人参皂甙Rb3抗缺血低氧性脑损伤及其机制的研究

目的：利用整体动物、离体海马脑片、原代培养的海马神经细胞作为实验对象,研究人参皂甙Rb3抗缺血低氧性脑损伤作用及相关机制。方法：①在密闭三角烧瓶中观察小白鼠低氧存活时间。②在离体海马脑片上观察顺向群锋电位（OPS）的恢复率、恢复程度及低氧损伤电位（HIP）出现率。③低压舱作为全脑低氧模型,采用NADPH-d法,观察一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性细胞数、平均光密度值。④采用原代培养海马神经细胞低氧模型,观察神经细胞形态、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）漏出率及总NOS、结构型一氧化氮舍酶（cNOS）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性。结果：①小白鼠低氧存活时间人参皂甙Rb3组较正常组明显延长,并具有剂量依赖性,以10mmol／L组最为显著。②人参皂甙Rb,对海马脑片缺血时CAl区诱发场电位的影响：对照组海马脑片模拟缺血时全部出现HIP,复氧供糖1h后OPS恢复率为0％,OPS恢复程度平均为缺血前的5,42％。使用人参皂甙Rb3后,HIP出现率明显下降,复氧供糖1h后OPS恢复率、OPS恢复程度均增加,以60μmol／L作用最为显著。③人参皂甙Rb3使海马CAI区锥体细胞层NOS阳性细胞数、平均光密度值下降。④人参皂甙Rb3能使细胞外液中LDH的漏出减少、总NOS、iNOS活性下降。结论：人参皂甙Rb,对缺血低氧性脑损伤有保护作用,并具有剂量依赖性,作用机制可能与降低低氧损伤时细胞膜通透性,减少NOS表达,抑制NOS的活性,尤其是诱导型NOS活性有关。     

人参皂甙Rb3对大鼠海马神经细胞谷氨酸损伤作用及相关机制的研究

目的：利用原代培养的海马神经细胞,研究人参皂甙Rb3对谷氨酸兴奋性神经毒性的保护作用及有关机制。方法：采用原代培养的胚胎大鼠海马神经细胞谷氨酸毒性模型,观察人参皂甙Rb3对神经细胞形态、神经细胞活性、细胞外液中乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）的漏出率及总一氧化氮合酶（nitrogen oxide synthase,NOS）、结构型N0s、诱导型NOS活性等的影响。结果：人参皂甙Rb3对神经细胞的谷氨酸毒性损伤具有保护作用。使细胞形态保持完整,活力增加,细胞膜损伤减轻;而且人参皂甙Rb3能增加神经细胞的结构型NOS活性。降低诱导型NOS的活性。结论：人参皂甙Rb,具有抗谷氨酸兴奋性毒性作用,其作用机制可能与降低诱导型NOS活性。增加结构型NOS的活性有关。     

缺氧或缺血性脑损伤与兴奋性氨基酸有关

脑缺氧或缺血能造成脑组织损伤,通常认为这是由于脑的能量代谢衰竭、继发性局部血流失调,或某些自由基团的毒性所致。最近的研究表明,兴奋性氨基酸(谷氨酸和门冬氨酸)在脑缺氧或缺血导致脑损伤中可能起决定性的作用,从而为研究中风、围产期窒息和心脏手术后并发症等缺氧或缺血性脑损伤的预防和治疗,提供了一条重要的新途径。海马神经元受到缺血或经过一次癫痫发作,都能引起相似的神经元损伤。Rothman 通过对胚胎鼠的海马神经元的研究,认为缺血或癫痫都可引起兴奋性氨基酸释放。在离体海马组织的培养中,在起初48小时内,神经元对氰化物或缺氧不敏感。两周后,神经元之间出现了突触联系,并呈现自发电活动。这时,接触氰化物1小时,培养的神经细胞就出现较大的空泡,以后,多数神经元发生退变。如果预先用高浓度的     

人参与丹参的抗脑缺氧作用

中药人参与丹参在我国的药用历史都很久。一些研究表明 ,人参制剂有抗缺氧作用 ,人参的主要活性成份人参皂甙具有抗缺氧性脑损伤的作用。同样 ,丹参亦具有抗缺氧及抗缺氧性脑损伤的作用 ,并且临床上已用于缺血性心脑血管疾病等治疗。然而 ,人参与丹参抗缺氧脑损伤的作用机制目前尚不十分清楚 ,人参亦尚未用于临床防治缺氧缺血性脑病。本课题结合整体动物及离体海马脑片的低氧实验 ,以比较人参与丹参的抗脑缺氧作用 ,并分析其作用机制 ,为临床应用人参防治缺血缺氧性脑损伤提供理论依据。1　材料和方法(1)药剂　人参及丹参制剂由上海海洋水下…     

低温对大鼠海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用及其与Glu受体的关系

目的:探讨低温对离体大鼠海马脑片缺氧无糖(oxygen and glucose deprivation,OGD)损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法:①观察大鼠海马脑片在OGD条件下顺向群峰电位(orthodromic population spike,OPS)的变化及温度对它的影响.②观察谷氨酸(Glu)对海马脑片OPS的影响及低温的抗Glu毒性作用.并在人工脑脊液(ACSF)中分别加入GABA-R的特异性阻滞剂bicuculline(BMI)和NMDA-R的特异性阻滞剂D-(-)-2-Amino-5-phospho-nopentanoic Acid(AP5)或加入BMI和非NMDA-R阻滞剂6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione(CNQX)来观察低温对海马脑片OGD损伤保护作用的突触后受体机制.③观察OGD1h后海马CA1区锥体细胞超微结构的变化及低温对其的影响.结果:①OGD可以使海马脑片OPS迅速降低并很快消失,14 min后复氧供糖OPS极少恢复.低温(32℃、25℃)能使OPS消失时间明显延长,复氧供糖后OPS恢复良好.25℃其作用优于32℃.②2 mmol/LGlu使海马脑片OPS迅速消失,洗出后难以恢复.低温(3 2℃、25℃)能显著改善去Glu 1h后OPS的恢复.ACSF中加入BMI CNQX和BMI AP5均对25℃低温处理28min的脑保护作用没有影响.③OGD1h后CA1区锥体细胞水肿严重,胞浆内细胞器变性坏死脱失,线粒体肿胀,脊呈空泡状.低温(25℃)组细胞核膜规则,线粒体轻度肿胀.结论:低温有显著的抗脑OGD损伤作用,其作用机制可能与抗Glu的兴奋性毒性作用和维持细胞内ATP水平有关.而其抗兴奋性毒性作用可能既有NMDA-R又有非NMDA-R的参与.     

七氟醚对大鼠海马脑片缺血损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨七氟醚对脑缺血损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:用电生理细胞外记录的方法和组织学检查的技术,观察对照组、2%七氟醚组和4%七氟醚组对缺氧无糖(OGD)及谷氨酸(Glu)损伤所致的大鼠海马脑片CA1区顺向群峰电位(OPS)的影响及各组脑片超微结构的变化。结果:对照组和2%七氟醚组在OGD和Glu损伤后海马脑片OPS很难恢复;4%七氟醚组明显改善OPS的恢复程度和恢复率,减轻海马CA1区神经元细胞损伤。电镜观察可见,对照组OGD和Glu损伤后海马CA1区锥体细胞明显水肿,核膜不完整,核染色加深,核内染色质凝聚成块,胞浆中内质网高度扩张,线粒体水肿;2%七氟醚组与对照组相似;4%七氟醚组细胞水肿不显,核膜完整,核内染色质轻度凝聚,内质网轻度扩张,线粒体无明显水肿。结论:4%七氟醚对大鼠海马脑片OGD损伤有保护作用,可能与减轻兴奋性Glu毒性有关。     

钙离子在海马脑片缺氧损伤中的作用

本工作用海马脑片缺氧模型,观察了无钙、高镁人工脑脊液以及钙通道阻断剂尼莫地平对缺氧后海马脑片ＣＡ１区锥体细胞诱发群锋电位（ＰＳ）的影响。发现用无钙与高镁人工脑脊液灌流脑片,可显著促进脑片缺氧后ＰＳ的恢复,而尼莫地平对缺氧脑片ＰＳ的恢复则无明显促进作用。结果表明：钙离子参与海马脑片缺氧后神经元及其突触传递的损伤过程,而电压敏感性钙通道Ｌ亚型在缺氧损伤中可能不起主要作用。     

钙离子在海马脑片缺氧损伤的作用

本工作用海马脑片缺氧模型,观察了无钙、高镁人工脑脊液以及钙通道阻断剂尼莫地平对缺氧后海马脑片ＣＡ１区锥体细胞诱发群锋电位（ＰＳ０的影响。发现用无钙与高镁人工脑脊液流脑片,可显著促进脑片缺氧后ＰＳ的恢复,而尼莫地对缺氧脑片ＰＳ的则无明显促进作用。结果表明：钙离子参与海马脑片缺氧后神经元及其突触传递的损伤过程,而电压敏感性通道Ｌ亚型在缺氧损伤中可能不起主要作用。     

星形胶质细胞在神经系统疾病中的作用

激活的星形胶质细胞会产生和释放的神经递质、神经营养因子和促炎因子等,对神经元既有保护作用,也有毒性作用,在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森症、癫痫、缺血性脑损伤等多种神经系统疾病的发生发展过程中有着重要作用。对近年来国内外有关星形胶质细胞参与神经系统疾病进程的最新研究进展作了综述,并对今后研究工作进行了展望。     

大鼠海马脑片缺氧诱导Ca~(2 )/CaM PKII活性抑制机理的研究

采用大鼠海马脑片体外缺氧模型,观察了Ca2 和氯胺酮对海马脑片Ca2 ／CaMPKⅡ活性的影响,同时观察了缺氧对神经元胞外谷氨酸堆积的影响。结果如下：（1）有钙或无钙培养时,酶活性随缺氧时间的延长均下降,但前者比后者酶活性下降更显著,提示外ca2 在神经元缺氧损伤中起重要作用。（2）海马脑片在体外缺氧30min,谷氨酸在胞外的堆积增加2倍多。（3）单纯过量外源性谷氨酸能引起酶活性显著下降,提示脑缺氧时酶活性的抑制与兴奋毒性有关。（4）氯胺酮对缺氧和单纯外源性谷氨酸所诱导的酶活性抑制均有明显的拮抗作用,说明脑缺氧引起酶活性下降与NMDA受体介导有关。我们的结论是：脑缺氧时该酶活性的抑制是与下列途径有关：谷氨酸→NMDA受体→Ca2 →Ca2 靶酶。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.