白蚁菌圃真菌多样性研究进展

白蚁菌圃存在于白蚁巢中,具有硬而脆的多孔结构,是特殊的真菌生存环境。当有白蚁在白蚁巢内活动时,蚁巢伞Termitomyces是菌圃上的优势菌;当白蚁巢被废弃,炭角菌Xylaria成为菌圃上的优势真菌。菌圃中还存在其他微生物如无性型真菌（anamorphic fungi）和酵母等。菌圃中的真菌很多具有潜在药用价值或其他经济价值。从蚁巢伞、炭角菌等主要真菌类群出发,结合分子生态学研究菌圃真菌多样性的方法,综述了白蚁菌圃真菌多样性的研究进展,揭示了目前的研究热点及存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出可能的发展方向。     

白蚁巢菌圃真菌多样性研究

培菌性白蚁能在存在于蚁巢或分散在其周围土壤中的菌圃上培养真菌。菌圃在无白蚁存在下培养会生长出炭角菌的子实体。对分别采集自我国西南四川、云南两省的4个土白蚁属菌圃采用原位培养法分离并纯化得到40株炭角菌,划分为13个形态型,ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列分析确定为两种炭角菌。采用建立ITS基因文库的方法分析了白蚁菌圃真菌群落多样性,结果表明有白蚁存在的菌圃,蚁巢伞为单一优势菌;废弃的蚁巢中的菌圃,木霉、炭角菌等其他真菌成为优势菌。     

白蚁的蚁客

<正> 白蚁是一类多型的、营社会生活的昆虫。白蚁巢内部常能发现许多蚁客(Termitophiles)。较低等的、蚁巢结构较简单的白蚁,其蚁客的种类和数量较少;而高等的、蚁巢结构复杂、特别是具有菌圃的蚁巢,其中蚁客的种类和数量也较多。 作者近年来(1975—1979)在浙江有关地区白蚁防治单位的协助下,自尖叉原白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、家白蚁、屏南象白蚁、黑翅土白蚁及黄翅大白蚁等6种蚁巢内,采集到30多种蚁客。经初步鉴定,它们隶属于节肢动物门中3个纲、9个目、16个科。其中以昆虫纲的种类最为丰     

培菌白蚁与鸡枞菌研究进展

培菌白蚁起源于非洲,蚁巢内具有复杂的社会分工.培菌白蚁依靠独特的蚁巢结构维持内部稳态和气体循环.菌圃是白蚁培育鸡枞菌的场所.鸡枞菌隶属于担子菌亚门,但其传播方式和生活史具有区别于其它担子菌的特点.鸡枞菌协助白蚁进行植物纤维的消化,白蚁则为鸡枞菌提供合适的生长环境,并控制鸡枞菌的遗传结构.培菌白蚁和鸡枞菌形成紧密的共生关...     

云南大白蚁亚科白蚁分飞情况及与蚁巢伞关系

在云南绿春观察大白蚁亚科4种土白蚁的分飞活动,研究大白蚁亚科白蚁和蚁巢伞之间的关系,得知:大白蚁亚科不同种类白蚁分飞孔形状不相同,分飞时分布于孔口周围的白蚁型、数目和扩散范围存在差异,这些蚁巢的外露特征可以作为白蚁种类识别的辅助依据。采集32巢白蚁以及其巢上生长的蚁巢伞,结果显示,大白蚁亚科每一个白蚁巢仅生长一种蚁巢伞Termitomyces子实体。与小果蚁巢伞共生的白蚁也与其他蚁巢伞共生,推测真菌能改变白蚁的行为。对白蚁种类和蚁巢伞种类对应关系的研究表明在小地域内,白蚁和蚁巢伞不仅存在属间高度专一性,而且种间也显示较高的共生专一性。     

开发昆虫新资源──浅谈白蚁的搜集

昆虫资源开发是近几年来研究的一项新课题,昆虫学家充分肯定了部分昆虫体内含有多种营养物质,并应加以开发。目前,对昆虫资源开发的文章时有发表,但对昆虫资源搜集方面的情况从未见过报道,现将如何搜集白蚁和进行初步加工的方法整理如下。1家白蚁Coptotermesspp．的搜集白蚁是社会性昆虫,行动诡秘,破坏性惊人,特别是家白蚁对建筑物的破坏更大,一旦发现家白蚁,往往会造成人心惶惶,令人深恶痛绝。家白蚁习惯将蚁巢建于大树底部和土木交接处,质地结实,这为家白蚁搜集提供了定位巢穴的线索。家白蚁蚁巢一经发现,迅速将蚁巢连同白…     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

白蚁共生真菌——蚁巢伞属研究概况

蚁巢伞属真菌是一类极具市场开发价值的野生食用真菌。本文对蚁巢伞属真菌的分类、与白蚁的共生关系、活性成分和作用、人工培养研究以及产生的相关木质纤维素降解酶类等方面进行综述,总结了近年来该属真菌的研究现状,指出了研究过程中出现的分类混乱、重名异名现象严重等问题,展望了未来有望开发菌丝体相关产品及深化出菇机制以逐步实现蚁巢伞人工栽培的研究方向,以期为未来的研究提供依据。     

蚁巢伞的活性物质与营养成分

蚁巢伞属的种类与大白蚁亚科白蚁专一性共生,是一类著名的美味食用菌,亦具有重 要的药用价值,极具开发利用前景.该文综述了蚁巢伞的食用和药用价值、营养成分和活性 物质研究,以及其在食品工业及保健方面的应用现状.对现有研究中存在的问题进行了论述 ,并展望了蚁巢伞属菌物在生物技术产业中的应用前景,为蚁巢伞的进一步开发研究提供参考.     

小头钩白蚁巢结构研究

【目的】了解小头钩白蚁Ancistrotermes dimorphus Tsai et Chen的蚁巢结构、各品级在腔室中的分布和巢群个体数量,为有效防控该种白蚁提供科学依据。【方法】采用蚁巢定位和巢体结构解剖法研究蚁巢结构;采用统计法确定各品级在腔室中的分布和巢群个体数量。【结果】小头钩白蚁巢由腔室、菌圃、蚁路、王室、候飞室和分飞孔六部分组成;巢群个体数量为12 255~24 230头(含卵粒);卵、幼蚁、若蚁、工蚁、兵蚁和有翅成虫分散分布在蚁巢腔室中,并不集中于某一特定区域。【结论】小头钩白蚁巢属于极端分散类型,巢群个体数量较少。     

年龄对小家鼠筑巢的影响

为研究不同年龄组小家鼠筑巢能力的差异,分别采用24-h等级法和连续4d巢材获取重量法,对幼年组、亚成年组、成年组小家鼠筑巢能力进行了测定。结果表明:1)小家鼠在亚成年期已具备较强的筑巢能力;2)成年组与亚成年组小家鼠能够快速完成筑巢,24h即可筑成稳定的杯状巢,而幼年组未能筑成稳定巢;3)小家鼠雄性与雌性筑巢能力相当;4)连续4d巢材获取重量表现为成年组>亚成年组,这与两组间身体大小有关,而4d后两组间筑巢等级无显著差异。研究结果提示,不同年龄组的小家鼠均有较强的筑巢需求,筑巢能力基本形成于亚成年期。     

燕窝生物活性及质量标准研究进展

燕窝作为一种名贵药材,来自雨燕科若干种金丝燕用唾液筑成的巢穴。随着对燕窝资源需求的持续增长,全面深入地认识燕窝的营养和药用价值十分必要。我们对该领域的相关研究进行了综述,内容涉及燕窝所含的水溶性蛋白、碳水化合物、无机盐、微量元素等化学成分,及它们具有的促有丝分裂、抑制流感病毒、抗凝血、改善骨骼强度等生物活性。目前的研究重点应放在燕窝重要生物活性成分的分离和纯化方面,在深入了解燕窝物质基础的同时通过完善质量标准以保证药材质量安全和可靠。     

Use of passive radio frequency identification technologies to monitor nest usage in the northern carmine bee‐eater (Merops n. nubicus)

The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is common in animal‐monitoring applications in the wild and in zoological and agricultural settings. RFID is used to track animals and to collect information about movements and other behaviors, as well as to automate or improve husbandry. Disney's Animal Kingdom® uses passive RFID technology to monitor nest usage by a breeding colony of northern carmine bee‐eaters. We implemented RFID technologies in various equipment configurations, initially deploying low‐frequency (LF) 125 kHz RFID and later changing to high‐frequency (HF) 13.56 MHz RFID technology, to monitor breeding behavior in the flock. We installed antennas connected to RFID readers at the entrances of nest tunnels to detect RFID transponders attached to leg bands as birds entered and exited tunnels. Both LF‐RFID and HF‐RFID systems allowed the characterization of nest visitation, including the timing of nest activity, breeding pair formation, identification of egg‐laying females, participation by nonresidents, and detection of nest disruptions. However, we collected a substantially larger volume of data using the increased bandwidth and polling speed inherent with HF‐RFID, which permitted tag capture of multiple birds simultaneously and resulted in fewer missed nest visits in comparison to LF‐RFID. Herein, we describe the evolution of the RFID setups used to monitor nest usage for more than 7 years, the types of data that can be gained using RFID at nests, and how we used these data to gain insights into carmine bee‐eater breeding behavior and improve husbandry.     

Snake predation on North American bird nests: culprits,patterns and future directions

Predation is the leading cause of nest failure for most birds. Thus, for ornithologists interested in the causes and consequences of variation in nest success, knowing the identity and understanding the behavior of dominant nest predators is likely to be important. Video documentation of nests has shown that snakes are frequent predators. Here we reviewed 53 North American studies that used nest cameras and used these data to identify broad patterns in snake predation. Snakes accounted for 26% (range: 0–90%) of recorded predation events, with values exceeding 35% in a third of studies. Snakes were more frequent nest predators at lower latitudes and less frequent in forested habitat relative to other nest predators. Although 12 species of snakes have been identified as nest predators, ratsnakes Elaphe obsoleta, corn snakes E. guttata and fox snakes E. vulpina were the most frequent, accounting for > 70% of all recorded nest predation events by snakes and have been documented preying on nests in 30–65% of studies conducted within their geographic ranges. Endotherm‐specialist snakes (Elaphe and Pituophis genera) were more likely to depredate nests in forests and the canopy relative to other snakes, due to their affinity for edge habitat. Predation by only ratsnakes and corn snakes was predominantly nocturnal and only ratsnakes were more likely to prey on nests during the nestling stage. Snakes were not identified to species in over 30% of predation events, underlining the need for more complete reporting of results. A review of research to date suggests the best approach to investigating factors that bring snakes and nests into contact involves combining nesting studies with radio tracking of locally important snake nest predators.     

天然高分子吸附剂研究进展

本文综述了蛋白质、淀粉、甲壳素、纤维素等天然高分子材料作为吸附剂使用的研究进展情况,对它们的制备方法、使用范围和应用前景作了介绍,引用文献122篇。     

Predation on wader nests in Europe

The population declines of waders in Europe are widely considered to have resulted from habitat loss and degradation due to agricultural changes. However, recent empirical evidence suggests that levels of predation on wader nests are unsustainably high in many cases, even in some situations where breeding habitat is otherwise favourable. We review the published and 'grey' literature on nest predation on waders in Europe and quantify the relative importance of the major predators. Nest cameras offer the least biased method of identifying and quantifying nest predators. A small number of camera studies, in combination with others utilizing nest temperature loggers, indicate that nocturnal/mammalian predators make the largest contribution to wader nest predation. More than half of site-years or studies reviewed reported clutch failure rates of over 50% attributable to predation alone, a rate that is likely to be associated with declining populations, although parameters such as chick and adult survival will also affect population trends. Correlates of wader nest predation are documented, with time of season, field type and management, distance to habitat/field edge, wader nest density, and abundance of mammalian predators being most consistently identified. Future directions of research into wader productivity are discussed, and we suggest that studies quantify additional life-history parameters such as chick survival, as well as examining the predator community, wherever possible.     

生物合成长链二元酸新产业的崛起

长链二元酸是一类用途极其广泛的重要精细化工产品。综述了长链二元酸的用途、来源,国内外研究概况以及产业化现状。说明生物合成长链二元酸是中国正在崛起的新产业。     

栗喉蜂虎（Merops philippinus）繁殖生态的研究进展

栗喉蜂虎（Merops philippinus）属于蜂虎科蜂虎属鸟类,被列入《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》。从栗喉蜂虎的捕食、营巢行为与巢洞特征等方面进行综述,对以往研究结果中的不同观点进行讨论,并对未来的研究进行展望和建议。由于栗喉蜂虎具有集群凿洞的营巢行为,特别有利于验证生物学中的自私牧群原理,研究不同巢位洞穴的繁殖成效随时间和空间的变化,以及揭示天敌捕食压力对栗喉蜂虎选择单独或集群营巢策略的影响。     

Inter-specific nest re-use by Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica

Capsule: Reports of inter-specific nest re-use by Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica in Europe and North America are reviewed. Inter-specific nest re-use was rare but appeared opportunistic, possibly functioning as a time-saving mechanism or as a result of limited nest sites.     

白蚁共生放线菌研究进展

白蚁与微生物的共生关系是目前较受关注的研究热点,其肠道及巢内的共生微生物在降解木质纤维素的过程中扮演着重要的角色。放线菌是这些共生微生物中的重要一类,广泛存在于肠道、蚁巢及其周围土壤中,目前已探明共生放线菌在参与白蚁碳氮循环及保护巢群免受外来病菌侵染等方面发挥着极大的作用。近年来,人们利用分子生物学技术鉴定了部分共生放线菌的类群,发现了许多具应用前景的新放线菌及相关酶和代谢产物。因此,研究与白蚁相关的放线菌不仅有助于人们了解白蚁共生菌群落间的互作及其与宿主间的关系,而且对人类开发自然资源也有较大的帮助。本文对白蚁共生放线菌的研究进展作一综述,供同行参考。