高等植物光敏色素的分子结构、生理功能和进化特征

光敏色素是植物感受外界环境变化的最重要光受体之一, 对红光和远红外光非常敏感。本文综述了光敏色素的分子结构、它所包含的结构域和相应功能以及植物各主要类群中光敏色素基因家族的成员组成与进化关系; 重点在分子水平上介绍了光敏色素的生理功能与作用机制。最后, 基于最新的研究进展提出了将来的研究方向。     

高等植物光敏色素的分子结构、生理功能和进化特征

光敏色素是植物感受外界环境变化的最重要光受体之一,对红光和远红外光非常敏感。本文综述了光敏色素的分子结构、它所包含的结构域和相应功能以及植物各主要类群中光敏色素基因家族的成员组成与进化关系;重点在分子水平上介绍了光敏色素的生理功能与作用机制。最后,基于最新的研究进展提出了将来的研究方向。     

植物的光敏色素

光敏色素作为植物体内的一种光受体,在植物的光形态建成过程中意义重大,本文对光敏色素的分子特性,生理功能,作用方式及基因表达调控等方面的研究作系统的总结。     

嗜热藻BP-1中几个蓝细菌光敏色素结构域体内重组及光化学性质研究

通过蛋白质序列同源性比对分析,在嗜热藻（Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1）里面找到了与已知的Pb/Pg型蓝细菌光敏色素TePixJ和TeTlr0924同源的3个基因tlr0911、tlr1215和tlr1999。通过分子克隆技术把它们的GAF结构域分别构建在pET30a（＋）表达载体上,与可生成藻蓝胆素（PCB）的质粒pACYCDuet-ho1-pcyA在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）体内重组,生成重组蛋白,利用亲和层析柱分离纯化,纯化后的蛋白质经过锌荧光和蛋白质酸性尿素变性以及荧光光谱和吸收光谱等实验分析鉴定,结果表明,Tlr0911-GAF存在蓝光吸收态Pb406 nm和绿光吸收态Pg527 nm之间的可逆光转换,它可共价结合两种藻胆色素,即藻紫胆素（PVB）和藻蓝胆素（PCB）,Tlr1999-GAF则存在蓝光吸收态Pb417 nm和青光吸收态Pt496 nm之间的可逆光转换,它同样共价结合PVB和PCB,而Tlr1215-GAF1和Tlr1215-GAF2不能自发结合藻胆色素,不具有光活性。     

嗜热藻BP-1中几个蓝细菌光敏色素结构域体内重组及光化学性质研究北大核心CSCD

通过蛋白质序列同源性比对分析,在嗜热藻(Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1)里面找到了与已知的Pb/Pg型蓝细菌光敏色素TePixJ和TeTlr0924同源的3个基因tlr0911、tlr1215和tlr1999。通过分子克隆技术把它们的GAF结构域分别构建在pET30a(+)表达载体上,与可生成藻蓝胆素(PCB)的质粒pACYCDuet-ho1-pcyA在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)体内重组,生成重组蛋白,利用亲和层析柱分离纯化,纯化后的蛋白质经过锌荧光和蛋白质酸性尿素变性以及荧光光谱和吸收光谱等实验分析鉴定,结果表明,Tlr0911-GAF存在蓝光吸收态Pb406 nm和绿光吸收态Pg527 nm之间的可逆光转换,它可共价结合两种藻胆色素,即藻紫胆素(PVB)和藻蓝胆素(PCB),Tlr1999-GAF则存在蓝光吸收态Pb417 nm和青光吸收态Pt496 nm之间的可逆光转换,它同样共价结合PVB和PCB,而Tlr1215-GAF1和Tlr1215-GAF2不能自发结合藻胆色素,不具有光活性。     

蓝细菌光敏色素Alr1966GAF2及其突变体的表达与光化学性质研究

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻（Anabaena sp.PCC7120）中扩增蓝细菌光敏色素基因片段alr1966gaf2,将alr1966gaf2插入到pET-30a（+）载体中,构建表达质粒pET-alr1966gaf2。最后将Alr1966GAF2与HO1、PcyA在E.coli BL21（DE3）中共表达获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2,并对该蛋白的光化学性质进行分析。结果显示,色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2结合色素为藻蓝胆素（phycoerythrobilin,PCB）或藻紫胆素（phycoviolobilin,PVB）,在3种不同吸收态15Z-P_{428 nm}、中间态和15E-P_{514 nm}之间具有顺序可逆光效应。通过定点突变技术将DXCF基序中的保守性Cys突变为Ala,获得了突变体Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。将Alr1966GAF2（C72A）与HO1、PcyA共表达,获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。研究结果表明Alr1966GAF2（C72A）结合色素为PCB,Alr1966GAF2（C72A）-PCB具有较强的荧光活性,其荧光量子的产率高达0.11。Alr1966GAF2（C72A）不仅能够共价结合PCB,还可以结合胆绿素（Biliverdin,BV）,均具有较强的红色荧光活性。     

植物的光敏色素与光信号转导

介绍了近年来植物光敏色素与光信号转导的研究进展。     

植物光敏色素入核机理的研究进展

光敏色素是植物感受外界环境变化的重要光受体,它对植物的生长发育具有重要的调控作用。在介绍植物光敏色素分子结构的基础上,对不同光敏色素的入核机理以及核内定位进行了综述,并根据最新研究进展对光敏色素入核机理进行了展望。     

光敏色素与光调控

生物体的新陈代谢和生长发育主要受遗传信息及环境信息的调控,遗传信息规定了个体发育的潜在模式,但它的实现在很大程度上受控于环境信息。光作为主要的环境因子,不仅提供光合作用所需的能量,而且触发植物形态变化、质体分化、新陈代谢等重要反应(统称为光形态建成)。光形态建成至少与四个不同类型光受体相关:光敏色素、蓝光受体、UV-A受体、UV-B受体,其中研究最深入的当属光敏色素。自1983年Vierstra和Quail分离到完整的光敏色素蛋白质以来,科学家相继对光敏色素的分子种类、生物合成与调控及生理机制展开了广泛深入的研究,并且取得了令人瞩目的进展。时至今日,随着新方法、新技术的应用,从光敏色素感受光刺激到基因在细胞核中表达,再到光形态建成的整个信号传递途径已逐步为人们所认识,许多与光敏色素调节有关的顺式因子及相应的DNA结合蛋白也已被确定。功能研究发现,没有哪一个反式作用因子在光调节的表达中单独起作用,可见光敏色素调控的基因表达是相当复杂的。本文拟就光敏色素分子、光敏色素基因家族、光敏色素所激活的信号传递途径及光敏色素与基因表达的关系等方面做一综述。     

光敏色素A调控光响应基因表达及其翻译后修饰研究进展

光是调节植物生长发育最重要的环境信号因子之一。植物通过光受体感受自然环境中光的强度、方向以及光周期等信号的变化,从而调控其生长发育过程。光敏色素A (phytochrome A, PHYA)是植物中唯一的远红光受体蛋白,具有在黑暗下在细胞质中合成,而在照光后快速入核和降解的特性,并通过多种途径精确调节了植物光响应基因的转录网络。同时,蛋白质翻译后修饰在调节PHYA稳定性和活性的过程中发挥了重要的作用。该文论述了PHYA调节光响应基因表达以及PHYA翻译后修饰方向的研究进展,并展望了PHYA在农作物分子设计育种中的应用前景。     

Chromatin,And Gene Regulation In Eukaryotic Cells At The Transcriptional Leve

Phytochromes are environmental sensors, historically thought of as red/far-red photoreceptors in plants. Their photoperception occurs through a covalently linked tetrapyrrole chromophore, which undergoes a light-dependent conformational change propagated through the protein to a variable output domain. The phytochrome composition is modular, typically consisting of a PAS-GAF-PHY architecture for the N-terminal photosensory core. A collection of three-dimensional structures has uncovered key features, including an unusual figure-of-eight knot, an extension reaching from the PHY domain to the chromophore-binding GAF domain, and a centrally located, long α-helix hypothesized to be crucial for intramolecular signaling. Continuing identification of phytochromes in microbial systems has expanded the assigned sensory abilities of this family out of the red and into the yellow, green, blue, and violet portions of the spectrum. Furthermore, phytochromes acting not as photoreceptors but as redox sensors have been recognized. In addition, architectures other than PAS-GAF-PHY are known, thus revealing phytochromes to be a varied group of sensory receptors evolved to utilize their modular design to perceive a signal and respond accordingly. This review focuses on the structures of bacterial phytochromes and implications for signal transmission. We also discuss the small but growing set of bacterial phytochromes for which a physiological function has been ascertained.     

Dynamic Structural Changes Underpin Photoconversion of a Blue/Green Cyanobacteriochrome between Its Dark and Photoactivated States

The phytochrome superfamily of photoreceptors exploits reversible light-driven changes in the bilin chromophore to initiate a variety of signaling cascades. The nature of these alterations and how they impact the protein moiety remain poorly resolved and might include several species-specific routes. Here, we provide a detailed picture of photoconversion for the photosensing cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA (GAF) domain from Thermosynechococcus elongatus (Te) PixJ, a member of the cyanobacteriochrome clade. Solution NMR structures of the blue light-absorbing dark state Pb and green light-absorbing photoactivated state Pg, combined with paired crystallographic models, revealed that the bilin and GAF domain dynamically transition via breakage of the C10/Cys-494 thioether bond, opposite rotations of the A and D pyrrole rings, sliding of the bilin in the GAF pocket, and the appearance of an extended region of disorder that includes Cys-494. Changes in GAF domain backbone dynamics were also observed that are likely important for inter-domain signal propagation. Taken together, photoconversion of T. elongatus PixJ from Pb to Pg involves complex structural changes within the GAF domain pocket that transduce light into a mechanical signal, many aspects of which should be relevant to others within the extended phytochrome superfamily.     

Coelenterate Neuropeptides: Structure, Action and Biosynthesis

Evolutionary "old" nervous systems such as those of coelenteratesare peptidergic: Using various radioimmunoassays we have nowisolated 13 novel neuropeptides from sea anemones and severalothers from hydrozoan polyps and medusae. These peptides areall structurally related and contain the C-terminal sequenceArg-X-NH₂ or Lys-X-NH₂, where X is Ala, Asn, Ile, Phe, Pro orTrp. Three neuropeptides have a novel N-terminal L-3-phenyllactylresidue, which protects against degradation by nonspecific aminopeptidases.The neuropeptides from sea anemones are produced by differentsets of neurones and have excitatory or inhibitory actions onisolated muscle preparations, suggesting that they are neurotransmittersor neuromodulators. We have also cloned the precursor proteinfor the sea-anemone neuropeptide Antho-RFamide (<Glu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH₂).In Calliactis parasitica this precursor harbours 19 copies ofimmature Antho-RFamide (Gln-Gly-Arg-Phe-Gly) together with 7other, putative neuropeptide sequences. The precursor of Anthopleuraelegantissima contains 14 copies of Antho-RFamide and 19 other,putative neuropeptides. This shows that the biosynthetic machineryfor neuropeptides in coelenterates, the lowest animal grouphaving a nervous system, is already very efficient and similarto that of higher invertebrates, such as molluscs and insects,and vertebrates.     

Phytoecdysteroids: Structure,Sources, and Biosynthesis in Plants

Data on the content of ecdysteroids in plant sources are given and the ecdysteroid biosynthesis and role in plants are discussed.     

Cyanobacteriochrome SesA Is a Diguanylate Cyclase That Induces Cell Aggregation in Thermosynechococcus

Cyanobacteria have unique photoreceptors, cyanobacteriochromes, that show diverse spectral properties to sense near-UV/visible lights. Certain cyanobacteriochromes have been shown to regulate cellular phototaxis or chromatic acclimation of photosynthetic pigments. Some cyanobacteriochromes have output domains involved in bacterial signaling using a second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), but its role in cyanobacteria remains elusive. Here, we characterize the recombinant Tlr0924 from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus, which was expressed in a cyanobacterial system. The protein reversibly photoconverts between blue- and green-absorbing forms, which is consistent with the protein prepared from Escherichia coli, and has diguanylate cyclase activity, which is enhanced 38-fold by blue light compared with green light. Therefore, Tlr0924 is a blue light-activated diguanylate cyclase. The protein''s relatively low affinity (10.5 mm) for Mg²⁺, which is essential for diguanylate cyclase activity, suggests that Mg²⁺ might also regulate c-di-GMP signaling. Finally, we show that blue light irradiation under low temperature is responsible for Thermosynechococcus vulcanus cell aggregation, which is abolished when tlr0924 is disrupted, suggesting that Tlr0924 mediates blue light-induced cell aggregation by producing c-di-GMP. Given our results, we propose the name “sesA (sessility-A)” for tlr0924. This is the first report for cyanobacteriochrome-dependent regulation of a sessile/planktonic lifestyle in cyanobacteria via c-di-GMP.     

叶绿素生物合成的分子调控

介绍了叶绿素生物合成的分子调控研究进展,并对今后这一领域的研究作了展望。     

蓝藻红色荧光蛋白All1280 GAF2在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达及其突变体构建（英文）

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.) PCC 7120中扩增获得红色荧光蛋白基因all1280 gaf2,并利用Bam HⅠ和SalⅠ酶切位点,将该基因插入到pET-30a(+)中,构建表达载体pET-all1280 gaf2。将该表达载体与藻胆色素生物合成质粒pACYC-ho1-pcyA同时转化到大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3),表达后获得大肠杆菌色素细胞。结果显示,该色素细胞在荧光显微镜下具有红色荧光,且在15E/15Z态之间具有可逆光效应。进一步以pET-all1280 gaf2为模板,通过定点突变技术在all1280 gaf2基因中引入C53A突变,获得了突变体All1280 GAF2 (C53A)。将All1280 GAF2 (C53A)与藻胆色素在E. coli BL21 (DE3)中共表达,获得了比野生型红色荧光更强的大肠杆菌色素细胞。研究结果表明,与野生型相比,All1280 GAF2 (C53A)具有较高的摩尔消光系数和荧光量子产率,红色荧光更强。