太白红杉群落交错带物种多样性的研究

应用样带法对太白红杉群落及其交错带进行调查,采用各群落维管植物的物种丰富度指数(S)、 Simpson物种多样性指数(D)、Shannon Weiner物种多样性指数(H′)、种间相遇机率(PIE)及Pielou均匀度 指数(Jsw和Jsi),分析了6条样带的群落结构和物种组成。结果显示在环境条件(土壤和地形)变化较小、层 次结构剧变的群落交错带中,边缘效应明显。而在环境条件较差(即空间波动大)的群落交错带中,边缘效应 不明显,甚至无边缘效应出现。可见,群落的边缘效应不仅受小气候影响,也受地形和土壤等因子的影响。     

Studies on species diversity of Larix chinensis community ecotone

The communities of Larix chinensis and their ecotone in Qinling Mountains were investigated by sampling belt method. Species richness, Simpson diversity, Shannon-Weiner diversity, PIE and Pielou evenness indices of vascular plants in their communities and ecotone were calculated. Structure and composition of the communities in 6 sampling belts within the sites were analyzed. The results showed that the edge effect was obvious in the ecotone with a less changing environment (such as soil and terrain) and acute variation of composition and structure, while inconspicuous or even none in the ecotone with worse environmental condition (such as great space fluctuation). It is apparent that the edge effect of community was affected by soil and terrain, but not by microclimate. __________ Translated from Guibaia, 2005, 25 (2)[译自: 广西植物, 2005,25(2)]     

Soil fungal composition changes with shrub encroachment in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

Woody species encroachment of grasslands globally causes many socioecological impacts, including loss of grazing pastures and decreased biodiversity. Soil microbial communities may partially regulate the pace of shrub encroachment, as plant-microbial interactions can strongly influence plant success. We measured fungal composition and activity under dominant plant species across a grassland to shrubland transition to determine if shrubs cultivate soil microbial communities as they invade. Specifically, soil microbial communities, abiotic soil properties, and extracellular enzyme activities were quantified for soils under four common Chihuahuan Desert plant species (three grasses, one shrub) in central New Mexico, U.S.A. Extracellular enzyme activity levels were fairly consistent under different plant species across the grassland to shrubland transition. Activity levels of two enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) were lower in the ecotone, presumably because soil organic matter content was also lower in ecotone soils. Community composition of soil fungi mirrored patterns in the plant community, with distinct plant and fungal communities in the shrubland and grassland, while grassland-shrubland ecotone soils hosted a mix of taxa from both habitats. We show that shrubs cultivate a distinct microbial community on the leading edge of the invasion, which may be necessary for shrub colonization, establishment, and persistence.     

Strong differences in Quercus robur-associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities along a forest-city soil sealing gradient

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) that associate with tree roots in a symbiotic relationship may be crucial in mediating tree health in urban environments, but research on the effects of urbanization on EM communities is very limited so far. Here, we compared EM communities of adult pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) between urban and forest environments, and assessed the effect of soil sealing around the trees on their EM community composition and EM diversity. We sampled 32 oak individuals across 4 sampling classes (Street, Lane, Park and Forest), and we characterized their EM communities using 454 amplicon pyrosequencing. The EM communities were not nested but they were significantly different between all sampling classes, with a very strong community differentiation between forest and urban trees. There were indications that EM richness declined with increasing sealed soil surface, with a significant effect of sampling class on estimated EM richness and diversity. We also identified indicator EM of the different sampling classes. The most important soil factor affecting EM community composition was pH, followed by plant available phosphorus, total nitrogen content and organic matter. Our results may have important implications when developing EM inocula for managing tree health in urban environments.     

蒙古栎群落交错带(ecotone)的研究

通过群落学的样地法对蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)群落和核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)群落、蒙古栎群落和长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)群落、蒙古栎群落和杂灌丛群落及其交错带进行了研究,分析了在三个地点的几种群落结构和物种组成方面的差异,计算了各群落的物种丰富度指数(d_Gl)、Simpson 物种多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数(H′)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)。研究发现在通化和大青沟两个地区群落交错带的物种丰富度及Shannnon多样性指数最高;而在桦甸群落交错带的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数要比核桃楸群落低,比蒙古栎群落高,没有表现出特别强烈的边缘效应。本文也分析了群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层盖度之间的关系。     

南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应及其对森林片断化恢复的意义

通过对鼎湖山两个群落及其边缘群落的长期定位研究,探讨南亚热带演替群落的边缘效应与森林片断化恢复,通过１６ａ的定位研究,从测度群落的物种结构,多样性,生物量与生产力等指标的比较表明,马尾松林群落和混交林群落本身经过１６ａ的演变,虽然有所发展,但变化不大,群落性质没有改变;边缘群落原非常接近马尾松林群落,经过６ａ的演变,已经发展成为混交林群落,说明边缘效应的作用。边缘群落总体的边缘效应强度Ｅ值为１．６     

边缘效应的空间尺度与测度

综述了边缘效应的空间尺度类型以及在不同尺度上的测度方法.基于大量的研究整合,认为边缘效应空间尺度的划分,可以根据空间尺度的不同以及边缘效应形成和维持因素,分为大中小3个尺度类型,即大尺度的生物群区交错带、中尺度的景观类型之间的生态交错带和小尺度的斑块(生态系统)之间的群落交错区.大尺度主要是以植被气候带为标志的生物群区间的边缘效应,这种地带性的交错区主要受大气环境条件的影响.中尺度类型主要包括城乡交错带、林草交错带、农牧交错带等类型,是不同生态系统要素的空间交接地带,在物质能量等相互流动的作用下变得更为复杂.小尺度水平上是指斑块之间的交错所形成的边缘效应,受小地形等微环境条件及生物非生物等因子的制约,研究主要集中在群落边缘、林窗边缘和林线交错带等方面.对边缘效应测度的定量化研究有助于更加深入理解边缘效应.在大尺度水平上,边缘效应测度的研究主要是应用数量生态学等方法,研究不同气候带之间界线的划分及其物种分布的梯度规律性.中尺度水平上应用景观生态学的3S技术等方法,侧重于研究交错带的动态变化趋势及位置宽度的判定.小尺度水平上通过对距离边缘的长度,各群落中种群的数量、结构、多样性等定量指标的测定来构建测度公式,从而对边缘效应的强度进行量化,并反映边缘对群落的正负效应.总体上看,主要集中于中小尺度上,未来应该强化大尺度边缘效应测度的研究.     

Spatial scale types and measurement of edge effects in ecology

Classification of spatial scales and measurement of edge effects in ecology were reviewed. The spatial scales can be classified into large scale (biome ecotone), meso-scale (ecological ecotone) and small scale (community ecotone) through the formation and maintenance of edge effects in ecology based on the synthetic analysis of published literatures. The biome ecotone is influenced by climate, regional dominant vegetation and terrain environment. The ecological ecotone is usually distributed in the transitional region with remarkable habitat heterogeneity. It connects adjacent ecosystems and affects the flow of energy and nutrient. Nowadays, study on edge effects in ecology mainly focuses on boundary sensitivity which associates with urban-rural ecotone, forest-grassland ecotone, agro-pastoral ecotone, forest-farmland ecotone, water-land ecotone and forest-swamp ecotone. As to the community ecotone which links with different patches to the interior of the community, previous studies focused on community edge, gap edge and treelines. The borderlines of different biome ecotones and the gradients of species distribution in the biome ecotones have been investigated through the method of quantitative ecology. The dynamic change, location and width of the ecological ecotone have been studied using the Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies and the landscape ecology theory. As important indicators, distance from edge, population, structure and diversity determined for establishing models can be applied to measure the intensity of edge effects and decide the positive or negative impact on communities. Although study on the edge effects in ecology was mostly reported at the meso-scale and small scale, study at large scale should be paid more attention as it is the potential value in ecology and global change fields.     

神农架国家公园林线过渡带土壤真菌多样性

林线过渡带是陆地生态系统对气候变化响应的敏感区域,研究林线过渡带土壤真菌的群落结构和形成机制,对于预测气候变化对土壤养分循环和维持陆地生态系统功能的影响具有重要意义。利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了神农架国家公园林线上下的灌木林和针叶林的土壤真菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明,在真菌物种组成上,两种植被类型的土壤优势菌门、属和种类不同,针叶林和灌木林的优势菌门分别是担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)。除趋势对应分析(DCA)和不相似性检验(Dissimilarity test)表明两种林型的土壤真菌群落结构组成存在显著差异,且针叶林土壤真菌Shannon指数、Chao值和Richness指数均显著(P0.05)高于灌木林。典范对应分析(CCA)和Mantel检验显示土壤真菌群落结构与土壤p H、植物多样性、土壤温度和土壤湿度存在显著相关性。因此,林线过渡带上下的土壤真菌群落结构和多样性存在显著差异,土壤p H、植物多样性、土壤湿度和土壤温度可能是影响土壤真菌群落结构的重要因素。     

Vegetation composition,structure and soil properties across coastal forest–barren ecotones

Coastal barrens support rare plant species but may be threatened by forest encroachment. We determined whether trees spread into coastal barren habitat from forest patches and assessed plant species composition and soil properties across the forest–barren ecotone. We quantified tree age and height, soil properties, and vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen species composition along transects perpendicular to the edges of tree patches within the forest–barren ecotone in coastal Nova Scotia. Randomization tests assessed whether the vegetation and environmental characteristics were significantly different in the transition zone compared to one or both adjoining ecosystems. We used ordination to examine trends in species composition across the ecotone and the relationship to environmental variables. Tree age and height decreased continuously from the forest towards the edge of the forest patches. There were also trends in vegetation composition and structure from the forest into the open barrens. Many species were most abundant within the transition zone, although not always significantly. Soil properties were relatively uniform across the ecotone. The structure and vegetation of the forest–barren ecotone suggests that forest patches act as nuclei for forest expansion on barrens with a typical successional pathway where coastal barren vegetation is gradually replaced by forest species. This encroachment may pose a threat to rare barrens communities. While landscape factors such as salt spray and wind exposure may determine the general locations where forest can establish, biotic processes of growth and dispersal appear to govern the fine-scale expansion of tree patches.     

Impact of a soil sampling strategy on the spatial distribution and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal communities at a small scale in two winter cover crop rotational systems

It is vital to evaluate how soil sampling affects the spatial distribution and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in agricultural ecosystems. Here, the impact of soil sampling on the spatial distribution and diversity of AMF in agricultural ecosystems was evaluated using field experiments. A molecular approach was taken to assess the spatial distribution of the AMF community from 1 m2 plots from fields cropped with soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter fallow. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 18 AMF phylotypes, including five Glomus, three Gigaspora, two each from Racocetra, Acaulospora, and Funneliformis and one each from Claroideoglomus, Rhizophagus, Diversispora, and Paraglomus at different sampling points in this study. Our results showed that the molecular diversity and composition of AMF communities in soil cropped with wheat, or left fallow did not change at scales of < 1 m2. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrated that AMF communities by soil sampling point within each rotation were not significantly different. Thus, random soil sampling did not show any difference in AMF communities in soil under winter cover crop rotational systems, no matter where soil samples were collected from at a small scale (< 1 m2) in agricultural fields. Our results suggest that agricultural management can affect the diversity and composition of AMF communities more than soil sampling strategies.     

若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地土壤细菌群落空间分布及其驱动机制

了解高原泥炭沼泽湿地生态系统土壤微生物群落结构组成、多样性及空间分布特征对认识高原湿地生态特征及演化过程至关重要。利用高通量测序技术,在局域尺度上研究了四川若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽湿地土壤细菌群落结构与多样性特征。通过进一步测定土壤及植物基本理化指标,量化采样点之间的地理距离,比较了细菌群落不同成员（稀有种和丰富种）的空间周转差异,分析了土壤环境变量和空间因子对细菌群落结构的相对贡献。结果表明：若尔盖泥炭土壤细菌群落主要由绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）（26.25%）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（23.21%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）（10.56%）等优势物种门类组成;土壤细菌群落结构表现出较强的空间依赖关系,群落结构相似性随采样点地理距离增加而逐渐降低,细菌群落的周转速率表现为总细菌群落 > 丰富种 > 稀有种;Mantel检验结果显示,地上生物量与细菌群落呈极显著相关性（P<0.01）,其中,影响稀有种空间分布特征的环境因子还包括土壤硫含量、活性磷、Mn和土壤pH值;方差分解分析表明,局域尺度上的土壤因子对若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽土壤细菌群落构建的相对贡献大于空间因子,土壤异质性是影响微生物空间分布特征的关键因素。研究为开展高原湿地泥炭土壤微生物多样性调查及揭示微生物群落构建机制提供了重要参考。     

The Influence of Tropical Plant Diversity and Composition on Soil Microbial Communities

There is growing interest in understanding the linkages between above- and belowground communities, and very little is known about these linkages in tropical systems. Using an experimental site at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, we examined whether plant diversity, plant community composition, and season influenced microbial communities. We also determined whether soil characteristics were related to differences in microbial communities. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition revealed that microbial community composition differed across a plant diversity gradient (plots contained 1, 3, 5, or over 25 species). Plant species identity also was a factor influencing microbial community composition; PLFA composition significantly varied among monocultures, and among three-species combinations that differed in plant species composition. Differences among treatments within each of these comparisons were apparent in all four sampling dates of the study. There was no consistent shift in microbial community composition between wet and dry seasons, although we did see significant changes over time. Of all measured soil characteristics, soil C/N was most often associated with changes in microbial community composition across treatment groups. Our findings provide evidence for human alteration of soil microbial communities via the alteration of plant community composition and diversity and that such changes are mediated in part by changes in soil carbon quality.     

长白山林区森林/沼泽交错群落的植物多样性

本研究应用样带网格调查方法,对森林／沼泽交错区上6种群落的植物多样性状况、优势种类与分布以及交错区环境梯度进行了研究。结果表明：森林／沼泽交错区植物多样性具有沿着交错区环境梯度逐渐增高的趋势;发育成熟的交错群落具有最高的植物多样性,且高于相对应的典型森林群落。由于交错区群落存在着沼泽植物类群、森林类群以及交错区群落的优势种类群,故发育成熟的交错区群落种类较丰富,一些优势种种群数量为森林中的5倍。因为交错区的生境对于满足这些种类的生活史具有重要作用。森林／沼泽交错群落的特征与交错区环境梯度以及两个植被类型的特征密切相关。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘地表甲虫物种多样性及其与环境的关系

为了解荒漠地表甲虫的多样性特点及其与环境的关系,明确其环境指示作用,评估沙漠工程对荒漠地表甲虫多样性的影响,作者于2010年5-7月采用陷阱法调查了占尔班通古特沙漠南缘从沙漠腹地到沙漠绿洲交错区不同生境的地表甲虫物种多样性,其中包括沙漠腹地公路防护体系的干扰生境.结果如下:(1)共捕获地表甲虫54,527头,隶属于14...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区地形变化对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区破碎地形对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,对于理解复杂地形区生态过程与系统功能的空间变化具有重要意义。选择陕西省安塞县陈家洼为研究区,依据坡面地形变化选择不同坡位土壤,采用Biolog微平板培养法探究地形变化对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。实验发现,土壤微生物群落培养的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)增长曲线总的呈现出坡下部坡中部坡上部的规律,且坡下部AWCD值与坡中部、坡上部间差异显著(P0.05);坡下部土壤微生物群落功能多样性显著高于坡中部和坡上部,但不同土层深度(0—10 cm、10—20 cm)间无显著性差异(P0.05);对土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异贡献较大的碳源是糖类、羧酸类和多酚化合物类碳源;土壤含水率高低是不同坡位土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著的主要原因;微生物群落丰富度(H)和均一度(D)与土壤全氮含量正相关,优势度(U)反之,土壤全碳、全磷和p H对土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性差异作用不显著。     

Biotic and Abiotic Properties Mediating Plant Diversity Effects on Soil Microbial Communities in an Experimental Grassland

Plant diversity drives changes in the soil microbial community which may result in alterations in ecosystem functions. However, the governing factors between the composition of soil microbial communities and plant diversity are not well understood. We investigated the impact of plant diversity (plant species richness and functional group richness) and plant functional group identity on soil microbial biomass and soil microbial community structure in experimental grassland ecosystems. Total microbial biomass and community structure were determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The diversity gradient covered 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 plant species and 1, 2, 3 and 4 plant functional groups (grasses, legumes, small herbs and tall herbs). In May 2007, soil samples were taken from experimental plots and from nearby fields and meadows. Beside soil texture, plant species richness was the main driver of soil microbial biomass. Structural equation modeling revealed that the positive plant diversity effect was mainly mediated by higher leaf area index resulting in higher soil moisture in the top soil layer. The fungal-to-bacterial biomass ratio was positively affected by plant functional group richness and negatively by the presence of legumes. Bacteria were more closely related to abiotic differences caused by plant diversity, while fungi were more affected by plant-derived organic matter inputs. We found diverse plant communities promoted faster transition of soil microbial communities typical for arable land towards grassland communities. Although some mechanisms underlying the plant diversity effect on soil microorganisms could be identified, future studies have to determine plant traits shaping soil microbial community structure. We suspect differences in root traits among different plant communities, such as root turnover rates and chemical composition of root exudates, to structure soil microbial communities.     

Short-term effects on sheep pastureland due to grazing abandonment in a Western Mediterranean island ecosystem: A multidisciplinary approach

Changes of pasture communities consequent to management practices resulting from land abandonment considerably affect the structure and function of the ecosystem. This study analyses the consequences of grazing abandonment in terms of plant and soil microbial diversity and fertility, on a Mediterranean upland sheep pasture, over a short period (five years). Grazing was experimentally excluded by fencing ten 10×10 m permanent plots within an area that had supported grazing until 2000, by 0.23 sheep ha^?1. Plant and soil microbial communities and physicochemical parameters were monitored within the fenced and unfenced control plots, during three sampling times from 2000 (before the fencing) to 2005. Grazing cessation notably altered the floral composition, with an average dissimilarity of 96.7% between the vegetation communities, over five years. No significant change occurred in the control plots that were grazed throughout the sampling period. This work highlighted that, over a short term, the structural change in the specific plant composition affected only the grass species, confirming that grazing favours the small-sized species over the annual species. Further, it was evident that species groups of conservational and phytogeographic interest, like the endemic and Mediterranean-Atlantic species, tended to disappear with pasture abandonment and were substituted by more widespread species throughout the Mediterranean or even the world. Pasture abandonment was accompanied by an increase of soil pH and a decrease in soil organic matter and soil nitrogen. The microbial parameters recorded at three different sampling times revealed a substantial effect of the plant community, or the time of grazing abandonment, on soil microbial abundance and diversity. Considerable importance is given to the consequences of pasture abandonment on the conservation of plant and microbial diversity and on soil fertility.     

俄罗斯平原针－阔林过渡带森林群落组成结构与物种多样性的研究

俄罗斯平原针－阔林过渡带森林群落的物种多样性的研究表明,该地区的物种多样性类同于许多类型的过渡带,即群落的过渡带 (针阔混交林)比相邻群落(针叶林和阔叶林)具有更高的多样性。针阔混交林群落的组成结构较好地反映了其特殊的过渡性。在该过渡带较高的物种多样性并不证明群落稳定性的增加。因此,在探讨多样性与群落稳定性关系时,综合包括均匀度在内的多个指数才可能作出较为客观的结论。