西藏高原针茅草地土壤因子对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

在对西藏高原北部针茅草地根围土壤中的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌种类分离鉴定基础上,研究了藏北针茅草地的土壤质地、pH、有机质和有效磷含量对AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值、物种多样性指数和均匀度的影响.结果表明: 针茅草地根围土壤中共分离鉴定出AM真菌3属15种,其中,球囊霉属9种、无梗囊霉属6种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种.球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为藏北针茅草地AM真菌的优势属;近明球囊霉和光壁无梗囊霉为藏北高寒草原针茅属植物根围AM真菌的优势种.不同质地土壤中AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值均表现出球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属的趋势;土壤pH值对AM真菌种群组成无明显影响,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属真菌分离频度、相对多度和重要值随土壤pH升高而增加,盾巨孢囊霉属则呈现相反趋势;不同土壤有机质含量范围内,AM真菌孢子密度等各项指标均呈球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属,而AM真菌属的分布没有明显规律;土壤有效磷含量对AM真菌种丰度和孢子密度影响较小.研究区域内AM真菌物种多样性指数和均匀度随着土壤有效磷含量升高而增加.     

几种生态环境中AM真菌多样性比较研究

对渤海湾的海岛林地(IFL),黄河三角洲盐碱地(SAS)、鲁西南煤矿(CMS)和内蒙古退化草原(DGL)等几种生态环境中丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的多样性进行了调查。结果表明,在所调查的样点中,AM真菌的物种多样性不同,IFL中的最高,其次是SAS,CMS和DGL的最低。各地AM真菌种的丰度、孢子密度、频度、相对多度等也差异较大。这与各生态环境中的生态因子的差异相关。在总体上,Glomus属在各采样点出现的频度和相对多度最高,其次是Acaulospora属。但不同生态环境之问又存在差异,例如CMS中Acaulospora属的频度和相对多度比Glomus属的高。在IFL中,Gigaspora属的相对多度比Acaulospora属的高。各生态环境中的生态优势种不同,如在CMS中是A．mellea,在IFL和SAS土壤中却分别是G．margarita和G．caledonium,而DGL中各个种的分布却较均衡。     

Contrasting root associated fungi of three common oak-woodland plant species based on molecular identification: host specificity or non-specific amplification?

An increasingly popular approach used to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in planta is to amplify a portion of AM fungal small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU-rDNA) from whole root DNA extractions using the primer pair AM1-NS31, followed by cloning and sequencing. We used this approach to study the AM fungal community composition of three common oak-woodland plant species: a grass (Cynosurus echinatus), blue oak (Quercus douglasii), and a forb (Torilis arvensis). Significant diversity of AM fungi were found in the roots of C. echinatus, which is consistent with previous studies demonstrating a high degree of AM fungal diversity from the roots of various hosts. In contrast, clones from Q. douglasii and T. arvensis were primarily from non-AM fungi of diverse origins within the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. This work demonstrates that caution must be taken when using this molecular approach to determine in planta AM fungal diversity if non-sequence based methods such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, or temperature gradient gel electrophoresis are used.     

不同土壤类型下甘蔗根系AM真菌多样性及与土壤因子关系

甘蔗是广西重要的糖料作物,本研究通过建立克隆文库、土壤养分分析和根样染色等方法测定了33个采样点3种土壤类型(赤红壤,红壤,砖红壤)下甘蔗根系AM真菌多样性及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明,3种土壤类型的甘蔗根系共鉴定出6科6属11种AM真菌,AM真菌各属频度存在明显差异,其中球囊霉属的频度值最高,在33个根系样品中有32个存在该属,为广西甘蔗根系AM真菌的优势属,而类球囊霉属、无梗囊霉属、近明球囊霉属、多样孢囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属5个属为稀有属。3种土壤类型的甘蔗根系均发现有球囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属;近明球囊霉属、无梗囊霉属和类球囊霉属仅在赤红壤的甘蔗根系中出现;而多样孢囊霉属仅在在赤红壤和砖红壤的甘蔗根系中出现。土壤的pH与AM菌根侵染率呈显著正相关,而有机质、总N、有效P、交换性Mg2+与AM菌根侵染率均呈负相关。本研究表明,自然条件下甘蔗根系具有相对丰富的AM真菌类群,这些AM真菌可能在甘蔗生长过程中发挥着重要的生态功能。     

西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物AM真菌的初步研究

 对云南省西双版纳地区17种龙脑香科树种根系丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM）真菌的定居情况进行了调查,并对根围土壤中AM真菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,调查根样均有不同程度的菌根感染,感染率最高可达40%,调查揭示了西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物在自然条件下可形成丛枝菌根。初步从龙脑香科植物根际土壤中分离、鉴定出32种AM真菌,隶属于无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）、球囊霉属（Glomus）、原囊霉属（Achaeospora）、拟球囊霉属（Paraglomus）和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）,其中,无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌为西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物AM真菌优势类群。     

龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在天然林地和温室盆栽条件下,比较研究了龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌孢子密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度和侵染状况等方面的影响.结果表明,用坡垒作盆栽寄主加富培养后,菌根侵染率、泡囊、丛枝和侵入点都低于原采样植物,以原坡垒土壤中栽植苗木的侵染率为最高,可达20.3%;而以望天树根围土壤栽植的苗木为最低,仅为10.6%;坡垒还不同程度地改变了原采样植物根围土壤中AM真菌孢子的密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度等.在4种土壤中,栽植坡垒苗木后,AM真菌的孢子密度都有不同程度的增长.采用与原采样相同种类的植物作为AM真菌加富培养的寄主更有利于促进AM真菌的生长发育、保持AM的多样性.     

崂山茶区茶树根围AM真菌多样性

为调查崂山茶区土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源的分布状况, 于2007年9月从青岛崂山茶区12个茶园采集茶树(Camellia sinensis)根围土样, 采用湿筛倾注–蔗糖离心法分离AM真菌, 测定其物种丰度、频度、孢子密度、相对多度、重要值、多样性指数等。共分离到AM真菌3属22种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)出现的频度最高, 其次是球囊霉属(Glomus)。AM真菌孢子密度以晓望村茶园最高, 高家村茶园最低; 种丰度以常家村茶园最高; 常家村茶园和万来客茶园的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他茶园。光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)是北崂茶厂、万里江茶园、樱山春茶园、万里江有机茶园、常家村茶园和桑园村茶园的优势种; 波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)为万里江有机茶园和万来客茶园的优势种; 隐球囊霉(Glomus occultum)为樱山春茶园、晓望村茶园和万来客茶园的优势种。应用典型相关分析(CCA)对环境因子与崂山茶区AM真菌群落组成的关系进行了分析, 各因子的影响大小依次为: 土壤速效磷含量＞土壤有机质含量＞种植年限＞土壤碱解氮含量＞土壤pH值＞土壤速效钾含量。     

Divergent phenologies may facilitate the coexistence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a North Carolina grassland

Interest in the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities has been stimulated by recent data that demonstrate that fungal communities influence the competitive hierarchies, productivity, diversity, and successional patterns of plant communities. Although natural communities of AM fungi are diverse, we have a poor understanding of the mechanisms that promote and maintain that diversity. Plants may coexist by inhabiting disparate temporal niches; plants of many grasslands are either warm or cool season specialists. We hypothesized that AM fungi might be similarly seasonal. To test our hypothesis, we tracked the sporulation of individual AM fungal species growing within a North Carolina grassland. Data were collected in 1996 and 1997; in 1997, sampling focused on two common species. We found that AM fungi, especially Acaulospora colossica and Gigaspora gigantea, maintained different and contrasting seasonalities. Acaulospora colossica sporulated more frequently in the warm season, but Gi. gigantea sporulated more frequently in the cool season. Moreover, AM fungal species were spatially aggregated at a fine scale. Contrasting seasonal and spatial niches may facilitate the maintenance of a diverse community of AM fungi. Furthermore, these data may illuminate our understanding of the AM fungal influence on plant communities: various fungal species may preferentially associate with different plant species and thereby promote diversity in the plant community.     

云南西双版纳野生与栽培绞股蓝根内丛枝菌根真菌的分子多样性

采用巢式-PCR、DNA克隆测序技术,对西双版纳地区野生与栽培绞股蓝根内丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)进行群落结构多样性研究.试验共获得551个含有丛枝菌根真菌18S rDNA 片段的克隆子,经限制性片段长度多态性分析,得到100个RFLP类型,将其划分为20个序列类型,分属于7个科.将20个序列类型的相关序列与GeneBank数据库进行比对,有5个可以鉴定到种,分别为Glomus viscosum、Claroideoglomus etunicatum、Racocetra tropicana、Acaulospora spinosa、Acaulospora mellea.与 MaarjAM数据库中序列进行比对,12个可鉴定为虚拟分类分子种,其中7个未在孢子形态学鉴定方法中获得.西双版纳地区野生与栽培绞股蓝根内丛枝菌根真菌群落组成差异极显著.野生绞股蓝根内Glo₂、Amb₁、Para₁为优势类群,而栽培绞股蓝根内Glo₃、Glo₈、Glo₁₀、Div₁为优势类群.Claroideoglomeraceae和Ambisporaceae仅在野生样本中出现,而Diversisporaceae仅在栽培样品中出现.     

西藏高山草原AM真菌生态分布

对西藏高原37种草地植物(建群种或常见种)70个带根土样的AM真菌进行了研究.结果表明:1)在所分离到的5属35种AM真菌中,球囊霉属、无梗囊霉属、盾巨孢囊霉属真菌分别为18、9、6种,内养囊霉属、类球囊霉属各1种.其中,藏南、藏北草原AM真菌分别为4属23种、4属22种,Shannon指数分别为2.31和2.75,但藏北草原AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度显著高于藏南.2)不同生态区域AM真菌呈共有种较少、特有种较多、优势种差异较大的分布特征.3)高寒草原、山地草甸、高寒草甸草原AM真菌Shannon指数分别为1.91、1.83、1.80,呈严重退化态势的温性草原仅为1.64;海拔4000～4600 m地带,种的丰度最高,海拔4600～5220 m 地带,真菌Shannon指数和物种均匀度最高,分别为2.42和0.79;4)球-囊霉属真菌在不同海拔段均为优势属,但在海拔＜4000 m地带相对多度较高;无梗囊霉属主要分布于海拔＞4000 m地带;盾巨孢囊霉属主要分布于海拔3500～5220 m地带;类球囊霉属主要见于海拔4000～5220 m的藏北高寒草甸草原,少量见于高寒草原环境;内养囊霉属仅见于海拔3500～3700 m的藏南温性草原.     

五指山常见热带树种的丛枝菌根真菌多样性

采用野外调查的方法,分析了五指山不同海拔高度7个科10种常见热带树种形成丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)的状况及其根际土壤中AM真菌的多样性。结果表明,所调查的10种热带常见树种都能形成AM共生体,其菌根侵染率随寄主植物的不同,从21.8%～90.5%变化不等,同时,在10种常见植物的根系中也都观察到了AM真菌的典型结构——丛枝和泡囊。从10种植物的根际土壤中共分离到36种AM真菌,隶属于Acaulospora,Glomus,Gigaspora和Scutellospora4个属,其中,Glomus属的真菌是该地区的优势类群,其出现频度和相对多度分别为84%和56%。在所调查的10种热带常见树种中,Swietenia macrophylla根际AM真菌的孢子最丰富,密度高达7.32;Machilus namu根际的AM真菌种类则最为丰富,多样性指数达到1.6548。通过对不同海拔高度Swietenia macrophylla根际AM真菌分布的分析表明,海拔高度显著影响着AM真菌的分布,Gigaspora属的真菌随海拔高度的增加显著升高,Scutellospora属的真菌则显著降低。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in tropical forests are affected by host tree species and environment

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualists with plant roots that are proposed to enhance plant community diversity. Models indicate that AM fungal communities could maintain plant diversity in forests if functionally different communities are spatially separated. In this study we assess the spatial and temporal distribution of the AM fungal community in a wet tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. We test whether distinct fungal communities correlate with variation in tree life history characteristics, with host tree species, and the relative importance of soil type, seasonality and rainfall. Host tree species differ in their associated AM fungal communities, but differences in the AM community between hosts could not be generalized over life history groupings of hosts. Changes in the relative abundance of a few common AM fungal species were the cause of differences in AM fungal communities for different host tree species instead of differences in the presence and absence of AM fungal species. Thus, AM fungal communities are spatially distinguishable in the forest, even though all species are widespread. Soil fertility ranging between 5 and 9 Mg/ha phosphorus did not affect composition of AM fungal communities, although sporulation was more abundant in lower fertility soils. Sampling soils over seasons revealed that some AM fungal species sporulate profusely in the dry season compared to the rainy season. On one host tree species sampled at two sites with vastly different rainfall, relative abundance of spores from Acaulospora was lower and that of Glomus was relatively higher at the site with lower and more seasonal rainfall.     

Diversity of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing Clintonia borealis from a mixed-wood boreal forest

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities in Clintonia borealis roots from a boreal mixed forests in northwestern Québec were investigated. Roots were sampled from 100 m2 plots whose overstory was dominated by either trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), or mixed white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.).Part of the 18S ribosomal gene of the AMF was amplified and the resulting PCR products were cloned. Restriction analysis of the 576 resulting clones yielded 92 different restriction patterns which were then sequenced. Fifty-two sequences closely matched other Glomus sequences from Genbank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 10 different AMF sequence types, most of which clustered with other uncultured AM sequences from plant roots from various field sites. Compared with other AMF communities from comparable studies, richness and diversity were higher than observed in an arable field, but lower than seen in a tropical forest and a temperate wetland. The AMF communities from Clintonia roots under the different canopy types did not differ significantly and the dominant sequence type, which clustered with AM sequences from a variety of environments and hosts at distant geographical locations, represented 66.9% of all the clones analyzed.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and patterns of host association over time and space in a tropical forest

We have used molecular techniques to investigate the diversity and distribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing tree seedling roots in the tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Republic of Panama. In the first year, we sampled newly emergent seedlings of the understory treelet Faramea occidentalis and the canopy emergent Tetragastris panamensis, from mixed seedling carpets at each of two sites. The following year we sampled surviving seedlings from these cohorts. The roots of 48 plants were analysed using AM fungal-specific primers to amplify and clone partial small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Over 1300 clones were screened for random fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation and 7% of these were sequenced. Compared with AM fungal communities sampled from temperate habitats using the same method, the overall diversity was high, with a total of 30 AM fungal types identified. Seventeen of these types have not been recorded previously, with the remainder being similar to types reported from temperate habitats. The tropical mycorrhizal population showed significant spatial heterogeneity and nonrandom associations with the different hosts. Moreover there was a strong shift in the mycorrhizal communities over time. AM fungal types that were dominant in the newly germinated seedlings were almost entirely replaced by previously rare types in the surviving seedlings the following year. The high diversity and huge variation detected across time points, sites and hosts, implies that the AM fungal types are ecologically distinct and thus may have the potential to influence recruitment and host composition in tropical forests.     

我国洛阳与菏泽牡丹主栽园区AM真菌多样性研究

为探明我国特有花卉牡丹 (Paeonia suffruticosa) 根围内的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源状况, 作者对河南省洛阳市与山东省菏泽市牡丹主产区土壤中的AM真菌进行了调查。共分离到AM真菌5属35 种, 其中球囊霉属(Glomus)在各采样点相对多度最高, 其次是无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)。两地土壤中AM真菌种的丰度、孢子密度和物种多样性指数等存在差异: 菏泽赵楼牡丹园AM真菌种的孢子密度最高,而其种的丰度最低; 洛阳矬里牡丹种苗基地的孢子密度最低; 菏泽种苗基地的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他样地。地球囊霉(Glomus geosporum)是洛阳王城公园和菏泽赵楼牡丹园的优势种; 缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)为洛阳土桥花木基地、洛阳牡丹园、菏泽牡丹种苗基地和菏泽赵楼牡丹园的优势种。本研究结果表明我国牡丹主栽园区AM真菌具有丰富的多样性。     

Influence of liming,inoculum level and inoculum placement on root colonization of subterranean clover

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi differ in their response to soil pH. Thus, change in soil pH may influence the relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi inside roots. Root colonization by two AM fungi was studied in relation to addition of lime (CaCO3), quantity of inoculum and inoculum placement. Addition of CaCO3 to an acid soil decreased the colonization of roots by Acaulospora laevis but increased colonization by Glomus invermaium when both fungi were present. In acid soil (pH 4.7), almost all roots were colonized by A. laevis, while G. invermaium was dominant when soil pH was increased to pH 7.3. This occurred regardless of whether the inoculum was banded or mixed throughout the soil. There was no effect of CaCO3 on the relative abundance of fungi inside roots at intermediate rates of CaCO3 application (pH 5.3-6.3) when both fungi were inoculated together. In this experiment, both fungi colonized roots at all levels of CaCO3 when inoculated alone, except for A. laevis at the highest level of CaCO3. We conclude that soil pH affects the competitive ability of these two AM fungi during mycorrhiza formation primarily by affecting hyphae growth in soil and thus the relative abundance of hyphae at the root surface and subsequently inside the root.     

我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性

AM真菌是农业生态系中一类重要的土壤微生物,它在农田土壤中的发生和分布受多种环境因素的影响。为深入了解我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性规律,于2000年在河北、山东的农田土壤中采集有代表性的土样127个。通过进一步扩繁、纯化,从中分离出AM真菌5属22种,鉴定了20个种,包括一个国内新记录种沾屑球囊霉(Glomus spurcum)。分析AM真菌的多样性特点及其影响因素发现,农田土壤中以球囊霉属(Glomus)的频度最高,其次为无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora);优势种类为幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae).土壤速效磷含量、pH状况主要对孢子密度产生影响,对种群分布影响不大。宿主植物类型对AM真菌的侵染状况和多样性影响较大;比较玉米(Zea mays)、甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)根区AM真菌的种群组成后发现两者有所不同,但优势种一致.     

贵州烟草根围AM真菌多样性的初步研究

从贵州省内烟区不同土壤生态环境下采集烟草根际土样,湿筛离心法分离丛枝菌根（AM）真菌孢子,鉴定出烟草AM真菌4属20种,其中球囊霉属9种,无梗囊霉属7种,巨孢囊霉属3种,盾巨孢囊霉属1种。从土壤样品DNA中扩增AM真菌特异性片段并采用DGGE技术对AM真菌多样性进行分析。测序结果显示烟草根际土壤中菌根真菌主要菌群为球囊霉属,与湿筛离心法的鉴定结果一致。为进一步研究贵州地区AM真菌多样性以及开发应用提供了依据。     

Selection of appropriate host plants used in trap culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in coalmine spoil, island forest and saline soils were enriched in pot culture with maize (Zea mays L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens Linn.) and silverweed cinquefoil (Potentilla anserina L.). Based on spores, there were more species of AM fungi in the coalmine spoil (15 species, 3 genera), than in the forest soil (11 species, 4 genera) and the saline soil (5 species, 2 genera). In the trap cultures, the total of 28 species in Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Sclerocystis detected in the original soils were all recovered with at least one of the four trap plants. The highest spore and species numbers were recovered in trap cultures of T. repens inoculated with coalmine spoil. Glomus constrictum and Glomus multicaule were the dominant species associated with N. tabacum grown in saline soil and forest soil. The dominant species of AM fungi on the four hosts was Acaulospora mellea, which had over 90% of the spore incidence in pot trap culture in coalmine spoil. It is suggested that there be selectivity between host plants and AM fungi. The number of species of AM fungi detected was influenced by host plants under certain conditions and white clover was generally the optimal host plant to detect diversity of AM fungi.     

Incidence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and successor herbaceous plants in an agro-system irrigated with produced water

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity of herbaceous plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi following the cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. BRS 321) irrigated with produced water. The sunflower plants were irrigated during three successive cycles with different types of water: produced water obtained through simple filtration (PWSF), and secondly, produced water treated by reverse osmosis (PWRO), and the control with groundwater from the aquifer Açu (WCA). In June 2014, five months after the final harvest, the treatments were evaluated in terms of the diversity of successor plants and their roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM); and samples of soil, in which the following were measured: the spore abundance of AM fungi, the levels of glomalin in easily extracted glomalin and total glomalin. Of a total of eighteen species of herbaceous plants which were identified in the experimental field, Dactyloctenium aegyptium was related with the use of PWSF, Panicum sp. and Diodella apiculata with the use of PWRO, and Trianthema portulacastrum and Eragrostis tenella with the control WCA. The diversity of AM fungi was affected by irrigation with PWSF, in which two species of Acaulospora, one species of Gigaspora and species of Paraglomus were absent, compared to the treatment with PWRO. Acaulospora sp.1 was related with the WCA control as an indicator species. The use of produced water which had undergone reverse osmosis had a short-term effect on the content of glomalin which is easily extractable from the soil but did not change the mycorrhization rates of plants. These results enable us to infer that irrigation with produced water leads to a reduction in the diversity of herbaceous plants and of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, confirming the importance of monitoring agro-systems irrigated with residual water.