贡嘎乌头中生物碱成分研究

从贡嘎乌头(Aconitum liljestrandii Hand.-Mazz.)的块根中分得10个已知去甲二萜生物碱膝乌宁碱甲(genicunineA)1、塔拉萨敏(talatisamine)2、8-去乙酰滇乌碱(8-deacetyl-yunaconitine)3、卢乌碱(ludaconitine)4、查斯曼宁(chasmanine)5、伪乌头宁(pseudaoonine)6、滇乌碱(yunaconitine)7、印乌碱(indaconitine)8、14去苯甲酰大渡乌碱(14-debenzoylfranchetine)9、黄草乌碱丁(sachaconitine/vilmorrianine D)10.应用光谱学和TLC法鉴定了报告的所有化合物的结构.     

宣威草乌根的二萜生物碱

从毛茛科植物宣威草乌干燥块根的乙醇提取物中分离得到８个化合物,经理化常数测定和波谱学方法确定它们的化学结构,分别鉴定为β－谷甾醇（Ｉ）和７个去甲二萜生物碱;黄草乌碱甲,黄草乌碱乙,黄草乌碱丁,它拉胺,异它拉胺,展毛乌头宁和滇乌碱。以上化合物均为首次从该植物中得到,它们是乌头属化学分类学的特征性化合物。     

工布乌头中生物碱成分研究

从工布乌头 (AconitumkongboenseLauener)的块根中分得 9个已知的C19 二萜生物碱 :塔拉萨敏 (talatisamine) 1,黄草乌碱丁 (sachaconitine) 2 ,大渡乌碱 (franchetine) 3,vilmorrisine 4 ,滇乌碱 (yunaconi tine) 5 ,印乌碱 (indaconitine) 6 ,查斯曼宁 (chasmanine) 7,伪乌头宁 (pseudaconine) 8和 8 去乙酰滇乌碱 (8 deacetyl yunaconitine) 9。并用光谱法和与已知品TLC对照 ,鉴定了所有化合物的结构。     

黄草乌碱乙和碱丁的结构

我们从云南民间草药黄草乌(Aconitum vilmorrianum Kom.)根中分离到六个二萜生物碱,其中三个为乌头碱型酯碱:滇乌碱(Yunaconitine)(Ⅰ)、黄草乌碱甲(Vilmorrianine A)(Ⅱ)和碱丙(Vilmorrianine C)(Ⅲ)已交发表。本文报告同一层析柱上分到的另两个乌头碱型胺醇,一个为朱元龙等曾分到的黄草乌碱乙(Vilmorrianine B),另一个为新胺醇,命名为黄草乌碱丁(Vilmorrianine D)。     

滇南草乌的化学成分研究(Ⅰ)

从著名民间药滇南草乌(Aconitum auslroyunnanense W. T. Wang)新鲜根中分得11个二萜生物碱,其中碱1通过光谱研究及化学方法证明其结构为14-acetyl sachaconitine,是一新化合物,并命名为南乌碱甲(austroconitine A)(1);碱2—8分别鉴定为:黄草乌碱乙(vilmorrianine B,即karakoline)(2),isotalatizidine(3),黄草乌碱丁(vilmorrianine D,即sachaconitine)(4),黄草乌碱丙(vilmorrianine C)(5),talatisamine(6),黄草乌碱甲(vilmorrianine A)(7),8-去乙酰滇乌碱(8-deacetyl yunaconitine)(8)。碱9—11的结构正在鉴定中。     

深裂黄草乌二萜生物碱研究

深裂黄草乌(Aconitum vilmorinianum var.altifidum W. T.Wang)又名西南乌头、紫乌头、藤乌,主要分布于云南东北部、贵州西部和四川西部(泸定、天全)海拔2800m的山地。块根可祛风散寒、除湿止痛,民间也用于解乌头中毒。其化学成分未见报道。本文从深裂黄草乌全草中分离鉴定了3个二萜生物碱,一个为C-19骨架类型,两个为C-20骨架类型。其中一个为新化合物,是C-20骨架类型二萜生物碱,命名为深裂黄草乌碱vilmorinianine(Ⅰ),另两个化合物是denudatine(Ⅱ)和deoxyaconitine(Ⅲ),均首次从该植物中得到。     

工布乌碱的结构

从工布乌头 (Aconitumkongboense)根中分出 17个去甲二萜生物碱 ,其中一种为大渡乌碱型C19 二萜生物碱新生物碱工布乌碱 (kongboendine) 1。由光谱法 (1H 和13 C NMR、2D NMR和MS)确定其结构。     

丽江乌头根中的二萜生物碱成分研究

为了寻找丽江乌头中结构新颖的化合物,丰富丽江乌头的化学成分多样性,本文对丽江乌头(Aconitum forrestii Stapf)根部的化学成分进行研究,采用硅胶柱层析从其乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物。通过HR-ESI-MS、1D和2D NMR等波谱技术鉴定了它们的结构,其中化合物1是一个新的乌头碱型二萜生物碱,命名为8-O-methyl-14-O-anisoylchasmanine(1)。其余13个化合物均为已知化合物:14-acetoxy-8-O-methylsachaconitine(2)、14-acetyltalatizamine(3)、talatisamine(4)、chasmanine(5)、ezochasmanine(6)、crassicautine(7)、geniculatine C(8)、cammaconine(9)、vilmoraconitine(10)、aconitramine A(11)、vilmorrianine G(12)、hemsleyaconitine G(13)和heterophylloidine(14)。测试了所有化合物对阿霉素诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护活性,结果显示化合物3、10、11和12表现出一定的保护作用。     

瓜叶乌头中生物碱成分的研究

从瓜叶乌头 (AconitumhemsleyanumPritz)根中分得 12个已知C19 二萜生物碱 ;氨茴酰牛扁碱(anthranoyllycoctonine) 1、牛扁碱 (lycoctonine) 2、8 去乙酰滇乌碱 (8 deacetylyunaconitine) 3、伪乌头宁(pseudaconine) 4、sachaconitine 5、尼奥宁 (neoline) 6、senbusineA 7、6 表弗斯生 (6 epiforesticine) 8、滇乌碱(yunaconitine) 9、印乌碱 (indaconitine) 10、查斯曼宁 (chasmanine) 11、和塔拉萨敏 (talatisamine) 12。其中化合物 1～ 8是首次从该植物中分离得到。应用光谱法和对照TLC鉴定了所有化合物的结构。     

滇南草乌的化学成分研究（Ⅱ）

接前文此报告推定了从滇南草乌中分到的碱9—12的结构分别为8-去乙酰黄草乌碱甲(9),talatizidine(10),condelphine(11)和滇乌碱(12)。碱9为首次报告的新化合物,命名为南乌碱乙(austroconitine B)(9)。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

中国石蕊科地衣研究之四石蕊属地衣新种及中国新记录

摘要:本文报道了中国横断山地区石蕊属地衣12种,其中新种1个:贡嘎石蕊(Cladonia ngganensis S.Y. Guo & Wei),中国新记录11种:类黄粉石蕊(Cl. bacilliformis),比蒙氏石(Cl. beaumontii),小棍棒石蕊(Cl. clavulifera),圆筒石蕊(Cl. cylindrica),具粉石蕊(Cl. farinacea),北海道石蕊(Cl. hokkaidensis),厚叶石蕊(Cl. incrassata),大叶石蕊(Cl. macrophylla),丛杯石蕊( Cl. mateocyatha),多孔石蕊(Cl. multiformis)和亚石蕊(Cl. subrangiformis)。对于每一种的化学成分及地理分布进行了测定和分析。     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska

Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.