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1.
We made a quantitative analysis of the responses of urban and rural residents in Sweden to arguments supporting and opposing
conservation of large carnivores. The most important arguments in favour of conservation were: “I want them [the large carnivores] to exist in Sweden, even if I will never see any of them”, “Sweden should share the responsibility of conserving the large
carnivores” and “We owe it [conservation of large carnivores] to future generations”. We found only small differences between rural and urban residents. For arguments opposing conservation,
the difference between rural and urban areas was slightly greater. The most important arguments opposing conservation of large
carnivores were: “They may have serious negative impact on livestock farming”, “They may have serious negative impact on reindeer
husbandry” and “May inflict suffering on injured livestock”. We conclude that there seems to be less support for direct use
values such as hunting, ecotourism or just experiencing large carnivores, this may imply that the minimum viable population
size can be used as a long-term management goal for large carnivore populations, possibly with an exception for bears. We
also conclude that a separate conservation or management plan is needed for each species, since the conflicts with human interests
vary greatly between the different carnivore species. 相似文献
2.
Rachel A. Ankeny 《Journal of the history of biology》2000,33(2):315-347
The so-called “biometric-Mendelian controversy” has received much attention from science studies scholars. This paper focuses
on one scientist involved in this debate, Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire, who performed a series of hybridization experiments
with mice beginning in 1901. Previous historical work on Darbishire’s experiments and his later attempt to reconcile Mendelian
and biometric views describe Darbishire as eventually being “converted”' to Mendelism. I provide a new analysis of this episode
in the context of Darbishire’s experimental results, his underlying epistemology, and his influence on the broader debate
surrounding the rediscovery and acceptance of Mendelism. Iinvestigate various historiographical issues raised by this episode
in order to reflect on the idea of “conversion” to a scientific theory. Darbishire was an influential figure who resisted
strong forces compelling him to convert prematurely due to his requirements that the new theory account for particularly important
anomalous facts and answer the most pressing questions in the field.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(3):548-559
A weblog (“blog”) is an publication on the WorldWideWeb in which brief entries are displayed in date order, much like a diary
or journal. I describe the general characteristics of blogs, contrasting blogs with other of WWW formats for self-publishing.
I describe four categories for blogs about evolutionary biology: “professional,” “amateur,” “apostolic,” and “imaginative.”
I also discuss blog networks. I identify paradigms of each category. Throughout, I aim to illuminate blogs about evolutionary
biology from the point of view of a user looking for information about the topic. I conclude that blogs are not the best type
of source for systematic and authoritative information about evolution, and that they are best used by the information-seeker
as a way of identifying what issues are of interest in the community of evolutionists and for generating research leads or
fresh insights on one’s own work.
相似文献
Adam M. GoldsteinEmail: |
4.
Sarah S. Richardson 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(5):823-841
This paper describes, analyzes, and critiques the construction of separate “male” and “female” genomes in current human genome
research. Comparative genomic work on human sex differences conceives of the sexes as like different species, with different
genomes. I argue that this construct is empirically unsound, distortive to research, and ethically questionable. I propose
a conceptual model of biological sex that clarifies the distinction between species and sexes as genetic classes. The dynamic
interdependence of the sexes makes them “dyadic kinds” that are not like species, which are “individual kinds.” The concept
of sex as a “dyadic kind” may be fruitful as a remedy to the tendency to conceive of the sexes as distinct, binary classes
in biological research on sex more generally. 相似文献
5.
Richard Huxtable 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2009,6(3):327-336
Amongst the latest, and ever-changing, pathways of death and dying, “suicide tourism” presents distinctive ethical, legal
and practical challenges. The international media report that citizens from across the world are travelling or seeking to
travel to Switzerland, where they hope to be helped to die. In this paper I aim to explore three issues associated with this
phenomenon: how to define “suicide tourism” and “assisted suicide tourism”, in which the suicidal individual is helped to
travel to take up the option of assisted dying; the (il)legality of assisted suicide tourism, particularly in the English
legal system where there has been considerable recent activity; and the ethical dimensions of the practice. I will suggest
that the suicide tourist—and specifically any accomplice thereof—risks springing a legal trap, but that there is good reason
to prefer a more tolerant policy, premised on compromise and ethical pluralism. 相似文献
6.
Thomas M 《Journal of the history of biology》2005,38(3):425-460
Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken
in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other
work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian’s attention, reflecting not only the broader
range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the “animal mind” but also the different contexts in which
these questions were important. One such approach is that represented by the work of the French zoologist Louis Boutan (1859–1934).
This paper explores the intellectual and cultural history of Boutan’s work on animal language and the animal mind, and contextualizes
the place of animal behavior studies within late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century French biology. I explore the ways
in which Boutan addressed the philosophical issue of whether language was necessary for abstract thought and show how he shifted
from the idea that animals were endowed with a purely affective language to the notion that of they were capable of “rudimentary”
reasoning. I argue that the scientific and broader socio-cultural contexts in which Boutan operated played a role in this
transition. Then I show how Boutan’s linguistic and psychological experiments with a gibbon and children provide insights
into his conception of “naturalness.” Although Boutan reared his gibbon at home and studied it in the controlled environment
of his laboratory, he continued to identify its behavior as “natural.” I specifically demonstrate the importance of the milieu of the French Third Republic in shaping Boutan’s understanding not only of animal intelligence and child education, but also
his definition of nature. Finally, I argue that Boutan’s studies on the primate mind provide us with a lens through which
we can examine the co-invention of animal and child psychology in early-twentieth-century France. 相似文献
7.
Michael A. Ashby 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2011,8(2):151-154
The term “futility” has been widely used in medical ethics and clinical medicine for more than twenty years now. At first
glance it appears to offer a clear-cut categorical characterisation of medical treatments at the end of life, and an apparently
objective way of making decisions that are seen to be emotionally painful for those close to the patient, and ethically, and
also potentially legally hazardous for clinicians. It also appears to deal with causation, because omission of a futile treatment
cannot surely be a cause of death. The problem is that futility can be argued to be a “false friend”, in that it gives an
appearance of representing a reliable conceptual basis, in ethics, for limitation of medical treatment—usually in the context
of dying—without actually doing so. In fact, the concept of futility is a conflation of clinical judgement about outcomes
of treatment and the quality or even value of life, and has really failed to contribute much to the advancement of decision-making
and hence care at the end-of-life. It also has the capacity to medicalise the personal space. Deliberations about the likely
outcomes of medical treatment are necessary, and medical expertise is pivotal. However, futility is argued to have a better
future in partnership with a broad social action agenda about the process of dying, such as that articulated in health promoting
palliative care, as a basis for better “death-ways” in the 21st century (Kellehear 2005). Medicine needs to more honest and
upfront about its limits, as death is, after all, the elephant in everybody's room. 相似文献
8.
Pedersen PL 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》2007,39(1):1-12
This introductory article to the review series entitled “The Cancer Cell’s Power Plants as Promising Therapeutic Targets”
is written while more than 20 million people suffer from cancer. It summarizes strategies to destroy or prevent cancers by
targeting their energy production factories, i.e., “power plants.” All nucleated animal/human cells have two types of power
plants, i.e., systems that make the “high energy” compound ATP from ADP and P
i
. One type is “glycolysis,” the other the “mitochondria.” In contrast to most normal cells where the mitochondria are the
major ATP producers (>90%) in fueling growth, human cancers detected via Positron Emission Tomography (PET) rely on both types
of power plants. In such cancers, glycolysis may contribute nearly half the ATP even in the presence of oxygen (“Warburg effect”).
Based solely on cell energetics, this presents a challenge to identify curative agents that destroy only cancer cells as they
must destroy both of their power plants causing “necrotic cell death” and leave normal cells alone. One such agent, 3-bromopyruvate
(3-BrPA), a lactic acid analog, has been shown to inhibit both glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production in rapidly growing
cancers (Ko et al., Cancer Letts., 173, 83–91, 2001), leave normal cells alone, and eradicate advanced cancers (19 of 19)
in a rodent model (Ko et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 324, 269–275, 2004). A second approach is to induce only cancer
cells to undergo “apoptotic cell death.” Here, mitochondria release cell death inducing factors (e.g., cytochrome c). In a
third approach, cancer cells are induced to die by both apoptotic and necrotic events. In summary, much effort is being focused
on identifying agents that induce “necrotic,” “apoptotic” or apoptotic plus necrotic cell death only in cancer cells. Regardless
how death is inflicted, every cancer cell must die, be it fast or slow. 相似文献
9.
Jenks AC 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):209-235
The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates
for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved
educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists
have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized,
static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.”
With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered
by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence
training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary
cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health
provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however,
can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power
differentials that underlie health inequalities. 相似文献
10.
Taylor JS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):134-162
Standardized patient (SP) performances are staged clinical encounters between health-professional students and people who
specialize in role-playing the part of patients. Such performances have in recent years become increasingly central to the
teaching and assessment of clinical skills in U.S. medical schools. SP performances are valued for being both “real” (in that
they involve interaction with a real person, unlike written examinations) and “not real” (in that the SP does not actually
suffer from the condition portrayed, unlike an actual patient). This article considers how people involved in creating SP
performances reconcile a moral commitment to avoid suffering (to keep it “not real”), with an aesthetic commitment to realistically portray it (to keep it “real”). The term “moral aesthetic” is proposed, to indicate a sensibility that combines ideas about what
is morally right with ideas about what is aesthetically compelling. Drawing on ethnographic research among SPs and SP program staff and medical faculty who work closely with them, this article
argues that their work of creating “realism” in simulated clinical encounters encompasses multiple different (and sometimes
conflicting) understandings and practices of realism, informed by three different moral aesthetics: (1) a moral aesthetic
of induction, in which an accurate portrayal with a well-documented provenance serves to introduce experientially distant forms of suffering;
(2) a moral aesthetic of inoculation, in which the authenticity and emotional impact of a performance are meant to inoculate students against the impact of future
encounters with suffering; (3) a moral aesthetic of presence, generating forms of voice and care that are born out of the embodied presence of suffering individuals in a clinical space.
All are premised on the assumption that risk and suffering can be banished from SP performances. This article suggests, however,
that SP performances necessarily raise the same difficult, important, fundamentally ethical questions that are always involved
in learning from and on human beings who are capable of suffering, and who need and deserve recognition and respect as well
as care. 相似文献
11.
W. Tecumseh Fitch 《Biology & philosophy》2005,20(2-3):193-203
For many years the evolution of language has been seen as a disreputable topic, mired in fanciful “just so stories” about
language origins. However, in the last decade a new synthesis of modern linguistics, cognitive neuroscience and neo-Darwinian
evolutionary theory has begun to make important contributions to our understanding of the biology and evolution of language.
I review some of this recent progress, focusing on the value of the comparative method, which uses data from animal species
to draw inferences about language evolution. Discussing speech first, I show how data concerning a wide variety of species,
from monkeys to birds, can increase our understanding of the anatomical and neural mechanisms underlying human spoken language,
and how bird and whale song provide insights into the ultimate evolutionary function of language. I discuss the “descended
larynx” of humans, a peculiar adaptation for speech that has received much attention in the past, which despite earlier claims
is not uniquely human. Then I will turn to the neural mechanisms underlying spoken language, pointing out the difficulties
animals apparently experience in perceiving hierarchical structure in sounds, and stressing the importance of vocal imitation
in the evolution of a spoken language. Turning to ultimate function, I suggest that communication among kin (especially between
parents and offspring) played a crucial but neglected role in driving language evolution. Finally, I briefly discuss phylogeny,
discussing hypotheses that offer plausible routes to human language from a non-linguistic chimp-like ancestor. I conclude
that comparative data from living animals will be key to developing a richer, more interdisciplinary understanding of our
most distinctively human trait: language. 相似文献
12.
13.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
14.
15.
Paula Sánchez-Hernández Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla Miguel Molina-Borja 《Acta ethologica》2012,15(1):65-71
There have been relatively few attempts to quantitatively describe behaviours in scincid lizards. Chalcides viridanus is a small body-sized skink endemic of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We describe and quantify 18 behaviour patterns (both social
and agonistic) of this species, some of which have not been described before for other scincids. Video recordings of male–male,
female–female, and male–female interactions were made under laboratory conditions, with controlled light–dark cycle and temperature.
We describe several agonistic and courtship behaviour patterns. Within the first context, we detected a new agonistic behaviour
for a scincid, “Snout to body”, that appeared at the beginning of agonistic sequences; it consisted of each animal placing
its snout in contact with the other individual’s lateral side of the body. The amplitude of head movement during “Head bobbing”
was lower than that described for many other lizard species. Agonistic behaviours were shown in intrasexual staged encounters
both within males and females. The comparison of behaviour patterns of both types of intrasexual encounters showed that females
were more active, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of behaviour than males. Specifically, females showed the “Snout
to body” pattern more frequently than males. In male–female encounters we detected courtship and copulation patterns only
in April, when males performed “Bites” and “Snout to body” directed at females. 相似文献
16.
A seaweed with the local name “endong” is a rare eucheumoid variety that has recently been farmed in Tawi-Tawi, southern Philippines.
Local farmers describe it as “eel-like” because of its long, slender and smooth thalli. Being somewhat similar in appearance
to the dominantly farmed seaweed “tambalang” (Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalangii), farmers mix their harvests of “endong” with those of “tambalang”. We analyzed the hydrocolloid extract from “endong” using
spectroscopic and chemical techniques. The extract’s infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) spectra, and sulfate and 3,6-anhydrogalactose contents revealed carrageenan of the iota-type, similar to extracts from
another farmed species, Eucheuma denticulatum. This result implies that “endong” carrageenan exhibits physico-chemical properties different from those of kappa-carrageenan
of “tambalang”. The findings of this study are of significance to the seaweed industry, as carrageenan quality problems could
potentially arise from a mixed harvest. Seaweed farmers are advised to separate their harvests of “endong” and “tambalang”.
Presented at the 19th International Seaweed Symposium, Kobe, Japan 相似文献
17.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(4):789-795
The author's theory of the adoption of certain types of behavior patterns (Rashevsky, N., 1957, “Contributions to the Theory
Initiative Behavior”.Bull. Maths. Biophysics,19, 91–119; 1968,Looking at History through Mathematics, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press) consisting of elementary behaviors for each of which there is an opposite one and
the two are mutually exclusive, is applied to describe the changes in the general type of behavior of a society. The elementary
acts of which the whole problem consists may be either overt activities or beliefs or opinions. The general behavior patternsadopted by the society are considered as the “proper” or “just” ones. Any deviation from it in either one or more of the component
elementary behaviors is considered as “unjust” and is subject to some punitive action. The total number of possible mutually
exclusive behavior patterns is very large but finite. Within this very large range of possible patterns, we find that this
notion of justice is relative, because changes from any behavior pattern to any other may occur. It is further shown that
the amount of punishment for the deviation from the accepted pattern in order to be effective as well as efficient must be
applied in different ways to different individuals even for the same transgression. 相似文献
18.
Charles Douglas 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2009,6(3):337-347
In contemplating any life and death moral dilemma, one is often struck by the possible importance of two distinctions; the
distinction between killing and “letting die”, and the distinction between an intentional killing and an action aimed at some
other outcome that causes death as a foreseen but unintended “side-effect”. Many feel intuitively that these distinctions
are morally significant, but attempts to explain why this might be so have been unconvincing. In this paper, I explore the
problem from an explicitly consequentialist point of view. I first review and endorse the arguments that the distinctions
cannot be drawn with perfect clarity, and that they do not have the kind of fundamental significance required to defend an
absolute prohibition on killing. I go on to argue that the distinctions are nonetheless important. A complete consequentialist
account of morality must include a consideration of our need and ability to construct and follow rules; our instincts about
these rules; and the consequences (to the agent and to others) that might follow if the agent breaks a good general rule,
particularly if this involves acting contrary to moral instinct. With this perspective, I suggest that the distinctions between
killing and letting die and between intending and foreseeing do have moral relevance, especially for those involved in the
care of the sick and dying. 相似文献
19.
Promoters of the PhyloCode have mounted an intensive and deceptive publicity campaign. At the centerpiece of this campaign
have been slogans such as that the Linnaean System will “goof you up,” that the PhyloCode is the “greatest thing since sliced
bread,” and that systematists are “afraid” to propose new names because of “downstream consequences.” Aside from such subscientific
spin and sloganeering, proponents of the PhyloCode have offered nothing real to back up claims of greater stability for their
new system. They have also misled many into believing that the PhyloCode is the only truly phylogenetic system. The confusion
that has been fostered involves several discrete arguments, concerning: a new “method” of “designating” names, rank-free taxonomy,
uninomial nomenclature, and issues of priority. Claims that the PhyloCode produces a more stable nomenclature are false, as
shown with the example of “paleoherbs.” A rank-free system of naming requires an annotated reference tree for even the simplest
exchanges of information. This would be confusing at best and would cripple our ability to teach, learn, and use taxonomic
names in the field or in publications. We would be confronted by a mass of polynomial names, tied together only by a tree
graphic, with no agreed name (except a uninomial, conveying no hierarchy) to use for any particular species. The separate
issue of stability in reference to rules of priority and rank can be easily addressed within the current codes, by implementation
of some simple changes, as we will propose in this article. Thus there is no need to “scrap” the current Linnaean codes for
a poorly reasoned, logically inconsistent, and fatally flawed new code that will only bring chaos. 相似文献
20.
Stephen Spotte 《Helgoland Marine Research》1998,52(1):59-64
In the western North Atlantic, some shrimps of the genusPericlimenes interact with fishes. Accoring to prevailing wisdom, these shrimps “clean” the fishes (i.e. they remove parasites, diseased
tissue, or detritus from their exposed surfaces). With one exception, the numerous literature entries recite anecdotal evidence.
The only report based on empirical studies has dismissed the notion that “cleaner” shrimps perform the services attributed
to them, leaving the nature of the relationship unresolved. 相似文献