一株产葡萄糖氧化酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及酶学性质表征

[背景]海洋中蕴藏着大量未被开发利用的微生物种质资源,而且海洋微生物产的酶类因其具有耐低温、耐高压和耐高盐等明显区别于陆地微生物所产酶类的特点而备受关注.[目的]从渤海海域海泥样品中分离筛选产葡萄糖氧化酶的菌株,并研究其酶学性质.[方法]通过平板初筛和酶活复筛,确定产葡萄糖氧化酶的菌株;通过形态学鉴定和构建系统发育树分...     

BMMYA' plate -Fast blue RR top agar —— an efficient plate screening method for lipase with high enzyme activity

建立了一种高效筛选高酶活或高产脂肪酶菌株的平板方法.该方法以华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis CCTCCM201021)脂肪酶基因proRCL在毕赤酵母中构建的基因突变文库为筛选对象,利用BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法对其中高酶活或高产的脂肪酶突变株进行筛选,将待筛菌株接种至含有2％甲醇的BMMYA’平板上,30℃生长并诱导4～5d后,平板经脂肪酶致死温度65℃处理1h,冰浴、室温平衡后,向平板中倾入Fast blue RR顶层琼脂.2 min内周围显示出明显的黑褐色的菌株为高酶活或高产突变株.该方法简便,快速,高效而且准确,筛选阳性率可达到90％.     

平板菌落计数的改进方法

平板菌落计数法是将待测样品经适当稀释之后,其中的微生物充分分散成单个细胞,取一定量的稀释样液接种到平板上,经过培养,由每个单细胞生长繁殖而形成肉眼可见的菌落,即一个单菌落应代表原样品中的一个单细胞。统计菌落数,根据其稀释倍数和取样结合总量即可换算出样品中的含菌数。传统的平板菌落计数正是基于上述原理而进行的。     

一种简单高效的酵母单菌落 PCR 方法

目的:为快速简便地挑选出酿酒酵母重组克隆,探索建立一种经济、直接、高效的酵母单菌落 PCR 方法.方法:以 Leu2MX6基同重组或重组质粒转化得到的酵母突变菌为材料,分别采用传统的提取基组或质粒的方法、煮沸法及化学试剂处理法等制备 PCR 模板进行重组克隆鉴定,并对6种 PCR 模板制备方法的效果进行比较与分析;对加热提取法进行优化并进行重组子的提取和验证.结果与结论:直接以1 mm2单克隆菌株95℃处理5 min 后的酵母菌落水悬浮液为模板进行单菌落 PCR,是一种简单高效的酵母重组克隆鉴定方法.该方法能弥补传统方法的不足,且简便快速、结果稳定,可作为筛选和鉴定阳性克隆的有效手段.同时,这种单菌落 PCR 法也可应用重组毕赤酵母的阳性克隆筛选.     

双平板对照筛选跟踪分离细菌外排泵抑制剂

建立了细菌外排泵抑制剂的筛选与活性跟踪方法.准备2个平板,一个为普通营养琼脂平板,另一个为舍小蘖碱的普通营养琼脂平板,通过比较两个平板含药纸片周围抑菌圈的直径大小判断筛选结果,方法可靠稳定.筛选发现某霉菌提取物对细菌外排泵有抑制活性,经活性跟踪分离,得到单体化合物,经NMR鉴定为4′,5,7-三羟基异黄酮.方法简便易行,成本低,适宜于对大批样本进行快速筛选并在分离时进行活性跟踪.     

测定λ原噬菌体诱导频率的新方法

本文报道两种测定λ原噬菌体紫外诱导频率的新方法 - 菌落计数法和平板诱导法.将溶源菌液经紫外诱导暗培养稀释后直接涂布在平板上培养,根据平板上菌落形成单位数计算λ噬菌体紫外诱导频率.另一种是将溶源菌与指示菌混合制备的平板用紫外线诱导,根据平板上噬菌体形成单位确定λ噬菌体紫外诱导频率.这两种方法不仅能准确测定噬菌体紫外诱导频率,而且操作简便,节省时间和用具,重复性好.本研究还将冬虫夏草浸出汁与溶源菌混合后进行紫外辐射,通过几种方法进行比较,结果证明建立的新方法确实可行,易操作;同时也表明冬虫夏草具有较强的抗紫外辐射作用.     

BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法高效筛选高酶活脂肪酶

建立了一种高效筛选高酶活或高产脂肪酶茵株的平板方法。该方法以华根霉（Rhizopus chinensis CCTCCM201021）脂肪酶基因proRCL在毕赤酵母中构建的基因突变文库为筛选对象,利用BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法对其中高酶活或高产的脂肪酶突变株进行筛选,将待筛茵株接种至含有2％甲醇的BMMYA’平板上,30℃生长并诱导4～5d后,平板经脂肪酶致死温度65℃处理1h,冰浴、室温平衡后,向平板中倾入Fast blue RR顸层琼脂。2min内周围显示出明显的黑褐色的菌株为高酶活或高产突变株。该方法简便,快速,高效而且准确,筛选阳性率可达到90％。     

产酯酶微生物菌种的筛选研究

研究了产酯酶微生物的筛选,包括筛选模型、酶活力检测方法及菌株的分布。对30多份土样以及实验室保存的菌种进行了大量的筛选,以添加三醋酸甘油酯、乳酸乙酯酯类物质对土样等样品富集,采用添加显色剂溴甲酚紫的快速简便平板显色法,观察水解变色圈直径和菌落直径的大小进行初筛。获得两者直径之比相对大的菌株174株,采用平板打孔检测法和摇瓶发酵比色法测酶活力相结合进行复筛,最终得到酯酶活力较高的24株菌株。就初筛和复筛方法及结果加以比较分析,复筛菌株做不同底物的酶活力检测,建立了一个有效、简便及快速的微生物酯酶的筛选模型。并对酯酶产生菌的立体选择专一性进行了初步考察。     

淀粉酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及其发酵条件优化

[背景]淀粉酶可以水解淀粉,在淀粉制糖、白酒、黄酒、啤酒和食醋等食品发酵行业有着广泛的应用.[目的]从高温酒曲中筛选获得产淀粉酶的芽孢杆菌属菌株,并对其进行分类鉴定和产淀粉酶发酵条件优化,为发酵过程提供优良的淀粉酶资源.[方法]取高温酒曲,经过富集培养和可溶性淀粉平板筛选培养基初筛,摇瓶复筛得到高产淀粉酶的菌株;通过菌...     

基于Photoshop 和计数软件精准计数平板上菌落的新方法

正"菌落总数"是农业、食品、医药卫生等行业进行质量检测的重要指标之一,目前常规的菌落计数方法是肉眼观察平皿逐个计数,需要花费较多的时间和精力[1-2]。本文推荐一种简便的平板菌落计数方法,经过使用和验证,与目测直接计数法相比,其计数结果更加准确,且效果明显优于菌落自动计数仪计数结果。现将方法介绍如下。     

A mutant HSDM1C1 fibrosarcoma line selected for defective eicosanoid precursor uptake lacks arachidonate-specific acyl-CoA synthetase

Mutagenesis followed by suicide with highly radioactive tritiated arachidonic acid has been used to select for mouse fibrosarcoma (HSDM1C1) cells defective in eicosanoid precursor uptake. Survivors of the selection were screened by replica plating and autoradiographic assay of [3H]arachidonate esterification; a mutant cell line, EPU-1, was established. EPU-1 cells contain one-third as much arachidonate as normal HSDM1C1 cells. The mutant lacks arachidonate-specific acyl-CoA synthetase, which accounts for decreased arachidonate uptake. EPU-1 exhibits enhanced turnover of arachidonoyl- but not linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine. Bradykinin-induced arachidonate release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis are decreased in EPU-1. Thus, arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase is required for arachidonate homeostasis in HSDM1C1 cells.     

Simple and Reliable Method for Replica Plating Neurospora crassa

The details of a simple method for replica plating Neurospora crassa are described. The procedure has proved to be highly reliable for replica plating of colonies arising from either ascospores or conidia.     

Colony formation of mammalian cells on agar plates and its application to Lederberg's replica plating

In this paper we describe a new technique of cloning by use of agar plates and its application to replica plating. It was found that most cell lines form colonies on the surface of solid agar, although the plating efficiency and size of colony is dependent on specimens and concentrations of agar and agarose used. When 0.5% Noble-agar was used as substrate, plating efficiencies were obtained comparable to those of conventional cloning techniques in liquid medium and of agar suspension cultures. In some cases, including the primary culture of Yoshida sarcoma, the efficiency of plating was apparently higher than that obtained by the already established procedures. In an experiment with a series of BHK-21 cells, it was found that virally transformed cells could form colonies on agar plate, whereas untransformed and reverted cells could not divide, suggesting that agar plate culture, as well as agar suspension culture, can be used for a selective assay of transformation.Two methods of replica plating were employed. Method I is that devised by Lederberg in which colonies on the master plate are imprinted on pile fabrics and then transferred to the replica plates. With FM3A cells, the fidelity of replica plating was around 95%. Method II is inoculation of clones by applying a glass rod to the replica plates on which positions of inocula were identified by a grid. Fidelity of replica plating of FM3A, L5178Y and YSC cells was 99.7, 100 and 100% respectively.     

A simple method for cloning and replica plating of mammalian cells using multicellular spheroids.

V 79/4 Chinese hamster cells or HeLa cells grow in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 25 microgram/ml dextran sulphate to form clonal multicellular spheroids. These cell clones, consisting of 5-10(2) cells, are easy to separate, to transfer from one culture vessel into another and grow as normal monolayer colonies on Dederon cloth circles after subculture in Eagle's MEM without dextran sulphate. A simple replica technique is described by which 500 clones can be transfered onto at least 3 replica cloth circles, 10 cm in diameter, with a replica plating efficiency of approximately 100%.     

Biochemical studies with bi-resistant mutants (ethambutol plus streptomycin and isoniazid plus streptomycin) ofMycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607

Biochemical characteristics of bi-resistant mutants (resistant to ethambutol plus streptomycin or isoniazid plus streptomycin) of mycobacteria isolated by replica plating fromMycobacterium smegmatis ATCC were compared with those of the drug-susceptible strains. Reduced incorporation of [¹⁴C]uracil, [³H]lysine and [¹⁴C]acetate into RNA, protein and phospholipids respectively was seen in the resistant mutants. Total phosphorlipids were enhanced in ethambutol plus streptomycin resistant mutant and decreased in isoniazid plus streptomycin resistant mutant. There were similar changes in levels of individual phospholipids. The resistant mutants revealed an accumulation of phospholipids in the cell wall, and a marked decrease of phospholipids in the cell membrane in comparison to the susceptible strain. Several qualitative alterations in the polypeptide profile (with respect to number and molecular weight) of the crude protein extract and of different subcellular compartments were seen in the resistant mutants.     

The detection of DNA-binding proteins by protein blotting.

A method, called "protein blotting," for the detection of DNA-binding proteins is described. Proteins are separated on an SDA-polyacrylamide gel. The gel is sandwiched between 2 nitrocellulose filters and the proteins allowed to diffuse out of the gel and onto the filters. The proteins are tightly bound to each filter, producing a replica of the original gel pattern. The replica is used to detect DNA-binding proteins, RNA-binding proteins or histone-binding proteins by incubation of the filter with [32P]DNA, [125I]RNA, or [125I] histone. Evidence is also presented that specific protein-DNA interactions may be detected by this technique; under appropriate conditions, the lac repressor binds only to DNA containing the lac operator. Strategies for the detection of specific protein-DNA interactions are discussed.     

黄曲霉和米曲霉的多相鉴定方法

【背景】黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)和米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)形态特征相近,基因组高度相似,较难区分。【目的】旨在总结一套准确鉴别二者的分类方法。【方法】利用22株标准菌株对传统形态学、产毒培养基、酶联免疫毒素检测、系统发育分析、产毒基因检测等5种鉴别方法分别进行验证。【结果】各鉴定方法的结果存在异同,单一的鉴定方法容易出现假阴性或假阳性结果。【结论】利用单一方法区分黄曲霉和米曲霉具有潜在风险,多相鉴定方法可以准确鉴别二者。     

A Simple Method For Plating and Cloning Ciliates and Other Protozoa

SYNOPSIS. A simple method is described for plating and cloning ciliates and other protozoa, based on a principle differing from that traditionally used for plating and cloning bacteria and other microorganisms. This procedure, referred to as the silicone-oil-plating-procedure (SOPP), involves vortexing small volumes of culture medium containing protozoa with larger volumes of a non-toxic silicone oil and plating the resulting unstable emulsion in small plastic petri plates. Discrete microdroplets of culture medium form containing protozoa entrapped and immobilized between the hydrophobic surfaces of the plastic petri dish and the oil. Protozoa, isolated by this method grow, divide, and multiply to form clones. the procedure may be used for plating and cloning protozoa in bacterized and axenic culture. Variations of the basic method may be applied to isolating protozoa from the wild, washing protozoa to remove microorganisms, screening for potential mutants, and for replica plating.     

Toxicity of methyltins to microbial populations in estuarine sediments

Summary The toxicities of three organotin compounds were examined on natural populations of microorganisms in sediments from Boston Harbor. Mono-, di-and trimethyltins were toxic to organisms from these sediments, and the di-and trimethyl compounds were more toxic than the monomethyl compound as measured by either viable counts or by [³H]thymidine uptake. Approximately three to eight times as much organotin was required to achieve the same effect measured by thymidine uptake as measured by viable counts. The results of replica plating experiments suggest that most estuarine organisms which are resistant to one methyltin will be resistant to other methyltins. LC-values suggest that at concentrations reported for methyltins in aquatic environments, methyltins alone are not likely to cause major alterations in the microbial flora. However, these compounds may combine with other stressors to alter the composition of natural populations.