日本三节叶蜂的研究

日本三节叶蜂,以幼虫为害月季叶片形成孔洞和缺刻,严重时仅留叶柄和主脉,单株花量明显下降,严重影响美观,并降低经济价值。该虫在安徽六安每年发生5～6代,世代重叠,老熟幼虫结茧土内,以预蛹越冬。幼虫5龄,3龄前食量小。幼虫很灵活,无假死性。80％敌敌畏和40％乐果1000倍液,防治效果可述100％。     

越冬滞育前后松阿扁叶蜂幼虫体壁防御体系的变化

【目的】食叶害虫松阿扁叶蜂Acantholyda posticalis Matsumura以老熟幼虫在地下越冬,越冬期间体壁保护其不受外来物的侵害。研究松阿扁叶蜂幼虫体壁对生态的适应性,对于其管理和防治具有重要意义。【方法】采用石油醚溶解脂肪、饱和KOH消化几丁质和考马斯亮蓝结合法测定松阿扁叶蜂不同龄期幼虫蛋白质质量和含量;采用FB 28和HE染色法研究幼虫体壁几丁质和脂肪发育的动态变化;采用紫外分光光度计比色法测定体壁多酚氧化酶的蛋白含量和活性变化。【结果】（1）松阿扁叶蜂幼虫体壁几丁质、总蛋白质、总脂肪含量均随着幼虫发育阶段的变化而增加：蛹前滞育>入土滞育>5龄>4龄,且在5龄至入土前迅速增长。（2）松阿扁叶蜂幼虫体壁的几丁质和脂肪厚度随幼虫发育阶段变化趋势为：入土滞育>蛹前滞育>5龄>4龄,且在5龄至入土前迅速增长。（3）随着幼虫发育,松阿扁叶蜂幼虫总脂肪含量变化平缓,几丁质含量呈现下降-升高-下降趋势,总蛋白质含量呈现升高-降低-升高趋势。（4）随着幼虫的发育,松阿扁叶蜂幼虫体壁多酚氧化酶含量呈现先升高后持续降低的趋势,而活力正好相反,变化波...     

樟叶蜂的生物学和防治

樟叶蜂是樟树幼苗的主要害虫之一。田间世代重叠。在广州,室内饲养年1—7代,以老熟幼虫于土中茧内越冬。卵单个地散产于嫩叶组织内,幼虫取食嫩叶,对樟树幼苗造成严重损害。幼虫老熟时下地入土结茧。两性或孤雌生殖。幼虫四龄。预蛹期常滞育。 室内试验表明:对2—3龄幼虫喷射90%敌百虫晶体100,000倍或200,000倍液;80%敌敌畏乳剂100,000倍液:40%乐果乳剂30,000倍液;50%杀螟松乳剂10,000或20,000倍液:50%马拉松乳剂10,000或20,000倍液;80%易卫杀可溶性粉5,00或10,000倍液;25%可湿性西维因2,000或4,000倍液;20%除虫菊脂乳剂2,000或4,000倍液;以及27.5%杀虫双乳剂10,000或20,000倍液或25%杀虫净乳剂2,000或4,000倍液(加洗衣粉0.025%)均有良好效果。     

杨黑点叶蜂幼虫龄数和龄期

夏季,采用室内常温、常光照条件下饲养的方法和解剖镜测微技术,研究杨黑点叶蜂Pristophora conjugata Dahlbom幼虫龄数和龄期。结果表明,杨黑点叶蜂雄性幼虫共5龄,雌性幼虫共6龄;各龄幼虫头宽值分别为(mm):0.585~0.849;0.849~1.371;1.371~1.960;1.960~2.350;2.350~2.868;2.868。根据幼虫头宽值确定幼虫所处龄期,为准确掌握防治时期提供科学依据。     

杜鹃三节叶蜂生物学特性及其发生规律研究

杜鹃三节叶蜂Arge similis(Vollenhoven)是深圳市梧桐山风景区的一种重要害虫,为害杜鹃花科Ericaceae的多个栽培种类,严重影响植株的长势及观赏价值。本试验通过野外调查和室内观察,对杜鹃三节叶蜂的形态特征、生物学特性及发生规律进行了研究。结果表明:杜鹃三节叶蜂在深圳市梧桐山风景区一年发生7代,以蛹越冬,翌年2月下旬越冬蛹陆续开始羽化为成虫,3月上中旬即开始产卵,4-9月份有明显的世代重叠,11月下旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹越冬,完成一个世代需要32-46 d。卵集中产在杜鹃嫩叶叶背与叶缘表皮之间。幼虫共5龄,具有暴发性、暴食性的特点,1-2龄幼虫群集取食,食量较小,3龄以后幼虫开始分散为害,食量大增。老熟幼虫在植株基部周围的土壤中或枯枝落叶层间吐丝结茧化蛹,化蛹深度在距地表2-5 cm左右。     

山地天幕毛虫的生物学特性及防治

山地天幕毛虫在新疆库尔勒1年发生1代,以幼虫在卵壳内越冬,于翌年早春出壳活动,为害树木的嫩芽。幼虫共5龄,历期53～67天,平均54.7天。4龄前具群聚性,以后分散生活。蛹期6～16天,平均11.5天。成虫多在傍晚羽化和交配,当夜产卵。每头产卵113～321粒,平均180.5粒。喷用溴氰菊酯、杀螟松或敌敌畏防治幼虫效果较好。也可用震落脚踩、剪除卵块和虫巢,保护和利用天敌,黑光灯诱杀成虫等措施进行防治。     

萧氏松茎象幼虫龄数的估测

室内和林间调查的结果表明 ,萧氏松茎象HylobitelusxiaoiZhang幼虫期为 5～ 7龄。该虫在林间以老熟幼虫的前 1龄幼虫 ,即以第 4～ 6龄幼虫越冬 ,其中以 5～ 6龄幼虫为主 ,4龄幼虫仅占少数     

黄氏枝膜叶蜂生物学特性及金龟子绿僵菌对其幼虫的致病力

【目的】黄氏枝膜叶蜂Cladiucha huangbki是新发现的叶蜂科(Tenthredinidae)枝膜叶蜂属Cladiucha种类,以幼虫取食危害乳源木莲Manglietia yuyuanensis叶片,虫口密度大, 严重影响乳源木莲的生长。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性,并筛选出对该虫具有高致病力的金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株,为高效治理该虫提供理论基础和生物防治资源。【方法】以林间调查和室内饲养观察相结合的方式,观察黄氏枝膜叶蜂的各发育阶段形态特征和生物学特性(寄主植物、分布和生活史);采用孢子悬浮液喷雾法筛选高致病力金龟子绿僵菌菌株。【结果】林间和室内观察结果表明,黄氏枝膜叶蜂幼虫取食木兰科木莲属植物,在福建永安市一年发生1代,以老熟幼虫(预蛹)在土室中越夏、越冬;翌年3月上旬化蛹,3月下旬成虫羽化,4月上旬为雌虫产卵高峰期,4月中旬幼虫出现,4月下旬至5月上旬为幼虫危害高峰期,5月中旬老熟幼虫开始入土做土室,入土深度30~150 mm。室内金龟子绿僵菌不同菌株对黄氏枝膜叶蜂幼虫致病力测定结果表明,以1×10⁷孢子/mL悬浮液喷雾11 d后,不同菌株对其幼虫的校正死亡率均超过85%,其中MaQZ-01, MaYTTR-04-05, Ma3和MaFZ-13 4个菌株感染的叶蜂幼虫校正死亡率为100%。菌株MaFZ-08感染引起的黄氏枝膜叶蜂僵虫率最高,为60%;其次是MaYTTR-04-05,引起的僵虫率为50%。金龟子绿僵菌各菌株对黄氏枝膜叶蜂幼虫的致死中时间(LT₅₀)相差不大,在6 d左右,其中MaYTTR-04-05菌株的LT₅₀最短,为5.090 d。【结论】黄氏枝膜叶蜂在福建永安一年发生1代,5月中、下旬老熟幼虫入土做土室化为预蛹越夏越冬。本研究筛选出对黄氏枝膜叶蜂幼虫致病力强的金龟子绿僵菌MaYTTR-04-05菌株,在其防治上有良好的应用前景。     

广西新松叶蜂生物学特性观察及防治试验研究

广西新松叶蜂在云南为害云南松幼林,郁闭度0.3以下为害严重。一年发生2代,以二龄、三龄及少数四龄幼虫越冬。翌年3月中旬开始化蛹,4月上旬成虫开始羽化。越冬代虫态不整齐,世代重叠。有二种寄生蜂和寄生蝇寄生于其幼虫,寄生蝇的寄生率可达41.8％,在防治上应加以保护。     

温度对中华锉叶蜂发育和存活的影响及药剂防治效果

中华锉叶蜂Pristiphora sinensisWong是我国特有的害虫种类。在室内较系统地研究了温度对中华锉叶蜂发育和存活的影响,并进行了田间防治试验。结果表明,不同温度对中华锉叶蜂各虫态生长发育和存活具有明显不同的影响,在16,20,24,28℃条件下,卵、幼虫、蛹的存活率和发育历期均存在显著的差异,比较而言,以20~24℃较为适宜,温度过高或过低均有明显不利的影响。药剂防治试验表明,供试6种药剂处理对中华锉叶蜂幼虫均具有较好的防治效果。     

响应面法优化火麻仁油微胶囊喷雾干燥工艺的研究

为了制备包埋率高、稳定性好的火麻仁油微胶囊,拓展其在食品领域的应用范围,以火麻仁油为芯材、单双脂肪酸甘油酯为乳化剂、酪蛋白酸钠为壁材、固体玉米糖浆为填充剂、柠檬酸钠为缓冲盐、抗坏血酸棕榈酸钠为抗氧化剂,通过喷雾干燥法制备60%载油率的火麻仁油微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为响应值,在单因素实验的基础上,以干物浓度、进风温度、出风温度为实验因素,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法进行优化。随后通过扫描电镜观察火麻仁油微胶囊表面形态结构,以确定包埋效果。并利用油脂氧化分析仪检测火麻仁油微胶囊的氧化稳定性。研究确定微胶囊的最佳工艺条件为：干物浓度42%、进风温度168 ℃、出风温度74 ℃,在此条件下制备得到的火麻仁油微胶囊包埋率可达92.15%。通过扫描电镜观察到火麻仁油微胶囊表面圆滑无裂痕,表明火麻仁油微胶囊包埋效果比较理想。经油脂氧化分析仪测定,与对照组（火麻仁油）相比,试验组（火麻仁油微胶囊）的氧化诱导期时间较长,能够达到30 h以上,说明通过对火麻仁油进行微胶囊包埋可以较大程度地提高油脂的稳定性。研究结果为火麻仁油在食品工业领域的开发和应用提供了理论支持。     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂搜索利它素的研究

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris Nixon是纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guené&初龄幼虫重要的寄生蜂,搜索利它素(searching kairomone)对它的寄生活动起导向、激发搜索行为的作用.该种利它素主要存在于纵卷叶螟幼虫的粪便、血淋巴及下唇腺的分泌物中,是由八种氨基酸(亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、胱氨酸)和海藻糖所组成. 绒茧蜂交配与否不影响其对利它素的行为反应,在整个成蜂期都能对利它素产生反应;施用利它素可提高寄生率15—25％左右,在绒茧蜂雌蜂盛发期施用效果较好.     

Cocoon predation on diprionid sawflies: the effect of forest fertility

Predation by small mammals is thought to be one of the main regulators of outbreaking sawfly species. It has been suggested that predation may be lower in poor and dryish forests, and this is the reason why outbreaks often begin from this type of environment. We studied experimentally how fertility of the forest site affects cocoon predation experienced by two sawfly species, the common pine sawfly Diprion pini (Linnaeus) and the European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy). We applied a fertilization treatment to selected pine-dominated barren forest sites in Finland, and 2–4 years later monitored predation on the sawfly cocoons in fertilized and control areas. The results did not support the idea that forest fertility was related to cocoon predation. We also could not verify that small mammal abundance was related to fertility of the forest. The most obvious pattern we observed was that the two sawfly species differed dramatically in predation experienced. N. sertifer has its cocoon phase in mid-summer and experienced only moderate predation (37%) whereas D. pini, with its cocoon phase in autumn, suffered from very heavy predation (96%). Our observations suggest that if predation is important in controlling the population dynamics of the species, its impact depends more on the sawfly species and season than on the fertility of the forest site. Received: 1 March 1998 / Accepted: 25 May 1998     

Host plant derived feeding deterrence towards ants in the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae

Larvae of the sawfly Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) feed on several glucosinolate-containing plants and have been shown to sequester the main glucosinolates of different hosts, namely sinalbin (p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate) from Sinapis alba L., sinigrin (allylglucosinolate) from Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, and glucobarbarin ((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylglucosinolate) from Barbarea stricta Andrz. (Brassicaceae). These plant metabolites are stored in the haemolymph, which is readily released when larvae are attacked by predators. In a dual-choice bioassay the bio-activity of sawfly haemolymph collected from larvae reared on different host plants (S. alba, B. nigra, and B. stricta) was tested against the ant Myrmica rubra L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The haemolymph had a stronger deterrence effect when the corresponding sawfly larvae were reared on S. alba than when reared on B. nigra and B. stricta. Haemolymph of caterpillars of Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) that had fed on S. alba was not deterrent to the ants. No sinalbin could be detected in their haemolymph. The glucosinolates sinalbin and sinigrin, offered in a concentration comparable to that in the sawfly haemolymph, were deterrent to the ants, but not as strongly as the corresponding haemolymph samples. This suggests, that glucosinolates are not the only compounds involved in the chemical defence of A. rosae. However, the presence of sequestered glucosinolates is already a sufficient defence towards predators such as ants, and their effectiveness is modulated by the host plant chemistry.     

Comparison of insect,fungal, and mechanically induced defoliation of larch: effects on plant productivity and subsequent host susceptibility

Summary Larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii Hartig, and larch needlecast fungus, Mycosphaerella laricinia (R. Hartig) Neg., are early season defoliators restricted only to Larix host trees. Larch defoliation (100%) by either the fungus or insect, but not mechanical removal, induced systemic responses that reduced sawfly consumption and digestion rates one year later. In a feeding behavior assay, larvae quickly abandoned seedlings previously defoliated by M. laricinia. Adult female oviposition choice and egg deposition were unaffected. Seedling growth was not affected during the year of defoliation by M. laricinia, but was significantly reduced one year later. Defoliation by M. laricinia reduced stem volume, radial growth, root biomass and new shoot production. The latter tissue is the only oviposition resource for larch sawfly, and, in contrast, is not influenced by sawfly feeding. We hypothesize that M. laricinia infection may limit larch sawfly populations where both species coexist. However, this reduction is at a substantial net cost to larch productivity.     

Impact of the parasitoid Lathrolestes ensator (Hym., Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae) as antagonist of apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea (Hym., Tenthredinidae)

Abstract: Lathrolestes ensator (Brauns) was the only parasitoid species reared from larvae of apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) collected in Dutch orchards. The life history parameters of apple sawfly and its parasitoid L. ensator were investigated in field and semi‐field experiments. Usually, the adult parasitoids emerge in synchrony with the preferred host stage, the second instar sawfly larvae. Parasitoid females carried 120–175 eggs, but never laid more than half this number. The mortality of sawfly eggs and larvae varied from 75 and 99%. The eggs and mining larvae are most vulnerable, as the older larvae survive for 90% on average. Three factors at least determine how many of the descending larvae become adult sawfly or parasitoid next spring. The failure of descending larvae to construct a cocoon varied from 7 to 31% and was highest in clay soil. Probably a similar mechanical hindrance prohibited more emerging adults, of both sawfly and L. ensator, from attaining the surface in heavier soils next spring. Relatively more sawfly prepupae than parasitoids died in the cocoon stage, from fungus disease or other causes, but more parasitoids than hosts stayed in prolonged diapause. Mainly due to this last factor, the overall result was a decrease of the parasitoid : host ratio during the first season underground. A life table based on survival rates during various life stages yields a net reproductive rate of up to 2.4 daughters per female sawfly. It indicates that 60% of the sawfly larvae need to be parasitized to stop population growth, or correspondingly less when more than 75% of the host eggs and young larvae are killed by predators or other causes.     

纳氏皱皮螨生活史的研究

纳氏皱皮螨Suidasia nesbitti Hughes是我国重要储藏物螨类之一.在我国大陆和台湾省,腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)是最重要的储藏物螨类,其次是皱皮螨属Suidasia的二个种,即大陆的纳氏皱皮螨和台湾省的棉兰皱皮螨S. medanensis Oudemans.本文研究了纳氏皱皮螨的生活史,并对生活史各发育阶段的形态进行描述.本文还对纳氏皱皮螨和棉兰皱皮螨的形态,分布和为害情况列表进行比较.     

Intercropping Cover Crops with Pineapple for the Management of Rotylenchulus reniformis

Effect of cover crops intercropped with pineapple (Ananas comosus) on Rotylenchulus reniformis population densities and activity of nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) were evaluated in two cycles of cover crop and pineapple. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), rapeseed (Brassica napus), African marigold (Tagetes erecta), or weeds were intercropped with pineapples. Beds planted with sunn hemp or rapeseed had lower population densities of R. reniformis than African marigold, weeds, or pineapple plots during cover crop growth, and the subsequent pineapple-growing periods. Rapeseed was a good host to Meloidogyne javanica and resulted in high population densities of M. javanica in the subsequent pineapple crop. Fireweed (Erigeron canadensis) occurred commonly and was a good host to R. reniformis. Bacterivorous nematode population densities increased (P ≤ 0.05) most in sunn hemp, especially early after planting. Nematode-trapping fungi required a long period to develop measurable population densities. Population densities of NTF were higher in cover crops than weeds or pineapples during the first crop cycle (P < 0.05). Although pineapple produced heavier fruits following sunn hemp than in the other treatments (P < 0.05), commercial yields were not different among rapeseed, weed, and sunn hemp treatments.     

Size and shape analysis of mineral resources in arroyo willow and their relation to sawfly densities

The association between host-plant mineral nutrients and insect herbivory is complex, idiosyncratic, and dynamic. Because of this we employed an unusual statistical method to evaluate the relationship between tenthredinid sawfly herbivory and concentrations of foliar nutrients in arroyo willow,Salix lasiolepis. We discovered that among 20 willow clones and between two years arroyo willow varied in the size (absolute concentrations) and shape (relative concentrations) of five mineral nutrients (Ca, Mg, N, P, and K). Similarly, the densities of five sawfly species varied in size and shape among clones and between years. In 1984, relative densities, or shape, of the sawfly community was associated with relative concentrations, or shape, of foliar nutrients in 20 willow clones. In contrast, in 1985 absolute densities, or size, was associated with absolute concentrations, or size, of foliar nutrients. This shift from a shape to a size association between herbivory and foliar mineral nutrients may reflect the large difference in winter precipitation and sawfly densities between years: precipitation and sawfly densities were much greater in 1985 than in 1984.     

Analysis of volatiles from black pine (Pinus nigra): significance of wounding and egg deposition by a herbivorous sawfly

The composition of headspace volatiles of black pine (Pinus nigra) was analysed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It has been shown in a previous study that egg deposition of the sawfly Diprion pini on P. sylvestris induces a quantitative change of the pine volatile blend . Chrysonotomyia ruforum, an egg parasitoid of D. pini, is known to be attracted by volatiles from egg-carrying P. sylvestris, but not by odour from egg-laden P. nigra. Therefore, the present study focused on the question whether also P. nigra as another host plant of this sawfly responds to egg deposition by change of its volatile blend. The headspace of untreated, egg-carrying, and artificially wounded P. nigra twigs were compared. The artificial damage inflicted to the twigs mimicked the damage by the sawfly female prior to egg deposition. Thirty five mainly terpenoid compounds that were identified in more than 50% of the egg-carrying P. nigra twigs could also be detected in the headspace of untreated and artificially wounded twigs. Quantitative differences of the blends of volatiles from differently treated P. nigra twigs were compared by multivariate data analyses. PLS-DA (projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis) revealed that blends of volatiles from differently treated P. nigra differed significantly. When comparing volatiles from egg-carrying and artificially wounded P. nigra with respective P. sylvestris samples, qualitative and quantitative differences were detected. The differences in volatile composition of P. nigra and P. sylvestris are discussed with special respect to the egg parasitoid's response to odours of egg-carrying pine twigs.