Functional expression of bovine growth hormone gene in Pleurotus eryngii

The expression of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene was examined in Pleurotus eryngii, which belongs to the family of oyster mushrooms. The region encoding mature bGH, which has a variety of regulatory effects on growth and metabolic processes, was amplified using designed primers containing initiation and termination codons and then subcloned into pPEV binary expression vector. The recombinant vector (pPEVbGH) was introduced in P. eryngii via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Recombinant bGH was expressed in P. eryngii harboring pPEVbGH vector under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter up to a level of approximately 26% of total cell proteins after 6 days of cultivation, after which the recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Interestingly, the growth rate of P. eryngii mycelia harboring pPEVbGH vector was approximately three times faster than that of control P. eryngii, suggesting that bGH affected the growth of P. eryngii. Biological activities were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats, which were administered regular feed mixed with mycelial extracts containing bGH (0.1 or 0.2 μg of bGH per g of animal feed). Mycelial extracts containing bGH significantly affected growth rates and lipid profiles; total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels were improved in rats fed mycelial extracts compared with those administered regular feed containing nontransgenic P. eryngii. This result indicates that P. eryngii harboring pPEVbGH vector could produce biologically active bGH. Further, levels of all growth-related factors increased, resulting in faster growth rates in bGH-treated groups. Accordingly, these data suggest that P. eryngii can be applied to the production of industrially useful proteins using a plant expression vector as an efficient mushroom host system.     

狐狸生长激素基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

为制备重组狐狸生长激素(fGH),采用RT-PCR方法,从银狐垂体中扩增fGHcDNA基因,利用SnaBI和NotI位点将fGH基因插入到酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中α-因子信号肽的下游,构建成fGH基因的酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K/fGH,载体经SalI酶切线性化后,通过电转移将线性化的pPIC9K/fGH转化到组氨酸缺陷型酵母宿主菌GS115中。然后利用不含氨基酸的以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基(MD)和以甲醇为碳源的培养基(MM)筛选出组氨酸His+型和甲醇利用正型(Mut+)酵母重组体,再经G418加压筛选出高拷贝fGH基因的重组酵母,经摇瓶发酵培养和甲醇诱导使fGH进行分泌表达。结果表明本实验扩增的fGH基因序列与GenBank发表的序列基本一致,发酵液经SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测证明构建的重组酵母能够分泌表达fGH,表达的fGH占发酵液总蛋白的34%,表达量达119mg/L发酵液。     

牛c-myc基因的克隆及其在皮肤成纤维细胞中的表达

为了构建包含牛c-myc基因编码序列的重组载体,以胎牛原始生殖嵴为材料,用RT-PCR方法克隆出牛c-myc 基因的编码序列,将其亚克隆至pMD19-T载体,再从酶切鉴定和测序正确的质粒上切下目的片段,定向克隆到pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc表达载体上,挑选序列正确的重组真核表达质粒转染牛皮肤成纤维细胞,用RT-PCR和Western blotting分别检测c-myc mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果表明,从胎牛原始生殖嵴中正确克隆了c-myc基因的全长编码序列,所构建的重组质粒能够在皮肤成纤维细胞中有效     

High-level expression of the bovine growth hormone gene in heterologous mammalian cells

The gene coding for bovine growth hormone (bGH) was isolated from a lambda-phage library constructed using bovine pituitary DNA partially digested with MboI. Expression of this gene transfected into mouse and monkey cells was studied. CV-1 monkey cells transfected with simian virus 40 (SV40) vectors containing the intact bGH gene, including the putative promoter region, did not express bGH. However, replacement of the bGH promoter with the mouse metallothionein-I (MT) promoter resulted in high-level synthesis and secretion of bGH. These results show that the bGH promoter functions poorly in CV-1 cells but CV-1 cells process and translate the bGH mRNA accurately. The MT-bGH chimeric gene was used to establish permanent bGH-secreting mouse C127 cell lines using the 69% transforming fragment of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) as the vector. One such cell line produced high levels of bGH and secreted it into the medium efficiently. Secreted bGH is processed accurately and is bioactive as judged by its ability to bind to rabbit liver membrane preparations.     

Cloning of an insecticidal cholesterol oxidase gene and its expression in bacteria and in plant protoplasts.

We cloned and sequenced structural gene choM, which encodes an insecticidally active cholesterol oxidase in Streptomyces sp. strain A19249. The primary translation product was predicted to be a 547-amino-acid protein whose first 43 amino acids constitute a secretory signal peptide. Expression of the gene with the signal sequence in Escherichia coli resulted in production of a protein that had enzymatic and insecticidal properties which were indistinguishable from those of the cholesterol oxidase secreted by Streptomyces sp. strain A19249. Expression of the gene with or without the signal sequence in tobacco protoplasts resulted in production of an enzymatically active cholesterol oxidase.     

Enhanced expression of bovine growth hormone gene by different culture conditions in Escherichia coli

To optimize the production of bovine growth hormone (bGH) in E. coli, the cells harboring pUBJ10 plasmid, which contains the modified 59-coding region of bGH cDNA under the control of trc promoter, was induced to express under various culture conditions such as medium (LB or M9CA), temperature, induction stage, expression time, IPTG concentration, and hosts. Induction stage was effective at early logarithmic phase. The expression levels of bGH were not largely affected by IPTG concentrations, slightly greater in LB medium than in M9CA medium, and efficient in 4 to 6 h of expression time. The highest level of bGH production was obtained in E. coli BL21 strain.     

Enhancement of bovine growth hormone gene expression by increasing the plasmid copy number

Effect of copy number on the expression of bovine growth hormone gene (bGH) was investigated using the copy number mutants such as pKBJ10, pBJ( tet)10, pUBJ10-1, and pUBJ10 plasmids. The cells harboring plasmids below 84 copies/cell did not produced detectable levels of bGH. When the ColE1 replicon was replaced with the mutated ColE1 replicon originated from pUC19 plasmid, the copy number was increased to about 300 copies/cell and bGH production was enhanced by 11.5% (pUBJ10-1) and 12.3% of total cell protein (pUBJ10). A large amount of mRNA caused by increment of copy number would be needed to overcome some inhibitory threshold and might be an important factor for regulating bGH expression.     

Cloning of the authentic bovine gene encoding pepsinogen a and its expression in microbial cells

Bovine pepsin is the second major proteolytic activity of rennet obtained from young calves and is the main protease when it is extracted from adult animals, and it is well recognized that the proteolytic specificity of this enzyme improves the sensory properties of cheese during maturation. Pepsin is synthesized as an inactive precursor, pepsinogen, which is autocatalytically activated at the pH of calf abomasum. A cDNA coding for bovine pepsin was assembled by fusing the cDNA fragments from two different bovine expressed sequence tag libraries to synthetic DNA sequences based on the previously described N-terminal sequence of pepsinogen. The sequence of this cDNA clearly differs from the previously described partial bovine pepsinogen sequences, which actually are rabbit pepsinogen sequences. By cloning this cDNA in different vectors we produced functional bovine pepsinogen in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant pepsinogen is activated by low pH, and the resulting mature pepsin has milk-clotting activity. Moreover, the mature enzyme generates digestion profiles with alpha-, beta-, or kappa-casein indistinguishable from those obtained with a natural pepsin preparation. The potential applications of this recombinant enzyme include cheese making and bioactive peptide production. One remarkable advantage of the recombinant enzyme for food applications is that there is no risk of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.     

Cloning of a carbofuran hydrolase gene from Achromobacter sp. strain WM111 and its expression in gram-negative bacteria.

A 14-kilobase-pair (kbp) EcoRI DNA fragment that encodes an enzyme capable of rapid hydrolysis of N-methylcarbamate insecticides (carbofuran hydrolase) was cloned from carbofuran-degrading Achromobacter sp. strain WM111. When used to probe Southern blots containing plasmid and total DNAs from WM111, this 14-kbp fragment hybridized strongly to a 14-kbp EcoRI fragment from the greater than 100-kbp plasmid harbored by this strain but weakly to EcoRI-digested total DNA from Achromobacter sp. strain WM111, indicating that the gene for N-methylcarbamate degradation (mcd) is plasmid encoded. Further subcloning localized the mcd gene on a 3-kbp ScaI-ClaI fragment. There was little or no expression of this gene in the alternative gram-negative hosts Pseudomonas putida, Alcaligenes eutrophus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Achromobacter pestifer. Western blotting (immunoblotting) of the protein products produced by low-level expression in P. putida confirmed that this 3-kbp fragment encodes the two 70+-kilodalton protein products seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified carbofuran hydrolase.     

Trinitrophenylation of bovine growth hormone.

Bovine growth hormone was chemically modified with picryl sulfonic acid, at pH 8.4 during 2 and 5 min of reaction. The N-terminal residue provides the most reactive amino group followed by the epsilon-amino groups of lysine 179 and lysines 143, 69, 111, 170 and 166 in decreasing order. These results agree with those obtained previously with equine growth hormone, except that residue 156 is not modified in bovine growth hormone. An important decrease in biological activity occurs between 2 and 5 min of reaction without sensible modification in the alpha-helix content of the molecule.     

生长激素基因的克隆和表达及其对贵州地方黄牛骨骼肌细胞增殖的影响

本研究旨在探究生长激素(Growth hormone,GH)对贵州地方黄牛骨骼肌细胞增殖的表达调控,探明超表达GH基因对骨骼肌细胞增殖的影响.首先利用反转录PCR扩增黄牛GH基因的蛋白质编码区(Coding sequence,CDS),将其克隆至pUCM-T载体,并连接转化构建超表达载体pEGFP-N3-GH.同时使用...     

Crystallization and preliminary x-ray characterization of bovine growth hormone. Purification of bovine prolactin and growth hormone

A new purification scheme for both prolactin and growth hormone from bovine pituitaries has been developed which avoids the use of potentially damaging solution conditions. Both hormones were greater than 95% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and had specific activities similar to or greater than standard samples of the same hormone as judged by several bioassays. Small single crystals of bovine growth hormone were obtained by vapor diffusion techniques. Examination of these crystals by x-ray diffraction, using the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, showed that they were well ordered, and exhibited diffraction to 2.8-A resolution on still photographs. Precession and oscillation photographs showed that they belonged to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (or P2(1)2(1)2) with unit cell dimensions a = 219 A, b = 51.9 A, c = 68.9 A. The density of the crystals was 1.19 +/- 0.02 g/ml from which the presence of eight 45,000-dalton dimers/unit cell was deduced. The protein content of the crystals was shown by isoelectric focusing to be identical to that of purified growth hormone in solution. These crystals appear suitable for use in the x-ray structure determination of bovine growth hormone to at least 3.2-A resolution.     

Cloning and differential expression of the growth hormone in Pampus argenteus

The growth hormone (GH) is a pluripotent hormone produced by the pituitary in vertebrates. It plays important roles in the growth, development, and metabolism of vertebrates.We cloned GH cDNA sequence of Pampus argenteus (GenBank: KT257176). Multi‐sequence analysis revealed P. argenteus GH cDNA contained four conservative cysteine residues positions (Cys⁶⁹, Cys¹⁷⁷, Cys¹⁹⁴, and Cys²⁰²) and shared more than 51.5% identity with homologues from other reported bony fish GHs, except that of Lepisosteus osseus. We used semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR and quantitative real‐time PCR to detect GH expression in 10 tissues and GH expression levels in the pituitary at six different growth stages, and also detected GH content in serum at different growth stages . qPCR showed that GH mRNA was detected in the liver, muscle, kidney, intestine, pituitary, olfactory bulb, stomach, heart, gill, and ovary. The highest level of P. argenteus GH mRNA was observed in the pituitary (P < 0.01, n = 3). At different growth stages, P. argenteus GH expression first increased, decreased, and increased again. GH gene expression levels and the variations of serum GH levels of P. argenteus were consistent with the growth rate and associated with the sexual maturity. In addition, in situ hybridization was used to locate the GH expression in pituitary. In situ hybridization showed that the GH‐positive cells were round, oval, or irregular and often gathered into groups or presented branches along the nerve fibers.     

Derivation of a growth hormone gene cassette for goat by mutagenesis of the corresponding bovine construct and its expression in Pichia pastoris

Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH), a 191-aa polypeptide that affects animal growth and lactation, has been used for several years to increase milk production in dairy cattle. It has also been used in goats (Capra hircus) instead of their own hormone (chGH), which is still not available in the market. Since both hormones differ in only one amino acid residue, a strategy based on PCR mediated site-directed mutagenesis, was used to convert the bGH expression cassette harbored by an integration plasmid for Pichia pastoris into a chGH. Transformation by homologous recombination of Pichia pastoris GS115 strain with the linearized new plasmid resulted in transformants that, upon fermentation and induction with methanol, secreted a band with the expected size and immunoreactivity for GH. Production of total proteins secreted into culture medium (50 ml) was 20 µg/ml, of which 60% was chGH as judged by densitometry in SDS-PAGE. Its biological activity was confirmed in vitro when 3T3 pre-adipocytes exposed to the induced culture medium differentiated into adipocytes in cell culture.     

Growth hormone regulation of growth hormone-releasing hormone gene expression

Slot-blot hybridization technique was used to evaluate growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of long-term (14 days) hypophysectomized (HPX) rats treated or not with 125 micrograms hGH/rat, twice daily IP, since the first day postsurgery. In addition, mRNA levels were determined in the hypothalamus of short-term (4 days) GH-treated (250 micrograms hGH/rat, twice daily IP) intact rats. GHRH mRNA levels were increased in HPX rats, and GH treatment partially counteracted this rise. Short-term administration of GH decreased GHRH mRNA levels in intact rats. These results, evaluated together with previous findings showing decreased hypothalamic GHRH-like immunoreactivity in both HPX rats and intact rats given GH (6, 7, 9), indicate that GH exerts a negative feedback action on the synthesis and release of GHRH.