不同灵芝菌株菌丝体乙醇提取物体外抑瘤活性的比较和机理

以人急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60细胞株作为模型,用MTT法测定生长抑制率,流式细胞Annexin Ⅴ实验和DNA含量法研究抑瘤机制,比较了8个灵芝Ganoderma lucidum菌株发酵菌丝体乙醇提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性和抑瘤机制。筛选结果得到了能产生高抑瘤活性乙醇提取物的灵芝菌株L5。其对HL-60细胞的抑制率为91.4±0.9%(72小时,125μg/mL); 作用48小时后,13.3%的细胞发生早期凋亡,G0/G1期细胞比例比对照组增加15.9%,而S期细胞比例则下降了8.4%,G2/M期细胞数减少7.6%。本研究证明了灵芝菌丝体乙醇提取物能有效抑制HL-60肿瘤细胞的体外生长,抑制率与菌株相关,其抑瘤机制与细胞G0/G1期阻滞和诱导凋亡有关。     

A comparison of in vitro anticancerous activity and mechanism of ethanolic extracts from different Ganoderma genus

Five ethanolic extracts from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, G. tsugae, G. oerstedii, G. subamboinense, and G. resinaceum were respectively studied on their anticancerous activities against leukemic HL-60 cell line in vitro. Results showed that all five extracts potently inhibited HL-60 proliferation. The extract from G. lucidum mycelia exerted the highest activity. Annexin V/PI bivariate flow cytometric analysis further revealed that the five extracts significantly induced early apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The results illustrate that not only G. lucidum but also other Ganoderma species can inhibit cancer cells, and their mechanisms are related to induction of apoptosis. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Normal University (Natural Sciences), 2005, 34(2): 77–81 [译自: 上海师范大学学报 (自然科学版), 2005, 34(2): 77–81]     

灵芝子实体和菌丝体的提取物及其各纯化组份生物活性的比较

从不同品种的灵芝中筛选出了多糖含量最高的菌株GL2为材料,利用柱层析技术从子实体和菌丝体提取物中分离得到多个组分。实验发现子实体组分P3,P31及P32对人白血病细胞株K562的生长有明显地抑制作用,这三个组分中只有P32对另一白血病细胞株HL-60有抑制作用。免疫活性测试的结果显示子实体各组分在刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞,T和B细胞的增殖,提高人外周血中NK细胞杀伤活性方面比菌丝体的作用强;进一步的实验发现子实体与菌丝体相应组分在刺激人外周血中的T和B淋巴细胞增殖方面的活性差异不大。子实体和菌丝体提取物各组份均可剂量依赖型的促进PBMC分泌TNF-α。菌丝体提取物各组分对TNF-释放量的影响在低浓度时与子实体各组份相当,在高浓度时要明显好于赤芝子实体提取物各组分。     

5个不同灵芝种菌丝体多糖理化性质及免疫活性研究

对灵芝属G.lucidum,G.tsugae,G.oerstedii,G.resinaceum,G.subamboinens5个不同种用同一条件进行了液体发酵培养、多糖提取、理化性质及免疫活性的分析。结果表明,5种灵芝的菌丝体多糖得率相差较大,以G.oerstedii最高,但各多糖提取物分子量分布相似,单糖组成均以葡萄糖为主,并含半乳糖、甘露糖、盐酸氨基葡萄糖、岩藻糖。5种多糖提取物均能显著增强小鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7吞噬作用、释放NO,但以G.subamboinens菌丝体多糖提取物的活性最强。这些多糖提取物还均能促进小鼠脾细胞的增殖,并对ConA诱导的淋巴细胞增殖有抑制作用。研究表明灵芝属内其他3个物种的菌丝体多糖提取物理化特征与G.lucidum和G.tsugae接近,并同样具有免疫调节作用。     

Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C,activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been used in the Orient for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Except for the immune enhancing properties of its polysaccharide constituent, very little is known about the anticancer activity of another major constituent, triterpenes. In this report, we studied the anticancer mechanism of triterpene-enriched extracts from G. lucidum. The triterpene-enriched fraction, WEES-G6, was prepared from mycelia of G. lucidum by sequential hot water extraction, removal of ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides and then gel-filtration chromatography. We found that WEES-G6 inhibited growth of human hepatoma Huh-7 cells, but not Chang liver cells, a normal human liver cell line. Treatment with WEES-G6 caused a rapid decrease in the activity of cell growth regulative protein, PKC, and the activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinases. The changes in these molecules resulted in a prolonged G2 cell cycle phase and strong growth inhibition. None of these effects were seen in the normal liver cells. Our findings suggest that the triterpenes contained in G. lucidum are potential anticancer agents.     

Effects on Tyrosinase Activity by the Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ganoderma lucidum</Emphasis> and Related Mushrooms

The inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity by extracts of several mushrooms belonging to Basidiomycetes were evaluated. Among the tested mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum, Antrodia camphorata, Agaricus brasiliensis, and Cordyceps militaris), G. lucidum exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity (IC(50) value 0.32 mg/ml), compared to those prepared from other Basidiomycetes. Tyrosinase inhibitors are effective components of skin-lightening compounds and other cosmetics; currently many of the facial mask cosmetics in the market contain Ganoderma extracts in their ingredients. The finding that mushroom extracts contain tyrosinase activity inhibition will contribute to better understanding of how their 'healing' properties in various Chinese traditional herbal on skin care products.     

中药提取液对灵芝深层发酵的影响

我国中医药历史悠久 ,中药资源丰富 ,为保证广大人们的身体健康起到巨大作用。但近几十年来 ,我国在中药现代化方面进展缓慢 ,其中原因之一就是中药加工技术陈旧[1] ,近来有学者提出了中药发酵制药技术[1,2 ] 。药用真菌是中药的组成部分 ,它们中的许多种类都能以液体发酵进行生产[3] ,以适当的中药为培养基或在培养基中添加适量的中药 ,利用它们强大的分解转化能力 ,不仅可对中药中的纤维、糖类和蛋白等物质加以利用 ,而且在代谢过程中可能对中药中的一些成分进行转化 ,从而提高中药活性成分在复合制剂中的比例及效价 ;另外中药中的某些成…     

Ganoderic acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells

Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing many bioactive compounds. Ganoderic acid T (GA-T), which is a lanostane triterpenoid purified from methanol extract of G. lucidum mycelia, was found to exert cytotoxicity on various human carcinoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while it was less toxic to normal human cell lines. Animal experiments in vivo also showed that GA-T suppressed the growth of human solid tumor in athymic mice. It markedly inhibited the proliferation of a highly metastatic lung cancer cell line (95-D) by apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at G(1) phase. Moreover, reduction of mitochondria membrane potential (Delta psi(m)) and release of cytochrome c were observed during the induced apoptosis. Our data further indicate that the expression of proteins p53 and Bax in 95-D cells was increased in a time-dependent manner, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was not significantly changed; thus the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased. The results show that the apoptosis induction of GA-T was mediated by mitochondrial dysfunctions. Furthermore, stimulation of the activity of caspase-3 but not caspase-8 was observed during apoptosis. The experiments using inhibitors of caspases (Z-VAD-FMK, Z-DEVD-FMK and Z-IETD-FMK) confirmed that caspase-3 was involved in the apoptosis. All our findings demonstrate that GA-T induced apoptosis of metastatic lung tumor cells through intrinsic pathway related to mitochondrial dysfunction and p53 expression, and it may be a potentially useful chemotherapeutic agent.     

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide exerts anti-tumor activity via MAPK pathways in HL-60 acute leukemia cells

In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo of a polysaccharide obtained from Ganoderma lucidum on HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia cells, and focused on its targeting effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. It was found by the methods such as western blot and flow cytometry (FCM), that G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) blocked the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/MAPK signaling pathway, simultaneously activated p38 and JNK MAPK pathways, and therefore regulated their downstream genes and proteins, including p53, c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cyclin D1. As a result, cycle arrest and apoptosis of HL-60 cells were induced. Therefore, GLP exerted anti-tumor activity via MAPK pathways in HL-60 acute leukemia cells.     

Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a popular medicinal mushroom that has been used as a home remedy for the general promotion of health and longevity in East Asia. The dried powder of G. lucidum, which was recommended as a cancer chemotherapy agent in traditional Chinese medicine, is currently popularly used worldwide in the form of dietary supplements. We have previously demonstrated that G. lucidum induces apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, and suppresses cell migration of highly invasive human prostate cancer cells PC-3. However, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the inhibitory effects of G. lucidum on the prostate cancer cells has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the effect of G. lucidum on angiogenesis related to prostate cancer. We found that G. lucidum inhibits the early event in angiogenesis, capillary morphogenesis of the human aortic endothelial cells. These effects are caused by the inhibition of constitutively active AP-1 in prostate cancer cells, resulting in the down-regulation of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from PC-3 cells. Thus, G. lucidum modulates the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt kinases in PC-3 cells, which in turn inhibits the activity of AP-1. In summary, our results suggest that G. lucidum inhibits prostate cancer-dependent angiogenesis by modulating MAPK and Akt signaling and could have potential therapeutic use for the treatment of prostate cancer.     

纳米级灵芝子实体粉末和破壁灵芝孢子粉体外抗肿瘤活性研究

对纳米级灵芝子实体粉末及破壁灵芝孢子粉石油醚提取物(PE)、氯仿提取物(CE)、丙酮(AE)、甲醇提取物(ME)、水提取物(WE)与灵芝子实体及灵芝孢子提取量进行对比,利用GC-MS联用仪对石油醚提取物进行了成分分析鉴定,对水提物中总糖进行了含量测定,并利用宫颈癌细胞Hela和晶体上皮细胞SRA01/04进行了体外增殖作用和剂量效应关系研究,为灵芝资源的保护及进一步开发利用提供理论基础。结果表明,纳米化灵芝子实体及破壁灵芝孢子不同溶剂提取量显著增加,纳米级灵芝子实体粉末水提取物具有抑制宫颈癌细胞Hela和晶体上皮细胞SRA01/04增殖的作用。破壁灵芝孢子各溶剂提取物对宫颈癌细胞Hela和晶体上皮细胞SRA01/04没有明显的增殖抑制作用。     

灵芝漆酶催化直接耐晒翠蓝GL脱色条件的优化

采用灵芝菌株发酵所得的漆酶, 对酞菁类染料直接耐晒翠蓝GL进行了催化脱色实验, 确定了脱色反应的最适条件。结果表明: 单独使用灵芝漆酶粗酶液对直接耐晒翠蓝GL具有很好的脱色效果。其最适脱色pH为3.0, 最适脱色温度为40°C, 最适漆酶用量是40 U/mL, 最适染料浓度为60 mg/L。以上述最适脱色条件对直接耐晒翠蓝GL进行脱色实验, 反应70 min, 脱色率可达94.3%。研究结果显示, 所试灵芝漆酶在印染废水治理方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity

Soybean extracts (SBE) containing isoflavone glycosides were cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia producing beta-glucosidase. The anti-angiogenic effects of the cultivated product, containing rich in genistein, named GCP (genistein combined polysaccharide), were assessed with chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) and a mouse dorsal air-sac model. Beta-glucosidase produced by the mycelia converted the isoflavone glycosides into aglycons. A test of volunteers showed that serum concentrations of genistein in the subjects treated with GCP (n = 4) at 3 h after administration were significantly higher than those in the subjects treated with SBE (n = 4). GCP inhibited angiogenesis in CAM, and the activity of GCP was greater than that of SBE. GCP inhibited the formation of new vessels induced by colon carcinoma cells in vivo.     

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase (SQS) gene from Ganoderma lucidum

This report provides the complete nucleotide sequences of the full-length cDNA encoding squalene synthase (SQS) and its genomic DNA sequence from a triterpene-producing fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. The cDNA of the squalene synthase (SQS) (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494674) was found to contain an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,404 bp encoding a 468-amino-acid polypeptide, whereas the SQS genomic DNA sequence (GenBank Accession Number: DQ494675) consisted of 1,984 bp and contained four exons and three introns. Only one gene copy was present in the G lucidum genome. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ganoderma lucidum squalene synthase (Gl-SQS) exhibited a high homology with other fungal squalene synthase genes and contained six conserved domains. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that G. lucidum SQS belonged to the fungi SQS group, and was more closely related to the SQS of U. maydis than to those of other fungi. A gene expression analysis showed that the expression level was relatively low in mycelia incubated for 12 days, increased after 14 to 20 days of incubation, and reached a relatively high level in the mushroom primordia. Functional complementation of Gl-SQS in a SQS-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that the cloned cDNA encoded a squalene synthase.     

Structure-activity relationship for inhibition of 5alpha-reductase by triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum

In humans, 5alpha-reductase is involved in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Triterpenoids isolated from ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast (Ganodermataceae) inhibited 5alpha-reductase activity. The presence of the C-3 carbonyl group and of the C-26-alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group was characteristic of almost all inhibitors isolated from G. lucidum.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences

Characteristics and structures of mt SSU rDNA were investigated for the phylogenetic study of Ganoderma. Phylogenetic information was concentrated mostly in the V1, V4, V5, V6 and V9 variable domains, but informative sites in conserved domains also significantly contributed in resolving phylogenetic relationships between Ganoderma groups. Secondary structure information of variable domains was found to be a useful marker in delineation of phylogenetic groups. Strains of Ganoderma species used in this study were divided into six monophyletic groups. Ganoderma colossus made a distinct basal lineage from other Ganoderma species and Tomophagus, created for G. colosuss, appeared to be a valid genus. Ganoderma applanatum and G. lobatum classified in subgenus Elfvingia made a monophyletic group. Ganoderma tsugae from North America and G. valesiacum from Europe, both living on conifers, were closely related. Ganoderma oregonense and strains labeled G. lucidum from Europe and Canada were grouped with G. tsugae and G. valesiacum. Strains labeled G. lucidum living on hardwoods from the United States and Taiwan were grouped with G. resinaceum, G. pfeifferi and G. subamboinense var. laevisporum, and they all produced chlamydospores. Two strains labeled G. lucidum and three strains labeled G. resinaceum from America were concluded to be conspecific. Strains labeled G. lucidum from Korea and Japan were monophyletic and were distinguished from strains labeled G. lucidum from Europe and North America. Host relationships and the presence of chlamydospores in culture proved to be important characteristics in the systematics as well as the phylogenetic relationships of Ganoderma.     

虫药蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用对虫药蜣螂和添加蜣螂发酵后的灵芝发酵物的风味物质进行了测定,进而分析了添加蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响。结果表明,虫药蜣螂和灵芝发酵物(添加蜣螂)中分别含有40和30多种风味物质。添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝发酵物跟对照相比新出现了5种风味物质,分别为苯甲醛、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、唑苯并噻和桃金娘烯醇。其中α-松油醇、苯乙醇和唑苯并噻是蜣螂中的风味成分,苯甲醛和桃金娘烯醇为新产生成分。所有5种风味物质均为食品香料物质。蜣螂中其它风味成分经灵芝发酵转化或降解后,未出现在灵芝发酵物中。因此,添加蜣螂发酵对灵芝发酵物的风味无不良影响。结果还提示灵芝细胞可生物转化或降解虫药蜣螂中的部分风味物质。     

不同发酵阶段的灵芝菌丝三萜类成分与抗肿瘤作用的相关性研究

本文研究了不同培养方式、不同发酵阶段的菌丝三萜各组分的变化与抗肿瘤作用的关系。结果表明灵芝三萜在菌丝发酵后期才大量产生,菌丝中三萜的种类与子实体相比相对较少,不同生长阶段菌丝中的三萜在组分、相对含量及各组分间的比例都有所变化,其中两个组分峰的增高与其对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用反相关,另有几个组分峰的增高与对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用正相关。本研究确定了生产有效抑制肿瘤细胞生长的三萜组分最佳培养方式和最佳培养时间。