新烟碱类杀虫剂拌种对麦蚜田间防效及药剂残留动态分析

为了分析两代新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和噻虫嗪拌种对麦蚜的防治效果的差异以及2种药剂在小麦叶片内的残留动态,采用吡虫啉和噻虫嗪有效剂量0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0g/kg小麦种子在播种前进行1次性拌种处理,随后调查了不同处理下田间麦蚜的种群密度,并对不同时期小麦叶片内的药剂残留进行了监测。结果表明:吡虫啉有效剂量2.0和4.0g/kg,噻虫嗪有效剂量1.0、2.0和4.0g/kg小麦种子播前拌种能有效的降低田间麦蚜的种群数量。在4月10日前,吡虫啉在小麦叶片内的含量明显高于噻虫嗪,4月28日后两者差异不明显。与吡虫啉相比,噻虫嗪对麦蚜具有更高的生物活性和控制效果。     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

麦田蜘蛛调查研究初报

通过大田系统调查,发现青州地区麦田蜘蛛有11科,24种。蛛量以狼蛛科最大,占总蛛量的30.5%;漏斗蛛科次之,占20.6%;蟹蛛科第三,占19.5%。其优势主要集中在麦株下部,数量达总数的95%以上,但不同空间的优势类群随小麦生育期不同发生相应变化。蜘蛛与麦田红蜘蛛、粘虫、麦蚜的发生呈“水涨船高,亦步亦趋之势”,对害虫的控制起到明显作用,是值得研究和利用的麦田害虫重要天敌类群之一。     

气候变暖对麦蚜的影响

麦蚜是体型小、生活周期短的变温动物,对环境温度尤其是高温的变化十分敏感。气候变暖导致的温度升高是影响麦蚜最直接和最重要的因子。本文综述了国内外有关气候变暖对麦蚜影响的野外观测、预测模型及模拟试验的研究进展。气候变暖将导致麦蚜的主要分布和为害区向高纬度地区转移;气候变暖增加了生长季的有效积温,导致麦蚜始见期、迁飞期、盛虫期等物候发生期提前;温度升高提高了麦蚜的越冬存活率,使温带地区春夏季种群数量增加;处于不同营养级的物种对温度变化的敏感性不尽相同,气候变暖可能影响麦类作物-麦蚜-天敌昆虫多营养级系统的种间互作。麦蚜的耐热性较差,气候变暖导致的高温幅度增加、持续时间延长、夜间最低温升高、极端高温幅度和频率增加等典型特征对其有深刻影响。高温的幅度、持续时间对麦蚜的存活和繁殖有显著的抑制作用;夜间变暖导致麦蚜存活线性下降,进一步恶化了日间高温对蚜虫的不利影响;极端高温事件的幅度和频率影响麦蚜的种群增长参数,不同种类麦蚜对极端高温事件的非对称响应改变了麦蚜种间的相对适合度、时间和空间上的群落结构和物种间的相对优势度。麦蚜可通过爬行和跌落等行为来缓解气候变暖造成的高温胁迫,在研究气候变暖对麦蚜影响的同时,应充分考虑麦蚜对气候变暖的适应和缓冲能力。如何人工模拟气候变暖趋势下温度的变化模式,精巧设计试验反映气候变暖主要特征,开展接近自然界变化的温度模式对麦蚜的影响和麦蚜对环境改变的适应性响应研究,将是未来该领域的主要研究方向。     

间作大蒜或油菜麦田中麦蚜主要天敌群落的时间动态

运用物种丰富度S、种群优势度D、群落多样性指数H'和均匀度指数E作为综合指标,分析了不同间作方式下麦田麦蚜Aphidius avenae主要寄生性和捕食性天敌群落的时间动态.结果表明,麦-油间作田天敌物种丰富度多高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田,麦-蒜间作田和单作田天敌物种丰富度基本相同;不同间作处理天敌群落优势种在调查初期有所不同,而中后期皆为燕麦蚜茧蜂;麦-油间作田天敌群落多样性指数一直高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;调查后期(5月8日后)麦-油间作田的寄生性天敌的优势度指数显著低于单作田和麦-蒜间作田,均匀度指数则显著高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田.说明麦-油间作,麦蚜天敌物种丰富度较高,群落较稳定性,在小麦灌浆初期即可对麦蚜为害起一定控制作用;麦-蒜问作对麦蚜天敌群落的结构特点及时间动态无明显影响.     

多异瓢虫生活习性及发生规律的研究

<正> 我区位于河西走廊最西端,属大陆性气候,农作物以小麦为主,其次为玉米、蚕豆等。 麦蚜是麦类作物主要害虫,也是黄矮病传播的主要媒介。为避免环境污染和保护自然生态平衡,利用其天敌开展蚜虫的生物防治是重要的课题。 瓢虫是麦蚜的重要天敌。1979—1981年,我们对瓢虫进行了优势种的调查,并对其生活习性、发生规律、饲养及释放等进行了研究。在我区已发现的瓢虫有15种,其中有8种(见表1)在小麦、玉米、胡麻、蚕豆等作物上取食蚜虫。多异瓢虫Adonia variegaa(Goeze)是优势     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应

用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同.     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。     

关中麦蚜猖獗温雨条件分析

<正> 关中地区是陕西省商品小麦生产基地。麦蚜是该地区主要的小麦害虫,除直接取食为害外,又是小麦黄矮病的重要传毒介体。据调查,在1949—1979年中,麦蚜大发生范围在十县以上,成灾面积达百万亩以上的年份共有6次,即1952年麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fab.)大发生,1960、1966、1970、1973和1978年麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum(Rond.)猖獗成灾,造成了小麦的严重减产。     

小麦和牧草上的蚜虫与天敌种群动态及其相互关系

2008年4月底至6月初在山东禹城调查了小麦和3种牧草上的蚜虫和天敌种群密度。结果表明,麦蚜种群高峰期在5月中旬,寄生蜂和瓢虫的高峰期比蚜虫分别滞后5—10d和15～20d;麦蚜种群增长率与天敌种群密度变化呈负相关,其中与瓢虫的相关性达到显著水平;4月底至5月初小麦抽穗期是麦蚜种群爆发的关键时期,天敌密度低、害益比大是爆发的重要原因;4月底至5月初,牧草上的天敌密度是小麦上的2～3倍。牧草在麦蚜种群生态调控中具有潜在应用价值。     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．     

Biological and Morphological Features Associated with English Grain Aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Tolerance in Winter Wheat Line XN98-10-35

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are two...     

Assessment of aphid lethal paralysis virus as an apparent population growth‐limiting factor in grain aphids in the presence of other natural enemies

The influence of aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV), Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV), natural enemies and fungal infection on the population growth of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae in the wheat fields of the Western Cape Province of South Africa was investigated at two sites. Time‐specific life tables were compiled for R. padi at one site. During the logarithmic phase of the development of R. padi aphids, natural enemies were not present in high numbers and the apparent large‐scale mortality observed appeared to be due to other causes. During the decline phase of this aphid population, the population size was reduced by 49%. This reduction coincided with a calculated high mortality of 70 aphids per plant. A dramatic decline in R. padi numbers and a high incidence of ALPV present in the aphid population was experienced during this period. Virus assays were carried out by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Entomophthorales‐type fungal infection of aphids also reached its highest level during the decline phase, but at a later stage than ALPV infection, with a calculated level of 21 aphids per plant. This suggested that the presence of ALPV limited population development in R. padi. Similar results were obtained with S. avenae.     

取食感染大麦黄矮病毒的小麦后介体麦长管蚜和非介体禾谷缢管蚜体内抗氧化酶和解毒酶活性的变化

【目的】小麦黄矮病［病原为大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)］是危害小麦生产的主要病害之一,GAV是BYDV在我国的主流株系,且其在田间与介体麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae 和非介体禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi同时发生,对小麦产量造成严重影响。本研究旨在探究大麦黄矮病毒胁迫下介体和非介体蚜虫体内重要保护酶和解毒酶活性变化规律,为揭示病毒 蚜虫互作生理生化机理提供参考。【方法】利用生化方法测定取食健康小麦(空白对照组),取食前期经无毒麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum 3龄若蚜为害72 h的小麦(条件对照组)及取食前期经携带BYDV-GAV麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害72 h的小麦(处理组)7 d后,介体麦长管蚜与非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等重要保护酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)等重要解毒酶活性变化。【结果】取食前期经BYDV-GAV感染的麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害的小麦7 d后,介体麦长管蚜成蚜体内POD, SOD和AKP活性比空白对照组显著上升,但与条件对照组相比无显著差异;且条件对照组比空白对照组显著上升。取食经BYDV-GAV感染的麦二叉蚜3龄若蚜为害的小麦7 d后,非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内SOD,AKP和AchE活性比空白对照组显著下降,ACP活性显著上升,但与条件对照组相比仅ACP活性显著上升;且条件对照组禾谷缢管蚜体内AKP和AchE比空白对照组显著下降,ACP活性显著上升。【结论】取食感染BYDV-GAV小麦后介体麦长管蚜成蚜体内POD, SOD和AKP酶活性升高是前期蚜虫的为害造成,与BYDV-GAV无关;非介体禾谷缢管蚜成蚜体内AKP和AchE酶活性下降是前期蚜虫为害引起,SOD酶活性下降是前期蚜虫为害和BYDV-GAV的综合作用,而BYDV-GAV和前期蚜虫为害均能使禾谷缢管蚜体内ACP酶活性上升。     

Seasonal abundance of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in wheat and their role as barley yellow dwarf virus vectors in the South Carolina coastal plain

Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) seasonal flight activity and abundance in wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and the significance of aphid species as vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus were studied over a nine-year period in the South Carolina coastal plain. Four aphid species colonized wheat in a consistent seasonal pattern. Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and rice root aphid, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), colonized seedlingwheat immediately after crop emergence, with apterous colonies usually peaking in December or January and then declining for the remainder of the season. These two aphid species are unlikely to cause economic loss on wheat in South Carolina, thus crop managers should not have to sample for the subterranean R. rufiabdominalis colonies. Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was the second most abundant species and the most economically important. Rhopalosiphum padi colonies usually remained below 10/row-meter until peaking in February or March. Barley yellow dwarf incidence and wheat yield loss were significantly correlated with R. padi peak abundance and aphid-day accumulation on the crop. Based on transmission assays, R. padi was primarily responsible for vectoring the predominant virus serotype (PAV) we found in wheat. Pest management efforts should focus on sampling for and suppressing this aphid species. December planting reduced aphid-day accumulation and barley yellow dwarf incidence, but delayed planting is not a practical management option. English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), was the last species to colonize wheat each season, and the most abundant. Sitobion avenae was responsible for late-season virus transmission and caused direct yield loss by feeding on heads and flag leaves during an outbreak year.     

Quality of two aphid species (Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae) as food for the generalist predator Tachyporus hypnorum (Col., Staphylinidae)

Abstract:  The quality of two aphid species ( Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae ) as food for the staphylinid generalist predator Tachyporus hypnorum was investigated. Fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) were used as prey for comparison. T. hypnorum has been reported to prey on aphids, to consume large quantities and to show a high preference for aphids. This study showed that compared with fruit flies aphids are not high-quality prey for neither adult females nor larvae of T. hypnorum . Larvae were less able to utilize aphids than adult females. Reproduction was affected by both aphid species; a diet of S. avenae reduced fecundity, and a diet of R. padi reduced egg hatching success and prolonged the time spent in the egg stage compared with a fruit fly diet. For the T. hypnorum larvae pure diets of both S. avenae and R. padi resulted in high larval mortality. Overall ranking of the three prey types based on several fitness parameters differed between larvae and adults. The adult fitness parameters gave rather conflicting rankings of all three prey types though the two aphid species were of approximately the same overall value, whereas the larval fitness parameters gave identical rankings: D. melanogaster  >  S. avenae  >  R. padi . In the larval stage survival was greatly reduced by both aphid diets, while this was not the case for the adult females.     

黄板、黄盆及灯光对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的诱捕效果

通过黄板、黄盆及灯光的监测,研究了其对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)诱捕作用,结果表明2种麦蚜对黄盆的趋性最好,黄盆诱捕量分别为黄板诱捕量的7.94、2.13倍。黑光灯和荧光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕作用比较试验表明,黑光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕效果较好。黄盆和黑光灯2种监测手段的结合能够为预测预报提供准确可靠、适时的测报结果。     

麦蚜聚集与扩散行为的初步研究

研究种群空间格局(spatial pattern)为我们了解昆虫的有关行为提供了一种有效途径,它一方面揭示了种群个体在某一时刻的行为习性,另一方面描述了该时刻中有关诸环境因素     

Sources of variation in the interaction between three cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and wheat (Poaceae)

The relative contributions of host plant, herbivore species and clone to variation in the interaction between cereal aphids and wheat were investigated using five clones each of three species, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on seedlings of two cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. and one cultivar of Triticum durum Desf. More individuals and biomass of R. padi than of the other two species were produced on seedlings. The three wheat cultivars lost similar amounts of biomass as a result of infestation by aphids, with the amount lost depending on aphid species: S. avenae caused the lowest loss in biomass. Variation in aphid biomass production was due mostly to differences among aphid species (70%), less to the interaction between wheat type and aphid species (7%), and least to aphid clone (1%). The specific impact of the aphids on the plants ranged from 1.7 to 3.7 mg of plant biomass lost per mg of aphid biomass gained, being lowest for R. padi and highest for S. graminum. Variation in plant biomass lost to herbivory was due mostly to unknown sources of error (95%), probably phenotypic differences among individual seedlings, with 3% due to aphid species and none attributable to aphid clone. For these aphid-plant interactions, differences among aphid clones within species contributed little to variation in aphid and plant productivity; therefore, a small sample of clones was adequate for quantifying the interactions. Furthermore, one clone of each species maintained in the laboratory for about 200 parthenogenetic generations was indistinguishable from clones collected recently from the field.