球孢白僵菌Pr1蛋白酶基因cDNA克隆与序列分析

从球孢白僵菌菌株Bb202中克隆了昆虫蛋白酶Pr1的基因。使用特异性引物,分别以基因组DNA和mRNA为模板进行PCR反应,得到了球孢白僵菌的Pr1蛋白酶基因cDNA和结构基因序列。测序结果表明球孢白僵菌Pr1蛋白酶结构基因全长大小为1606bp,含有3个内含子,分别为69、61和68bp。其ORF全长1140bp,预测编码379个氨基酸残基。成熟蛋白理论分子量为38.8kD,理论等电点为8.06。为进一步研究球孢白僵菌Pr1基因,并构建高毒力工程菌株提供了理论基础。     

用YADE法克隆球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子及启动子序列分析

扩增与已知序列相连的未知序列是一项常用的分子生物学技术。与其它方法相比,目前在棉花上应用的YADE法具有效率高,成本低和假阳性低等特点。因此,作者尝试将该法引入到昆虫病原真菌的分子生物学研究,并取得了成功,建立了适合于球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌的YADE的技术体系。类枯草杆菌蛋白酶在昆虫病原真菌穿透寄主体壁时起重要作用,作者在已克隆的球孢白僵菌类蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的基础上,利用YADE法,克隆类球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子CDEPP。序列分析发现:CDEPP中没有明显的TATA和CAAT框,含有8个可能的碳调控因子的结合位点5'>(g/c)YggRg<3'和2个氮调控因子的结合位点——相隔很近的GATA。这与CDEP-1的表达受碳/氮抑制的结果一致。本文的结果将会为研究CDEP-1的表达规律奠定基础。     

用YADE法克隆球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子及启动子序列分析*

扩增与已知序列相连的未知序列是一项常用的分子生物学技术。与其它方法相比,目前在棉花上应用的YADE法具有效率高,成本低和假阳性低等特点。因此,作者尝试将该法引入到昆虫病原真菌的分子生物学研究,并取得了成功,建立了适合于球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌的YADE的技术体系。类枯草杆菌蛋白酶在昆虫病原真菌穿透寄主体壁时起重要作用,作者在已克隆的球孢白僵菌类蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的基础上,利用YADE法,克隆类球孢白僵菌类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因CDEP-1的启动子CDEPP。序列分析发现:CDEPP中没有明显的TATA和CAAT框,含有8个可能的碳调控因子的结合位点5'>(g/c)YggRg<3'和2个氮调控因子的结合位点——相隔很近的GATA。这与CDEP-1的表达受碳/氮抑制的结果一致。本文的结果将会为研究CDEP-1的表达规律奠定基础。     

球孢白僵菌FUS3/KSS1类MAPK同源基因(BbMPK1)的克隆及特征分析

根据几种丝状真菌FUS3/KSS1类MAPK的保守序列设计简并引物,从昆虫病原真菌球孢白僵菌中扩增出MAPK基因的部分片段,进而利用YADE法延伸该片段的上、下游邻接序列,获得MAPK基因的全长序列,命名为BbMPK1。用3′RACE扩增出BbMPK1的全长cDNA序列,该序列含有一个1071bp的ORF,编码356个氨基酸的多肽,推测分子量为41.2kDa,等电点为6.61。BbMPK1含有11个MAPK共有的蛋白激酶区域和1个MAPK激酶作用的磷酸化位点区域(TEY),其氨基酸序列与丝状真菌的TMKA、PMK1、CMK1、FMK1和BMP1等MAPK高度同源。系统聚类结果表明,BbMPK1属于酵母FUS3/KSS1类MAPK。Southern杂交表明,BbMPK1在球孢白僵菌基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。RT-PCR分析表明BbMPK1在分生孢子休眠阶段、萌发阶段和菌丝生长时期均表达。研究结果为阐明酵母FUS3/KSS1类MAPK同源基因在球孢白僵菌中的作用奠定了基础。     

球孢白僵菌FUS3／KSS1类MAPK同源基（BbMPK1）的克隆及特征分析

根据几种丝状真菌FUS3／KSS1类MAPK的保守序列设计简并引物,从昆虫病原真菌球孢白僵菌中扩增出MAPK基因的部分片段,进而利用YADE法延伸该片段的上、下游邻接序列,获得MAPK基因的全长序列,命名为BbMPK1。用3’RACE扩增出BbMPK1的全长cDNA序列,该序列含有一个1071bp的ORF,编码356个氨基酸的多肽,推测分子量为41．2kDa,等电点为6．61。BbMPK1含有11个MAPK共有的蛋白激酶区域和1个MAPK激酶作用的磷酸化位点区域(TEY),其氨基酸序列与丝状真菌的TMKA、PMK1、CMK1、FMK1和BMP1等MAPK高度同源。系统聚类结果表明,BbMPK1属于酵母FUS3／KSS1类MAPK。Southern杂交表明,BbMPK1在球孢白僵菌基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。RT-PCR分析表明BbMPK1在分生孢子休眠阶段、萌发阶段和菌丝生长时期均表达。研究结果为阐明酵母FUS3／KSS1类MAPK同源基因在球孢白僵菌中的作用奠定了基础。     

球孢白僵菌羧基转运蛋白基因BbJEN1及其上游序列的克隆与分析

在分析一株球孢白僵菌TDNA插入突变体T12的Tagging序列的基础上,根据与其具有高度同源性的一条金龟子绿僵菌EST序列（编号为AJ273226）设计简并引物,用YADE法从球孢白僵菌中扩增出该EST的同源序列及其延伸序列。序列分析表明,该片段与粗糙脉孢霉的羧基转运蛋白JEN1具有高度同源性,由此确定该序列为球孢白僵菌羧基转运蛋白JEN1基因的部分序列。然后利用YADE法延伸扩增该序列的上、下游序列,获得球孢白僵菌羧基转运蛋白JEN1的全长DNA序列,命名为GBbJEN1。利用3′RACE扩增出球孢白僵菌羧基转运蛋白JEN1的cDNA序列,命名为BbJEN1。BbJEN1全长1656bp,编码514个氨基酸的蛋白。推测蛋白分子量为55975.37Da,等电点9.32。氨基酸序列与金龟子绿僵菌、粗糙脉孢霉和酿酒酵母羧基转运蛋白JEN1的同源性分别为77%、66%和30%。序列分析表明,GBbJEN1含有2个内含子。Southern杂交表明,GBbJEN1基因在球孢白僵菌基因组中为单拷贝。利用RTPCR法对BbJEN1的表达特性进行了分析,结果发现BbJEN1基因的转录受蟑螂壳、蝉蜕等昆虫体壁的诱导,受葡萄糖的抑制。进一步利用YADE法获得了长为977bp的GBbJEN1上游序列,其中含有可能的葡萄糖抑制调控序列和压力反应元件。     

粉拟青霉类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因的cDNA克隆及其序列和蛋白质分析

粉拟青霉是一种常见的昆虫病原真菌,被广泛用于生物防治。根据GenBank中已登录的淡紫拟青霉,球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌的类枯草杆菌蛋白酶基因序列的同源性比较,以它们高度保守的核苷酸序列设计一对引物,采用RT-PCR和3’/5’-RACE相结合的方法,首次从粉拟青霉中克隆出完整的类枯草杆菌蛋白酶cDNA基因。其全序列为2060bp,该序列5’-端和3’-端的非编码序列长度分别为209bp和252bp,开放阅读框为1599bp,编码532个氨基酸,信号肽长度为16个氨基酸。成熟蛋白的氨基酸序列和金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种(CAB63913),玉米赤霉菌(EAA68914),金龟子绿僵菌蚱蜢变种(CAC95047)及柄孢壳(AAC03564)的同源性分别为69%、71%、68%和68%。成熟蛋白具有典型的丝氨酸蛋白酶活性位点,同时有5个半胱氨酸,3个潜在的N-糖基化位点和2个可能的O-糖基化位点。该基因在的密码子第三位碱基的使用上,显示出明显的对C的偏爱。     

球孢白僵菌丝氨酸蛋白酶基因CDEP-1在毕赤酵母中的表达

我们从球孢白僵菌中克隆了丝氨酸蛋白酶Pr1类基因CDEP-1。为明确CDEP-1的功能、评价其在害虫生物防治中的潜力,需要大量制备具有生物活性的CDEP-1编码蛋白。由于大肠杆菌系统表达真核基因存在产物复性困难的问题,本文利用毕赤酵母系统来表达CDEP-1。结果表明,CDEP-1可在毕赤酵母中高效的分泌表达,而且产物活性高,甲醇诱导48h后上清液中的酶活即可达到38,266U/L。诱导表达的上清液经浓缩后进行凝胶过滤层析,得到了CDEP-1的初纯品,蛋白质含量为50mg/L。将纯化的蛋白酶CDEP-1免疫家兔,制备了CDEP-1的抗血清。Westernblotting分析表明,制备的抗血清可特异性地检测CDEP-1。     

水稻穗发育相关基因酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建

利用cDNA文库筛选与已知功能蛋白质互作蛋白质,是研究蛋白质之间相互作用的重要途径之一。本试验利用水稻武运粳7号(95-22)穗为材料,构建了一个穗发育相关基因酵母双杂交cDNA文库,试验表明,本实验构建的cDNA初级文库容量和目的文库容量分别为1.44×107 CFU/mL和9.6×106 CFU/mL,重组率均为95%;初级文库插入片段长度介于500～2 000 bp之间,目的文库插入片段长度介于1 000～2 000 bp之间,两者平均插入片段长度均在1 000 bp以上;通过NCBI数据库、RicexPro数据库和Rice Genome Annotiation Project数据库对目的文库中的19个单克隆测序分析得知,19个克隆测序序列匹配17个相应的基因,文库重复率为10.5%,其中16个基因均在穗部有表达。以上试验表明,本实验构建的cDNA文库是一个质量较高的文库,可以直接用于穗发育相关基因筛选。     

球孢白僵菌热休克蛋白基因Bbhsp70的cDNA及上游序列克隆与分析

运用SMART RACE RT-PCR技术与DNA步移技术,首次从球孢白僵菌中克隆出完整的热休克蛋白基因Bbhsp70编码区序列及上游序列。该基因cDNA全长2405bp,5′端非翻译区171bp,3′端非翻译区263bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1971bp,编码656个氨基酸。成熟蛋白理论分子量为71.3kDa,理论等电点为4.92。上游序列长度3559bp,其中有305bp序列与cDNA序列重叠。分析表明,上游序列中没有明显的TATA-盒和CAAT-盒,但含有CCAAT-bindingfactor、GC-box等重要的转录因子结合位点,以及热激应答元件(HSE)和GATA元件等启动子顺式调控元件。     

Gene structure and expression of the gene from Beauveria bassiana encoding bassiasin I, an insect cuticle-degrading serine protease

Genomic and cDNA encoding Beauveria bassiana bassiasin I, a potential cuticle-degrading serine protease, were isolated and analysed. Bassiasin I gene is comprised of 1137 bp (379 aa) and 3 introns which are 69, 62 and 68 bp long. The comparison of a deduced amino acid sequence with Metarhizium anisopliae Pr1, B. bassiana Pr1, and proteinase K showed high homology. When the cDNA including the intact signal peptide was expressed in E. coli, a clear proteolytic-degraded zone on LB-skimmed milk plates was observed.     

Cloning of a cuticle-degrading protease from the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana

Abstract A Beauveria bassiana extracellular subtilisin-like serine endoprotease is a potential virulence factor by virtue of its activity against insect cuticles. A cDNA clone of the protease was isolated from mycelia of B. bassiana grown on cuticle/chitin cultures. The amino acid sequence of this gene was compared to that of Metarhizium anisopliae Pr1, the only pathogenicity determinant so far described from an entomopathogenic fungus, and proteinase K, isolated from Tritirachium album , a saprophytic fungus. The cDNA sequence revealed that B. bassiana Prl is synthesized as a large precursor ( M _r 37 460) containing a signal peptide, a propeptide and the mature protein predicted to have an M _r of 26 832.     

Expressing a fusion protein with protease and chitinase activities increases the virulence of the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana

Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are being developed as alternatives to chemical insecticides. They infect insects by direct penetration of the cuticle using a combination of physical pressure and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases and chitinases. Previously we found that overexpression of a subtilisin-like protease (Pr1A) or a chitinase (Bbchit1) resulted in increased virulence of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, respectively. In this study, we found that a mixture of the B. bassiana Pr1A homolog (CDEP1) and Bbchit1 degraded insect cuticle in vitro more efficiently than either CDEP1 or Bbchit1 alone. Based on this we produced three plasmid constructs; (1) Bbchit1, (2) CDEP1, and (3) a fusion gene of Bbchit1 linked to CDEP1 each under the control of the constitutive gpd promoter from Aspergillus nidulans. B. bassiana transformants secreting the fusion protein (CDEP1:Bbchit1) penetrated the cuticle significantly faster than the wild type or transformants overexpressing either Bbchit1 or CDEP1. Compared to the wild type, the transformant overexpressing CDEP1 showed a 12.5% reduction in LT₅₀, without a reduction in LC₅₀. The LT₅₀ of the transformant expressing CDEP1:Bbchit1 was reduced by 24.9%. Strikingly, expression of CDEP1:Bbchit1 resulted in a 60.5% reduction in LC₅₀, more than twice the reduction obtained by overexpression of Bbchit1 (28.5%). This work represents a significant step towards the development of hypervirulent insect pathogens for effective pest control.     

Allelic variation of a Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) minisatellite is independent of host range and geographic origin.

The minisatellite locus, BbMin1, was isolated from a partial Beauveria bassiana genomic library that consisted of poly(GA) flanked inserts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the BbMin1 repeat demonstrated allele size variation among 95 B. bassiana isolates. Amplification was also observed from single isolates of Beauveria amorpha, Beauveria brongniartii, and Beauveria caledonica. Eight alleles were identified at the haploid locus, where repeat number fluctuated between one and fourteen. AMOVA and theta (Fst) indicated that fixation of repeat number has not occurred within pathogenic ecotypes or geographically isolated samples of B. bassiana. Selective neutrality of allele size, the rate of BbMin1 mutation, and the age of the species may contribute to host and geographic independence of the marker. Presence of alleles with a large number of repeat units may be attributed to the rare occurrence of somatic recombination or DNA replication error. The molecular genetic marker was useful for the identification of genetic types of B. bassiana and related species.     

球孢白僵菌Hog1 MAPK同源基因BbHog1的克隆及特征分析

根据几种丝状真菌Hog1 MAPK的保守氨基酸序列设计简并引物,从昆虫病原真菌球孢白僵菌中扩增出MAPK同源基因的部分片段,然后利用YADE法延伸该片段的上、下游邻接序列,获得MAPK编码基因的全长序列,命名为BbHog1。序列分析表明,该基因编码358个氨基酸的多肽,推测分子量为40.99kDa,等电点为5.49。BbHog1含有MAPK保守的蛋白激酶激活域(TGY),序列与粗糙脉孢霉os-2(AF297032)、烟曲霉OSM1(XM_747571)、隐球酵母HOG1(AF243531)和酿酒酵母Hog1(Z73285)等Hog1 MAPK高度同源,相似性分别为94%、89%、83%和80%。系统聚类结果表明,BbHog1与酵母Hog1 MAPK同源。Southern杂交表明,BbHog1在球孢白僵菌基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。Northern分析表明,BbHog1在高渗、亚高温和营养胁迫等条件下的表达明显升高。由此推测,BbHog1基因可能与球孢白僵菌对逆境胁迫的适应性调节密切相关。     

Identification of novel genes associated with conidiation in Beauveria bassiana with suppression subtractive hybridization

The conidiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycete) is a complex process that involves the stage- and cell-type-specific expression of hundreds of genes. The suppression subtractive hybridization method was used to target genes involved in conidiation. Seventeen genes were cloned that potentially were involved in conidia formation. Six of them demonstrated differential expression between conidial and vegetative cultures. Sequence analysis showed three cDNA fragments had similarity to known genes involved in either cellular metabolism or cell regulatory processes. The other cDNA fragments showed low or no similarity to any genes previously described. The full-length cDNA and genomic sequence of a gene designated A43 was isolated. The A43 protein is composed of 180 amino acids and has 34% identity to a RNA-binding region-containing protein. The temporal expression pattern was consistent with the gene being involved in conidiation. The colony morphology of the A43 knock-out mutant had more floccus mycelium than the wild-type and also produced fewer conidia, indicating the A43 gene is involved in B. bassiana conidiation.