抑制T细胞增殖的抗CD45单克隆抗体的建立

目的寻找能调节T细胞功能的相关分子,进行与T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病相关的研究。方法从BALB/c小鼠骨髓中收集树突状细胞,免疫Wistar大鼠,进行细胞融合,建立杂交瘤细胞系。筛选得到很多株能调节T细胞功能的杂交瘤细胞系,对其中一株最能抑制T细胞增殖的杂交瘤细胞系进行了进一步的深入研究。结果显示其目标分子是CD45,同时增殖实验结果显示该抗体能显著抑制T细胞增殖反应。结论抗CD45单克隆抗体能有效抑制T细胞增殖,有望将本抗体用于T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病的相关预防及治疗中。     

抗CD3/CD28单克隆抗体联合PHA对T淋巴细胞活化和增殖的影响

目的探讨抗人CD3/CD28单克隆抗体联合植物血凝素(PHA)对人外周血T淋巴细胞活化增殖的影响。方法通过Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离健康成人外周血单核细胞后,用CD3免疫磁珠分选T淋巴细胞,抗CD3/CD28单抗、PHA及重组人白介素-2(recombinant human IL-2, rhIL-2)刺激T淋巴细胞。用CCK-8试剂盒(CCK-8 cell counting kit)检测细胞增殖情况, ELISA测定细胞上清液干扰素γ(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)的含量。结果 CCK-8结果显示在增殖3 d时,CD3/CD28+PHA组A_(450 nm)值与PHA组、IL-2组与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);比较各组在6、9、12 d的增殖情况,CD3/CD28+PHA组的A_(450 nm)值与其他各组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。刺激3 d各组分泌的IFN-γ质量浓度是最高的。刺激9 d时,CD3/CD28+PHA组、CD3/CD28组、PHA组上清液中IFN-γ浓度分别为(235.27±27.80)、(189.23±24.79)和(124.66±3.39)pg/mL,CD3/CD28+PHA组上清液中IFN-γ的质量浓度高于其余2组(P<0.05)。结论抗CD3/CD28单抗联合PHA比单用抗CD3/CD28单抗、PHA或rhIL-2能更好地激活T细胞及持久地促使T细胞增殖。     

重组抗CD20单克隆抗体ELISA检测新方法的建立

目的:建立一种检测重组抗CD20单克隆抗体的新的ELISA方法,以便快捷、简便、灵敏地检测生物体液中的重组抗CD20单抗。方法:采用双抗夹心ELISA法对重组抗CD20单克隆抗体进行定量检测,包被抗体用猴血清吸附的羊抗人IgG,检测抗体用猴血清吸附的羊抗人IgG-HRP,最后加底物显色剂,终止后在酶标仪450 nm下读数。结果:按照新药临床前药代动力学中方法学确认的要求进行验证,获得了检测重组抗CD20单克隆抗体的高灵敏度和稳定的ELISA方法。结论:该ELISA方法简便、稳定、灵敏度高,可用于重组抗CD20单克隆抗体的检测。     

抗CD52单克隆抗体ADCC转基因测活方法的建立

目的 建立转基因细胞法测定抗CD52单克隆抗体(单抗)的抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒性作用(antibody-dependentcell-mediatedcytotoxicity,ADCC)生物学活性检测方法。方法 ①以Ramos细胞系作为靶细胞,以Jurkat-hFcγRⅢa/FcεRIγ-NFAT转基因细胞系作为效应细胞,通过荧光素酶检测系统(Bright-GloTM luciferase Assay System)建立抗CD52单抗的ADCC生物学活性检测方法;②对靶细胞、量效范围、效靶比及诱导时间进行优化并进行方法学验证;③研究建立的方法应用于对不同抗CD52单抗的ADCC生物学活性检测。结果 建立抗CD52单抗的ADCC生物学活性检测方法,抗CD52单抗在该方法中存在量效关系,符合四参数方程:y=(A-D)/[1+(x/C)B]+D;经优化后确定抗体量效范围为起始质量浓度360μg/mL,4倍系列稀释9个稀释度;效靶比为3∶1,诱导时间为6.0h;该方法具有良好的专属性;4个不同稀释组回收率样品经3次测定,相对效价分别为(45.58±4.67)%、(71.61±9.45)%、(122.92±7.92)%和(149.94±14.58)%;对应的回收率分别为(91.16±9.34)%、(95.49±12.60)%、(98.34±6.34)%和(99.96±9.72)%,上述结果的变异系数(coefficientofvariation,CV)均小于15%;且该方法也适用于不同抗CD52单抗的ADCC效应评价。结论 利用转基因细胞法成功建立了抗CD52单抗ADCC生物学活性检测方法,该方法专属性强、准确性高、重复性好,可用于评价抗CD52单抗的ADCC生物学活性。     

CD23McAb抑制活化B细胞增殖机制的初步探讨

本研究用ＣＤ２３单克隆抗体交联活化的人扁桃体Ｂ细胞,证明ＣＤ２３ＭｃＡｂ对Ｂ细胞呈双向调节效应,即：高浓度区抑制Ｂ细胞增殖,低浓度区促进Ｂ细胞增殖,继而,用对Ｂ细胞有抑制效应浓度的ＣＤ２３ＭｃＡｂ交联Ｂ细胞膜ＣＤ２３分子,通过研究抑制效应恢复条件,探讨了ＣＤ２３ＭｃＡｂ产生抑制效应的作用机制。结果显示：去除ＣＤ２３ＭｃＡｂ后,抑制作用不能恢复,用ＳＡＣ再次活化,使Ｂ细胞恢复增殖状态,用促Ｂ细胞增殖     

基于抗CD20单克隆抗体的2种夹心ELISA法的建立

目的:建立和比较2种灵敏、特异的夹心ELISA方法,用于准确定量检测食蟹猴血浆中重组抗CD20人源化单克隆抗体(rh-anti-CD20zumab)浓度。方法:以rh-anti-CD20zumab为基础,分别用山羊抗人IgG F(ab')2抗体和驴抗人IgG Fc抗体包被96孔酶标板,加入待测样品,均采用HRP标记的猴血清吸附的山羊抗人IgG抗体进行检测,加底物显色,读取D450nm值。结果:建立了2种定量检测rh-anti-CD20zumab的夹心ELISA方法并进行了确证,样品的前处理分别为1∶20和1∶10,方法的线性范围分别为40~5000和40~12 500 ng/mL,定量下限均为40 ng/mL,两者的板内、板间精密度分别小于16.2%和19.4%,准确度分别为-10.3%~16.6%和-14.4%~12.9%。2种方法均具有良好的特异性和稀释线性,且都未出现钩状效应。结论:方法学确证表明,本研究建立的2种ELISA法均符合新生物制品临床前药代动力学研究指导原则的要求,可用于rh-anti-CD20zumab的检测,为后续rh-anti-CD20zumab在食蟹猴体内的药代动力学研究提供了不同的检测方法。     

抗T细胞单克隆抗体(211－1)清除骨髓中T细胞的实验研究

本文报告应用抗T淋巴细胞单克隆抗体(211—1)和幼兔补体,体外处理骨髓细胞对GM－cFuc生成率无不良影响,并能清除骨髓中98％以上的T细胞。淋巴细胞转化试验也证明,211—1单克隆抗体可以清除骨髓中T细胞。     

抗CD20单克隆抗体治疗B 细胞淋巴瘤的效应机制

B细胞淋巴瘤是一种主要的非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,NHL),95%以上的B细胞淋巴瘤均表达B细胞分化抗原CD20。尽管目前CD20在B细胞分化发育过程中的具体功能尚未阐明,但其特有的表达方式和在细胞膜上的分布特点决定了其成为B细胞淋巴瘤靶向治疗的主要靶点。近十年来,随着抗CD20单克隆抗体的不断发展和进步,联合传统的CHOP化疗方案,在NHL的治疗中显示出良好的效果。虽然,近年来抗CD20单抗逐渐被用于B细胞相关的自身免疫病的治疗,但相关作用机制尚不明确。在针对NHL的临床治疗中,抗CD20单抗的疗效被认为依赖于效应器机制,主要有ADCC、CDC和细胞凋亡。虽然抗CD20在淋巴瘤的治疗中具有显著的免疫疗效,但部分瘤荷较大的病人出现了耐药和复发,循环中大量B细胞由于单抗的结合而被机体的单核巨噬细胞吞噬或NK细胞杀伤,机体出现成熟B细胞空缺期,同时单核巨噬细胞、NK细胞和补体大量消耗,造成机体免疫效应功能饱和和效应器耗竭。本文就抗CD20单克隆抗体在治疗淋巴瘤中的具体作用机制及可能造成的机体效应器耗竭问题做一简要的概述。     

应用CE-SDS测定抗CD52人源化单克隆抗体参比品单体纯度及非糖化重链比例

目的:测定抗CD52人源单克隆抗体参比品单体纯度及非糖基化重链比例。方法:采用PA800 plus毛细管电泳系统,非还原十二烷基苯硫酸钠-毛细管电泳(CE-SDS)测定抗CD52人源单克隆抗体单体纯度,以及用还原CE-SDS电泳测定非糖化重链比例。结果:非还原CE-SDS三次测定单体纯度平均值为93.57%,主峰的迁移时间及修正峰面积百分比RSD分别为0.16%和0.19%;还原CE-SDS电泳重链修正峰面积百分比平均值为66.89%,修正峰面积百分比及迁移时间RSD分别为0.09%和0%;轻链修正峰面积百分比平均值为32.30%;轻链修正峰面积及迁移时间RSD分别为0%和0%;非糖基化重链修正峰面积百分比平均值为0.87%,修正峰面积百分比及迁移时间RSD分别为6.66%和0.27%。结论:CE-SDS测定抗CD52人源单抗单体纯度及非糖化重链比例实验结果偏差较小,表明结果准确可靠。     

抗苯丙氨酸羟化酶单克隆抗体的提纯和轻、重链的N端顺序

利用DEAE-52离子交换层析和FPLC的Mono Q离子交换柱,从鼠的腹水液中提纯抗苯丙氨酸羟化酶单克隆抗体,再利用FPLC的Superose 12凝胶柱分离它们的轻链和重链。经SDS-凝胶电泳,氨基酸组成分析和N端顺序测定,确定轻链的分子量约为24 kD,约含有215个残基,轻链的N端的顺序是:D-V-V-M-T-Q-T-P-L-S-L-P-V-S-L-G-D-Q-A-S-I-S-C-R-S-D?-Q-N(D)-,并确认该轻链为鼠KaPPa轻链Ⅱ型。重链的分子量约为52 kD,它的末端被焦谷氨酰封闭。     

Conditional deletion of CD98hc inhibits osteoclast development

The CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) regulates virus-induced cell fusion and monocyte fusion, and is involved in amino acid transportation. Here, we examined the role that CD98hc plays in the formation of osteoclasts using CD98hc^flox/floxLysM-cre peritoneal macrophages (CD98hc-defect macrophages). Peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with co-cultured with osteoblasts in the presence of 1,25(OH)² vitamin D₃, and thereafter stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining solution. The multinucleated osteoclast formation was severely impaired in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from the CD98hc^-defect mice compared with those from wild-type mice. CD98hc mediates integrin signaling and amino acid transport through the CD98 light chain (CD98lc). In integrin signaling, suppression of the M-CSF-RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, JNK and p130Cas were observed at the triggering phase in the CD98h-defect peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, we showed that the general control non-derepressible (GCN) pathway, which was activated by amino acid starvation, was induced by the CD98hc-defect peritoneal macrophages stimulated with RANKL. These results indicate that CD98 plays two important roles in osteoclast formation through integrin signaling and amino acid transport.     

CD98hc regulates the development of experimental colitis by controlling effector and regulatory CD4 T cells

CD4⁺ T cell activation is controlled by signaling through the T cell receptor in addition to various co-receptors, and is also affected by their interactions with effector and regulatory T cells in the microenvironment. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are caused by the persistent activation and expansion of auto-aggressive CD4⁺ T cells that attack intestinal epithelial cells. However, the molecular basis for the persistent activation of CD4⁺ T cells in IBD remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how the CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc, Slc3a2) affected the development of colitis in an experimental animal model. Transferring CD98hc-deficient CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells into Rag2^−/− mice did not cause colitis accompanied by increasing Foxp3⁺ inducible regulatory T cells. By comparison, CD98hc-deficient naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs) had a decreased capability to suppress colitis induced by CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells, although CD98hc-deficient mice did not have a defect in the development of nTregs. Blocking CD98hc with an anti-CD98 blocking antibody prevented the development of colitis. Our results indicate that CD98hc regulates the expansion of autoimmune CD4⁺ T cells in addition to controlling nTregs functions, which suggests the CD98hc as an important target molecule for establishing strategies for treating colitis.     

Establishment of an immunoscreening system using recombinant VP1 protein for the isolation of a monoclonal antibody that blocks JC virus infection

Polyomavirus JC (JCV) infection causes the fatal human demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Although the initial interaction of JCV with host cells occurs through direct binding of the major viral capsid protein (VP1) with cell-surface molecules possessing sialic acid, these molecules have not yet been identified. In order to isolate monoclonal antibodies which inhibit attachment of JCV, we established an immunoscreening system using virus-like particles consisting of the VP1. Using this system, among monoclonal antibodies against the cell membrane fraction from JCV-permissive human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells, we isolated a monoclonal antibody designated as 24D2 that specifically inhibited attachment and infection of JCV to IMR-32 cells. The antibody 24D2 recognized a single molecule of around 60 kDa in molecular weight in the IMR-32 membrane fraction. Immunohistochemical staining with 24D2 demonstrated immunoreactivity in the cell membrane of JCV-permissive cell lines and glial cells of the human brain. These results suggested that the molecule recognized by 24D2 plays a role in JCV infection, and that it might participate as a receptor or a co-receptor in JCV attachment and entry into the cells.     

Initial experience with treatment of human B cell lymphoma with anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody

Summary Six patients with progressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been treated with an IgG2a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the B cell differentiation antigen CD19, with total doses varying from 225 mg to 1000 mg. Free mAb was detected in the serum after doses of 15–30 mg. After the mAb infusions the number of circulating tumour cells was temporarily reduced, but in some cases antibody-coated cells remained in the circulation for several days. mAb penetrated to extravascular tumour sites; in general higher doses were required to saturate cells in the lymph nodes than to sensitize tumour cells in the bone marrow. mAb doses of up to 250 mg were given i.v. over 4 h without major toxicity. One patient twice achieved a partial remission after two periods of mAb treatment with an 8-month interval; the second remission lasted for 9 months. One patient showed a minor response. None of the patients made antibodies against the mouse immunoglobulin. Serum immunoglobulin levels were followed as a measure of the function of the normal B cell compartment; no significant changes were seen up to 6 months after mAb treatment.Supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (grant NKI 84-14)     

Anti-(glioma surface antigen) monoclonal antibody G-22 recognizes overexpressed CD44 in glioma cells

We raised an anti-glioma monoclonal antibody, named G-22, that specifically recognizes a human gliomaassociated surface antigen. Proven to be useful for target imaging of malignant gliomas after radioisotope labeling and cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, G-22 was found to immunoprecipitate an 83-kDa glycoprotein of the human glioma U-251MG cell. We purified this antigen by G-22-coupled cyanogenbromide-activated Sepharose affinity chromatography, and sequence analysis demonstrated that the 54 amino acid residues were identical to positions 55–108 of human CD44. The results show that the smallest spliced form (85 kDa) of CD44 is strongly expressed in glioma cells.     

Establishment and validation of an immunoenzymatic assay to determine mouse IgG levels based on a rat monoclonal antibody

In this paper we describe an immunoenzymatic assay based on a rat monoclonal antibody (Ram kappa) developed to determine mouse IgG concentration, which is widely used for samples obtained on purification processes, like supernatant waste and the content of IgG in the vaccine (rHBsAg). This assay involves the use of a rat antibody-horseradish peroxidase-conjugated for the revealing of the antigen-antibody reaction. The rat antibody was produced in cell culture using a dialysis tube (DT). The immunoassay was standardized following several concepts, such as specificity, precision, and linearity. The result obtained permitted us to replace the use of polyclonal antibodies to determine the kappa light chain mouse antibodies by a rat monoclonal antibody of high sensibility and reproducibility. The assay permitted a reliable measurement of murine kappa Ig up to 0.68 ng/ml and was capable of quantifying 6.25 ng/ml. Due to the high frequency of the kappa light chain in mouse antibodies this system acquires a great application.     

Establishment of a monoclonal antibody against human Toll-like receptor 3 that blocks double-stranded RNA-mediated signaling

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) against human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 was established and its effect on TLR3-mediated responses was tested using human fibroblast cell lines expressing TLR3 on the cell surface. Fibroblasts are known to produce IFN-beta upon viral infection or treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) through distinct signaling pathways. Here, we show the mAb to TLR3 suppressed poly(I):poly(C)-mediated IFN-beta production by human fibroblasts naturally expressing TLR3 on their surface. By reporter gene assay using HEK293 cells transfected with a human TLR3 expression vector, TLR3 recognized dsRNA to activate NF-kappaB and the IFN-beta promoter. TLR3 signaling was not elicited by either single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or dsDNA. Thus, specific recognition of dsRNA by extracellular TLR3 is essential for induction of type I IFN: the interassociation between dsRNA and TLR3, regardless of direct or indirect binding, should be disrupted by mAb being attached to TLR3. The mAb against TLR3 reported herein may serve as a regulator for virus-mediated immune response via an alternative pathway involving the dsRNA-TLR3 recognition which might occur on host cells.     

In vitro and in vivo antitumour activity of a chimeric anti-CD19 antibody

Mouse monoclonal antibodies to CD19 detect an antigenic determinant expressed exclusively on the surface of B lymphocytes, and have previously been shown to be potentially useful therapeutic reagents for human B cell lymphoma. We report the production and characterization of a mouse/human chimeric antibody, cCD19, with potent in vivo antitumour activity. The genes encoding the variable domains for heavy (V_H) and light (V_L) chains were subcloned into eukaryotic expression vectors containing human constant region genes (IgG1 and ), and co-transfected into non-secreting Sp2/0 mouse myeloma cells. Intraperitoneal administration of cCD19 produced inhibition of growth of subcutaneous CD19⁺ Sultan human B lymphoma tumours inscid/scid mice. When the antibody was administered 18 and 20 days after subcutaneous tumour inoculation, an approximately 30% reduction in tumour size was noted by day 29. cCD19 faithfully mimicked the in vitro binding characteristics of mCD19 as (a) the chimeric antibody was shown by flow cytometry to bind exclusively to cell lines that expressed CD19, (b) cCD19 was able to inhibit the binding of mCD19 on CD19⁺ cells completely and (c) the affinity of binding of the two antibodies was not significantly different [K _a=(2.03±1.5)×10⁸]. In biodistribution studies, up to 14.8% of the total injected antibody dose per gram of tissue was localized in CD19⁺ Sultan tumours at 24 h approximately, 14.4% was present in the tumors at 48 h and about 13.7% at 72 h. These levels were comparable to mCD19 administered in the same fashion. cCD19 conjugated to idarubicin was specifically and strongly cytotoxic to CD19⁺ cells cultured in vitro, and demonstrated an IC₅₀ of 0.17 M, similar to that of mCD19 (0.32 M) and approximately 14-fold greater than the IC₅₀ of free idarubicin. The specific cytotoxic capacity of cCD19 and its likely reduced immunogenicity suggest that it may potentially be of use in the treatment of refractory B cell lymphoma in humans.     

Immunobiochemical characterization of the antigen detected by monoclonal antibody IND.64

The immunohistochemical characteristics of the monoclonal antibody IND.64 are very similar to those of the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. The aim of this study was to further characterize this new antibody and to compare it with Ki-67 using immunobiochemical methods. Our results demonstrate that the similarity between the antibodies holds true even at the molecular level. Immunoblot analysis of IM-9-cell lysates with both antibodies showed a double band with apparent molecular weights of 395 kD and 345 kD, respectively. Competition ELISAs using a synthetic peptide derived from the thus far determined Ki-67 cDNA sequence as competitor, indicate that IND.64 may recognize the same epitope as Ki-67. The IND.64 epitope resides at least within a 20 amino acid sequence which also contains the Ki-67 epitope. Since IND.64 is of the IgG2b subclass, while Ki-67 is of the IgG1 subclass, the two antibodies may be useful for double immunostaining. In addition, IND.64 may help in determining the still unknown function of the anigen it recognizes.