu Early and Desi) were investigated. Varying levels of NaCl (0, 80 and 160 mM) applied for 40 days adversely affected the shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll contents and soluble proteins, while increased the levels of proline, and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT. However, leaf H₂O₂ and total phenolic contents were not affected by salt stress. Cultivars Mannu Early, Radish 40 Days and Desi were relatively higher in shoot fresh weight (percent of control) while cvs. Radish Mino Japani and Mannu Early in proline, and cvs. Radish 40 Days and Desi in total soluble proteins at 160 mM of NaCl. However, levels of H₂O₂ and phenolics were higher in cvs. Desi, Radish Lal Pari and Mannu Early and SOD, POD and CAT activities only in Radish Lal Pari and Mannu Early than the other cultivars under saline conditions. Overall, the differential salt tolerance of radish cultivars observed in the present study was not found to be associated with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and other key metabolites analyzed, so these attributes cannot be considered as selection criteria for salt tolerance in radish.     

高温对水稻开花期剑叶抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响

以杂交水稻‘Ⅱ优838’为研究材料,检测了高温胁迫下‘Ⅱ优838’开花期剑叶中叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及SOD、CAT、POD基因的表达水平。结果显示,高温胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中叶绿素含量及叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的比值(Chl a/Chl b)降低且下降幅度显著低于‘冈优725’(对照);SOD和POD活性增高且增幅显著大于‘冈优725’,但CAT活性降低且降幅显著小于‘冈优725’;热胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中SOD、CAT和POD基因的表达量显著增加。说明‘Ⅱ优838’在开花期遭遇高温胁迫后能保持较高的光合效率,并通过提高抗氧化保护酶的基因表达水平以维持较高的活性来应答高温胁迫,这为深入剖析水稻高温胁迫下的生理反应和适应机理提供了参考。     

Effect of Cadmium Ions on Antioxidant Defense System in Sunflower Cotyledons

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds were germinated and grown in the presence of 50, 100 and 200 μM CdCl₂. The lower concentration (50 μM) of Cd² ions produced slight decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) content and overall increase (except superoxide dismutase) in antioxidant enzyme activities, and in H₂O₂ concentration. Chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were not affected under 50 μM CdCl₂. GSH content was diminished under 100 and 200 μM CdCl₂, and except for superoxide dismutase, which activity remained unaltered, overall decreases in the antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and in guaiacol peroxidase were observed. These Cd² concentrations caused a decrease in chlorophyll content as well as an increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and H₂O₂ concentration. All the observed effects were more evident with the highest concentration of cadmium chloride used. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationships among iron deficit-induced potato callus growth inhibition,Fe distribution,chlorosis, and oxidative stress amplified by reduced antioxidative enzyme activities

Callus cultures were used to investigate and delineate responses of potato to iron (Fe) deficiency conditions over different culture durations. The morphological responses included chlorotic symptoms, reduced fresh weight and area of callus growth on Fe-deficient medium compared to calli grown under Fe sufficient conditions. Biochemically, potato calli under Fe deficit exhibited decreases in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, reduction in activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), as well as an increase in ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity, lipid peroxidation, phenolic production and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) level. Perls staining revealed sparse Fe distribution in Fe-deficient callus cells whereas Fe was widely distributed and intensely stained among numerous actively dividing cells in Fe-sufficient calli. These responses of calli to Fe deficiency were more pronounced with prolonged exposure to such stress leading to severe chlorosis and/or death of cells in chlorosis-susceptible calli but potential chlorosis-tolerant callus cells maintained their greenness and viability. Over a prolonged period in culture, significantly positive correlations were found among callus fresh weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation as Fe supplies to the medium was increased. FCR activity was strongly correlated in a negative manner with Fe deficiency, chlorophyll content and peroxidase activity. The responses of calli to Fe supply can serve as reliable indicators for detecting chlorosis tolerance and/or nutrient deficiency stress.     

The influence of 6-benzylaminopurine on post-harvest senescence of floral tissues of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)

The pattern of post-harvest senescence of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and the effect of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) were investigated. Chlorophyll degraded before ammonia production increased and this was earlier in florets at the edge of the head than those at the centre. Application of 6-BAP delayed the onset of both chlorophyll degradation and ammonia production. Pedicels contained low levels of chlorophyll which changed little over the duration of the experiment. Pedicels were unresponsive to 6-BAP treatment with no differences between chlorophyll degradation or ammonia accumulation between the treated and non-treated tissues.Application of 6-BAP to the carpel delayed chlorophyll degradation in the sepals, stimulated growth of the carpel and, when over-mature heads of broccoli were used, stimulated petal emergence.Treatment of florets with 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) and silver ions indicated that ethylene may be involved in the control of chlorophyll degradation. Cytokinin application negated the ACC-stimulated senescence.     

陇东红富士果树养分回流对土壤表层管理的响应

地处陇东黄土高原的庆阳市苹果园普遍缺乏有效的土壤表层管理措施,以盛果期的"红富士"果树为对象,研究不同土壤表层管理方式在养分回流期对苹果树体贮藏养分的动态变化。研究结果表明:优化覆膜(T2)与优化覆草(T3)一年生枝条叶片的叶绿素含量均显著高于常规处理(T1)。T2和T3处理的一年生春梢、秋稍和封顶枝中的碳素贮藏物质(可溶性糖、淀粉)和氮素贮藏物质(总游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质)的含量均显著高于T1,T3比T2处理对碳素贮藏物质含量的提升效果更为明显。此外,相同枝条类型不同组织中的贮存养分含量不同,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量表现为表皮积聚,韧皮部木质部,淀粉与总游离氨基酸含量表现为主轴积聚,木质部韧皮部。不同枝条类型中贮藏物质的含量整体表现为秋梢封顶枝春梢,秋梢在提升养分贮藏水平中起到了重要作用。