毛茛科升麻族植物药用亲缘学初探

本文总结和归纳了在北美、欧洲以及亚洲广泛应用的毛茛科Ranunculaceae升麻族Cimicifugeae药用植物的系统分类、传统药用价值、现代药理以及化学成分研究结果,并在此基础上初步探讨了该族植物的药用亲缘学关系.升麻族药用植物主要含有9,19-阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷以及肉桂酸衍生物两大类化合物.升麻族植物在传统药用中被用来镇痛、解毒、抗炎,在北美很早就被印第安人用来治疗妇科疾病.现代药理研究发现升麻族植物还具有抗骨质疏松、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗过敏、类雌激素样作用等.通过对升麻族植物药用亲缘学的初步研究,我们发现由于类叶升麻属Actaea和升麻属Cimicifuga的疗效和化学成分相近,因此两属的亲缘关系也近.考虑它们果实的形态差异,以及细胞学特征不同,认为这两属为升麻族植物的一个分支,且以类叶升麻属较升麻属更为进化.从化学分类学的角度来看,铁破锣属Beesia含有特殊铁破锣皂苷可以成为一个独立的分支,而黄三七属Souliea既和铁破锣属一样含有五环三萜和铁破锣型环阿尔廷烷三萜类化合物,又和升麻属、类叶升麻属一样含有吲哚生物碱,因此可以认为它是铁破锣属和升麻属、类叶升麻属之间的一个过渡类型.升麻族植物特有的清热解毒功效与其特殊的阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷化学成分密切相关,因此我们认为阿尔廷烷三萜皂苷可以作为抗肿瘤、抗病毒的新药源进一步深入研究.     

中国药用植物中生物活性物质的寻找——五种药用生物碱的资源植物

本文报道了五种重要的药用生物碱资源植物的研究结果对于萝芙木总碱和利血平资源植物,分析了国产萝芙木属(Rauvolfia)五个种及三个变种根中总生物碱及利血平的含量;对于阿托品资源植物,重点研究了国产的茄科植物,发现有六个属九个种植物含有莨菪碱,并证明矮莨菪(Przewalskia shebbearei)根中的总生物碱高达1.89%,莨菪碱含量为1.65%;对于士的宁资源植物,研究了八种国产的马钱属(Strychnos)植物,有三种含生物碱量较高;对于麻黄碱资源植物,重点分析了产于西藏与新疆的麻黄属(Ephedra)的三个种及一变种;对于小檗碱资源植物,分析了采自西藏的四种小檗属(Berberis)植物,其中大刺黄柏小檗内皮的含量以小檗碱计算可达7.73%。本研究证明了利用植物亲缘关系相近,则其化学成分也近似的规律来寻找并扩大药物资源,是一种有效的途径。当某种天然生物碱通过大量的研究和临床验证,肯定其疗效,并确定其法定地位(收载入药典),投入生产时,对于这种药物资源的需求,就成为一个突出的问题。目前,除了根据其化学结构采用人工合成方法外,最常用的解决途径便是利用植物亲缘关系和化学成分间存在着密切联系这一规律,从已知含此类成分的植物类群中去寻找高含量的新资源。实践证明,这是一条行之有效的途径。以下便是我们对五种重要药用生物碱资源植物的部分研究报道。     

景洪哥纳香中一新型生物碱的分离和结构

景洪哥纳香 (ＧｏｎｉｏｔｈａｌａｍｕｓｃｈｅｌｉｅｎｓｉｓＨｕ)系番荔枝科哥纳香属植物 ,产于云南西双版纳地区。对哥纳香属植物的化学成分研究主要为生物碱和内酯类化合物。从哥纳香属植物中发现的生物碱主要为原小檗碱类 ,阿朴菲碱类和菲内酰胺类生物碱。内酯包括苯乙烯吡喃酮类和番荔枝内酯类。从哥纳香属植物中分得的内酯类化合物有较强的细胞毒性。为寻找高效低毒的抗肿瘤化合物 ,我们对云南西双版纳产的景洪哥纳香的化学成分进行了研究 ,从中分离得到一个新型生物碱 ,含一被取代的尿素基团 ,在植物中少见。命名为景洪哥纳香碱 (…     

安徽小檗生物碱成分的研究

安徽小檗(Berberis anhweiensis Ahrendt)的酸水提取部分进行硅胶柱色谱分离纯化,并通过波谱学方法,鉴定出6个原小檗碱型生物碱,分别为小檗碱(1)、巴马汀(2)、dehydroeapaurinine(3)、药根碱(4)、非洲防己碱(5)和jatrorubine(6).这6种生物碱均为首次从安徽小檗中分得.其中巴马汀的含量比大多数小檗科其他植物高.     

伊犁河流域红果小檗资源分布与形态调查

红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)系小檗科(Berberidaceae)小檗属(Berberis L.)植物,是新疆及中亚地区特有的植物物种之一.对伊犁河流域的药食兼用植物红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)的资源分布、形态特征、生态条件、繁殖特征及人工栽培等进行了综合调查、对植物各部位标本采集及采样分析研究,并对其药用价值、经济价值、生态价值、观赏价值、资源开发及保护管理等方面进行了系统地探讨,为民族药的发掘和整理、丰富中华民族中药宝库以及野生植物资源的保护和合理开发可持续性利用提供了科学依据.     

中国唐松草属植物的化学系统学初探

本文根据唐松草植物所含化学成分并结合其外部形态及地理分布对属内各群的亲缘关系进行了 探讨。结果表明：(1)从化学系统学角度看,中国植物志中所安排的属内各组植物间的关系是适宜的。(2)植物中所含生物碱的种类及含量与植物的进化有一定关系。在较原始的组中,成分的类型和含量相对较少;而在较进化的组中,各种结构类型得到较大发展。(3)唐松草属在毛茛科中有较特殊的地位。在科内,它是联系蓇葖果和瘦果植物群的过渡类群;在科外,它使毛茛科与小檗科、防己科和罂粟科发生联系,使其成为一个自然的分类群。     

短序与阔叶十大功劳化学组分及小檗碱含量的FTIR比较研究

为快速评价短序与阔叶十大功劳不同部位化学成分差异,本研究运用FTIR采集短序和阔叶十大功劳不同部位的红外光谱并比较短序与阔叶十大功劳不同部位盐酸小檗碱含量差异.研究结果显示,生物碱、黄酮和丁香酯等化学成分,短序十大功劳根、茎及叶片中均较阔叶十大功劳丰富,但是,多糖和苷类含量在两种十大功劳根中相当,在茎和叶片中均以阔叶十大功劳含量高,尤其是叶片中这种差异更明显.最后,与盐酸小檗碱标准品比较发现,2种十大功劳中盐酸小檗碱含量均以茎中最高,叶片中含量最低;2种十大功劳比较各部位盐酸小檗碱含量均以短序十大功劳中高.故运用FTIR技术可以快速找出2种十大功劳化学成分的差异,本研究结果将为十大功劳属植物资源合理开发利用及良种选育提供参考.     

中国蓼科植物化学成分研究进展

我国有蓼科植物13属约235种,37变种.通过对已报道的蓼科植物的化学成分综述分析,表明:大黄属、何首乌属、虎杖属与酸模属都含有蒽醌类化合物(如大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚等);而养麦属与蓼属富含黄酮类化合物,极少有蒽醌类存在.蓼科植物化学成分主要为蒽醌类和黄酮类,鞣质在该科中普遍存在;生物碱很少、有些属还含有芪类.     

中国千金藤属植物化学分类概况

探讨了各结构类型的异喹啉类生物碱在千金藤属植物中的分布规律及千金藤属植物的亲缘关系,在较原始的类群中,生物碱的结构类型和数量均较少,而在较进化的类群中内,其结构类型得到较大的发展,化合物的数量也相对增多,显示异喹啉类生物碱的结构类型及数量与属内植物群的进化有一定的对应关系,一些结构类型特化的生物碱和在植物界中分布极为狭窄的化学成分对亚属下各植物组的划分起着重要作用。     

鱼腥草中生物碱类化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

鱼腥草是一种既有广泛生物活性,又有很高食用价值的植物资源,极具开发潜力。生物碱是鱼腥草中一类重要化学成分,结构多样,且具有广泛生物活性,一直倍受研究者的关注。本文就鱼腥草中生物碱类化学成分及其生物活性研究进展进行了综述。目前鱼腥草中已报道的生物碱类成分共有71个化合物,包括阿朴菲类、马兜铃内酰胺类、酰胺类、吡啶类和其他类等结构类型,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗血小板聚集、抗炎、降血糖等生物活性。通过对鱼腥草中生物碱类化学成分及其生物活性研究进行归纳和总结,以期为系统的研究鱼腥草药效物质、提升质量标准及进一步开发其药用资源提供参考。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.