水稻垩白形成的生理和遗传机制

介绍了水稻垩白形成的生理和分子生物学机制的研究进展,提出了垩白形成分子机制研究中的一些难点和期待解决的问题。     

稻米垩白形成的气象生态基础研究

在全国13个点、19个品种多播期试验基础上,对稻米垩自形成的气象生态基础进行了分析。结果表明,水稻齐穗后15天的日均温是影响稻米垩白大小的主要气象因子。经对稻米垩白与齐穗后15天内均温关系的动态分析可知,稻米垩白随该时段温度提高而增大的拐点温度约为29℃(品种间略有差异),接近或超过该点温度,稻米垩白会突发性地增加。     

鸳鸯茉莉花色变化过程中的生理生化特性研究

以3年生鸳鸯茉莉(Brunfelsia acuminata Benth.)5个不同花期(花蕾期、初开期、全开期、过渡期、末花期)的花瓣为试材,研究其开花过程中花瓣的色度值、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素、花色苷含量、细胞p H值以及相关酶活性的变化,并分析各指标之间的相关性。结果显示,除全开期外,其它4个时期各色度值变化不明显,初开期、全开期和过渡期,明亮参数L值逐渐增大,红绿参数a值、黄蓝参数b值和彩度C值急剧降低;类黄酮含量在过渡期最低,其它阶段无显著差异;类胡萝卜素含量变化呈上升-下降-稳定的趋势,全开期达到最高;花色苷含量则随开花进程不断下降,花蕾期最高;花蕾期、初开期、全开期的SOD活性变化不显著,过渡期时显著升高,末花期又迅速回落到最低值;POD活性不断上升,末花期为花蕾期的28.73倍;CAT活性前期变化不显著,末花期时有一定幅度的升高;花瓣色度各指标、花色苷含量、上述酶的活性、p H值等几个参数间均存在极显著相关性,但SOD活性、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮与所有参数的相关性均不显著。研究结果表明花色苷是影响鸳鸯茉莉花色变化的决定性代谢产物,POD和CAT活性是调节花色苷降解速率的主要抗氧化酶。     

啤酒花试管苗移栽过程中的某些生理生化特性变化

本文检测了接种后不同时期啤酒花(Humulus lupulus)试管苗和其移栽成活后以及实地二年生啤酒花生长过程中的叶绿素、还原糖、总糖、蛋白质含量和根系活性变化.实验材料有经过继代后培养15 d的啤酒花无菌苗叶片(ZY1)和根系(ZG1)、继代后培养30 d的无菌苗叶片(ZY2)和根系(ZG2)、外部移栽15 d初步成活苗的叶片(WY1)和根系(WG1)、外部移栽50 d完全成活苗的叶片(WY2)和根系(WG2)、外部移栽100 d完全成活苗的叶片(WY3)和根系(WG3)、实地二年生的叶片(CKY)和根部(CKG).     

不同S22基因型玉米种子萌发过程中的生理生化特性变化

玉米自交系Ｓ２２（深色）、Ｓ２２（中色）、Ｓ２２（浅色）及４７８种子中过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、淀粉酶及脱氢酶活性明显低于杂交种Ｓ２２×４７８。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加以及蛋白质含量和呼吸速率降低,导致自交系玉米种子发芽速度迟缓,影响出苗率。     

不同S22基因型玉米种子萌发过程中的生理生化特性变化(简报)

玉米自交系Ｓ_(２２)（深色）Ｓ_(２２)（中色）、Ｓ_(２２)（浅色）及４７８种子中过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、淀粉酶及脱氢酶活性明显低于杂交种Ｓ_２２４７８。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加以及蛋白质含量和呼吸速率降低,导致自交系玉米种子发芽速度迟缓,影响出苗率。     

Anther and tissue culture-induced grain chalkiness and associated variants in rice

Rice, Oryza sativa, plants regenerated from anther culture with and without in vitro selection pressure were evaluated for chalky seed. Progeny evaluated included 21 spontaneously doubled haploids selfed 4 times, progeny from plants regenerated from S-aminoethylcysteine resistant callus selfed 4 times and backcrosses of both types to the parental type. All lines with in vitro histories had higher seed chalkiness than the controls both in the intensity of chalkiness and in the number of seeds expressing the character. The full range of intensity and amount of chalkiness was expressed in the progeny. The average intensity of anther/tissue culture-derived progeny was 4–5, based on a scale of 1 (translucent) to 10 (fully opaque), and the average amount of chalkiness within plants sampled was 50–75 percent. The chalky characteristic is transmitted from parent to offspring into a range of identifiable F₂ segregants. Disclaimer statement Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

Breeding and application of Jiafuzhan, a new elite early indica rice cultivar in China

After 20 years of dedicated research,Jiafuzhan has been successfully developed under the new technologies in breeding high-quality early indica rice cultivars.Its rice quality has almost reached the A-level Editable Rice of Agriculture Department of China,and its average production reaches 400-500 kg/(666.7 m2).This new cultivar also has other characteristics such as enhanced resistance of blast and fallen,steady productivity,and strong adaptability.Jiafuzhan has been put into production of over 11.4×104 hm2 in Fujian Province and has been introduced and extended in other Provinces like Jiangxi,Guangdong,and Guangxi,China.The successes of breeding Jiafuzhan is a solution to the existing perennial problems in the rice industry,such as poor grain quality of big-grain rice and early indica rice,low productivity,and poor blast resistance of elite rice.     

籼型常规早稻穗分化期低温对颖花形成和籽粒充实的影响

以籼型常规早稻中嘉早17为材料,于盆栽条件下采用人工气候箱控温,在水稻穗分化一次枝梗原基分化期(Ⅱ)与花粉母细胞减数分裂期(Ⅵ)进行17和20 ℃的低温胁迫处理,研究不同低温对水稻枝梗、颖花分化与退化及籽粒充实的影响.结果表明： 与对照相比,不同低温处理均显著降低每穗枝梗及颖花分化数和现存数,颖花现存数降幅为7.2%～12.4%,同时增加了枝梗和颖花的退化数,影响了花粉活性、花药开裂等花器官发育,导致籽粒充实不良,以17 ℃低温胁迫效应更明显.穗分化Ⅵ期低温处理总枝梗和颖花分化数与现存数低于穗分化Ⅱ期,但二次枝梗和颖花退化数较多,颖花退化数较穗分化Ⅱ期高11.6%;穗分化Ⅱ期低温处理穗部籽粒结实率显著低于穗分化Ⅵ期,降幅达3.7%,主要与花粉粒活性、柱头花粉散落数、花药开裂系数和籽粒充实度受低温影响较大有关.另外,穗分化Ⅱ、Ⅵ两时期受17 ℃低温胁迫效应大于20 ℃.综合穗分化两时期低温胁迫效应的差异,生产中需加强相应栽培措施的调控.     

水稻垩白性状遗传育种研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)垩白包括垩白率和垩白度,是重要的外观品质之一,对其他品质性状也有重要影响,阐明水稻垩白性状的遗传机制十分重要。近年来随着水稻功能基因组学和分子标记技术的发展,越来越多的垩白基因获得了克隆。本文综述了水稻垩白的评价指标、与其他品质性状的关系、遗传基础、垩白QTL定位和垩白基因克隆,并提出了借助显性核不育系进行轮回选择改良水稻垩白的分子育种策略,以期为水稻垩白性状的分子改良提供参考和借鉴。     

水稻品种灌浆期耐热性的综合评判

建立了一种对水稻品种的灌浆期耐热性进行综合评判的方法.选取籽粒充实度、秕粒率、饱粒密度、垩白米率、垩白度等5个与水稻灌浆期耐热性强弱密切相关的性状,以参评品种这5个性状的耐热系数为指标,应用主成分分析法将5个彼此相关的单项指标转化为2个累计贡献率达到85%以上的相互独立的综合指标,根据每一品种的5个单项性状的耐热系数和综合指标的标准化特征向量求出每一品种2个综合指标的得分.计算每一品种2个综合指标得分的隶属函数值,并以综合指标的贡献率来确定2个综合指标的权重,在此基础上进行加权求和,从而得到每一品种灌浆期耐热性的综合评判值（D值）.采用系统聚类分析方法对各品种的综合评判值（D值）进行数量分类,同时结合生产实际的要求,可把每一品种划归为不同的耐性等级.外部独立样本组的统计检验以及实践验证的结果表明,所建立的综合评判方法具有理想的效果,可以对不同品种灌浆期综合耐热性能的强弱作出客观、准确的评判.     

Quantification of total genomic DNA and selected repetitive sequences reveals concurrent changes in different DNA families in indica and japonica rice

This paper describes a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of three different repetitive sequence families, which were mapped to mitotic metaphase chromosomes and extended DNA fibers (EDFs) of the two subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa), indica and japonica (2n=2x=24). The repeat families studied were (1) the tandem repeat sequence A (TrsA), a functionally non-significant repeat; (2) the [TTTAGGG]_n telomere sequence, a non-transcribed, tandemly repeated but functionally significant repeat; and (3) the 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rDNA). FISH of the TrsA repeat to metaphase chromosomes of indica and japonica cultivars revealed clear signals at the distal ends of twelve and four chromosomes, respectively. As shown in a previous report, the 17S ribosomal RNA genes (17S rDNA) are located at the nucleolus organizers (NORs) on chromosomes 9 and 10 of the indica cultivar. However, the japonica rice lacked the rDNA signals on chromosome 10. The size of the 5S rDNA repeat block, which was mapped on the chromosome 11 of both cultivars, was 1.22 times larger in the indica than in the japonica genome. The telomeric repeat arrays at the distal ends of all chromosome arms were on average three times longer in the indica genome than in the japonica genome. Flow cytometric measurements revealed that the nuclear DNA content of indica rice is 9.7% higher than that of japonica rice. Our data suggest that different repetitive sequence families contribute significantly to the variation in genome size between indica and japonica rice, though to different extents. The increase or decrease in the copy number of several repetitive sequences examined here may indicate the existence of a directed change in genome size in rice. Possible reasons for this phenomenon of concurrent evolution of various repeat families are discussed. Received: 9 August 1999 / Accepted: 29 December 1999     

The rice LEC1-like transcription factor OsNF-YB9 interacts with SPK,an endosperm-specific sucrose synthase protein kinase,and functions in seed development

LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), a NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) family member, plays a critical role in embryogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis. Previous studies have shown that rice OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YB7 are homologous to Arabidopsis LEC1. However, the functions of LEC1-like genes in rice remain unclear. Here we report that OsNF-YB9 and OsNF-YB7 display sub-functionalization in rice. We demonstrate that OsNF-YB7 is expressed mainly in the embryo, whereas OsNF-YB9 is preferentially expressed in the developing endosperm. Heterologous expression of either OsNF-YB9 or OsNF-YB7 in Arabidopsis lec1-1 was able to complement the lec1-1 defects. We failed to generate osnf-yb7 homozygous mutants due to lethality caused by OsNF-YB7 defects. Loss of OsNF-YB9 function caused abnormal seed development: seeds were longer, narrower and thinner and exhibited a higher chalkiness ratio. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to starch synthesis was deregulated in osnf-yb9. OsNF-YB9 could interact with SPK, a sucrose synthase protein kinase that is predominantly expressed in rice endosperm. Knockout of SPK resulted in chalky seeds similar to those observed in the osnf-yb9 mutants. Ectopic expression of OsNF-YB9 in both rice and Arabidopsis resulted in unhealthy plants with small seeds. Taken together, these results suggest a critical role for OsNF-YB9 in rice seed development.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of japonica and indica rice varieties

Genetic transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mediated by Agrobacterium ttumefaciens has been confirmed for japonica varieties and extended to include the more recalcitrant indica varieties. Immature embryos were inoculated with either A. tumefaciens At656 (pCNL56) or LBA4404 (pTOK233). Experimental conditions were developed initially for immature embryos treated with strain At656, based upon both transient and stable -glucuromdase (GUS) activities. However, plant regeneration following selection on G418 (pCNL56 contained the nptII gene) did not occur. Using the same basic protocol, but inoculating immature embryos of rice with LBA4404 (pTOK233), resulted in efficient (about 27%) production of transgenic plants of the japonica variety, Radon, and an acceptable efficiency (from 1–5%) for the indica varieties IR72 and TCS10. Transformation was based upon resistance to hygromycin (pTOK233 contains the hpt gene), the presence of GUS activity (from the gusA gene), Southern blots for detection of the integrated gusA gene, and transmission of GUS activity to progeny in a Mendelian 3:1 segregation ratio. Southern blots indicated two to three copies of the gene integrated in most transformants. Transgenic plants of both the japonica and indica varieties were self-fertile and comparable in this respect to seed-grown plants. Key factors facilitating the transformation of rice by Agrobacterium tumefaciens appeared to be the use of embryos as the expiant, the use of hygromycin as the selection agent (which does not interfere with rice regeneration), the presence of extra copies of certain vir genes on the binary vector of pTOK233, and maintaining high concentrations of acetosyringone for inducing the vir genes during co-cultivation of embryos with Agrobacterium.Abbreviations AS acetosyringone - DMRT Duncan's Multiple Range Test - GUS -glucuronidase - T-DNA transferred DNA We wish to thank Dr. Toshihiko Komari, Japan Tobacco Inc. for providing Ayrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 (pTOK322). Support by the Rockefeller Foundation in the form of a fellowship to R.R.A. and a grant to T.K.H. is acknowledged. This is journal paper number 14,914 from the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.     

水稻高温热害的研究现状与进展

全球气候变暖环境下,水稻高温热害频发,孕穗-开花期和灌浆期高温已成为制约水稻产量和品质的主要因素之一。本文综述了水稻高温热害的发生特点(鉴定与分级、区域和时间)和高温对水稻生长发育(生理、产量和品质)的影响,总结了水稻高温热害的数量性状座位定位、转录组和蛋白质组分析等分子生物学研究及监测预警与风险评估,重点阐述了高温热害的防御措施,包括选用耐热品种、改善田间管理和喷施外源物质,并对今后水稻高温热害研究进行了展望,以期为水稻高温热害防御和农业减灾增效提供科学支持。     

灌浆期高温对水稻光合特性、内源激素和稻米品质的影响

以2个籼稻品种:温度钝感型品种K30和温度敏感型品种R21为材料,利用人工气候室控温,在水稻灌浆期设置高温(日均温度34.9℃)和适温(日均温度28.0℃)处理,测定不同灌浆时期(5,10,15,20,25d和30d)光合特性、内源激素含量及稻米品质的变化。结果表明,高温增强了K30的光合能力,K30高温处理净光合速率(Pn)在整个灌浆期都明显高于对照;R21在灌浆前期(5、10d和15d)高温处理与适温处理Pn差异不明显,在灌浆后期(20、25d和30d)高温处理Pn下降。高温增加了K30叶片和籽粒脱落酸(ABA)含量;而R21高温处理和适温处理叶片与籽粒ABA含量的对比不明显。高温处理对两个水稻品种叶片和籽粒赤霉素(GA3)与生长素(IAA)含量也有不同程度影响。高温胁迫降低稻米品质,但K30比R21表现出更强的温度钝感特性。