广东南岭大型真菌区系地理成分特征初步分析

对广东南岭自然保护区内的大型真菌区系进行了初步分析.结果:种类最多的科是多孔菌科共有62种(占总种数的18.7%);第二为口蘑科共有42种(占总种数的12.7%) ; 第三是红菇科共28种(占总种数的8.6%).含10种或以上依次为牛肝菌科(20种)、伞菌科 (19种)、鹅膏科(15种)、炭角菌科(15种)、麦角菌科(13种)、粉褶蕈科(12种)和丝膜菌科(11种).种数(包括种下单位)10种以上的属有6属(占总属数的4.4%)共有种类77种(占全部种数的23.3%),它们依次是红菇属Russula(18种)、鹅膏属Amanita (14 种)、虫草属Cordyceps(13种)、炭角菌属Xylaria(11种)、粉褶蕈属Entoloma(11种) 、乳菇属Lactarius(10种);种数(包括种下单位)2～9种的属有54属(占总属数的39.7 % );仅含1个种的属有76属(占了总属数的55.9%).从属的区系地理成分上可分为:①广布成分(62.5%)、②泛热带成分(16.2%)、③热带亚洲-热带美洲成分(2.2%)、④热带亚洲 -热带非洲成分(0.7%)、⑤北温带成分(15.4%)、⑥地中海区-西亚至中亚成分(1. 5% )、⑦东亚-北美洲成分(1.5%).表明了南岭自然保护区的大型真菌属是以广布成分为主(62.5%),其中热带成分与北温带成分比较接近.     

Demographic mechanisms in the coexistence of two closely related perennials in a fluctuating environment

The demographic variability and life history differentiation of two closely related shrubs (Atriplex canescens and A. acanthocarpa) were investigated in the Chihuahuan Desert, and the results were interpreted in the context of theories of coexistence in fluctuating environments. Demographic information was recorded during three annual intervals and analyzed employing matrix projection models. A. canescens had lower λ (finite rate of population increase), higher longevity and generation time and slower convergence to a stable population structure than A. acanthocarpa. In favorable years for recruitment (those when, for both species, λ > 1), the λ of A. acanthocarpa was higher than that of A. canescens; in unfavorable years (when λ < 1), the reverse was true. Regardless of conditions (year), A. acanthocarpa had a type 2 survivorship curve (constant rate of mortality with age), while A. canescens had a type 3 survivorship curve (declining mortality with age). Elasticity analyses highlighted the larger influence that fecundity and growth would have in modifying the λ of A. acanthocarpa in comparison to that of A. canescens. In contrast, survival would have a larger influence on the λ of A. canescens. Atriplex acanthocarpa behaved as an opportunistic species that benefitted from sporadic favorable conditions and declined rapidly when conditions deteriorated. In contrast, A. canescens behaved as a tolerant species able to withstand years when conditions were poor, but which could not gain any advantage over A. acanthocarpa when conditions improved. By each having a relative advantage over the other on opposite ends of the contrasting climatic conditions experienced in the Chihuahuan Desert, they are able to coexist. Their contrasting life histories agreed with the theoretical predictions for the operation of the two mechanisms of species coexistence in fluctuating environments: the storage effect and the relative non-linearity of competition. Based on these results, we conclude by speculating on the nature of succession in arid communities.     

鼎湖山三种主要植被类型土壤碳释放研究

土壤呼吸是土壤微生物活性和土壤肥力一个重要指标 ,是土壤碳流通的一个主要过程 ,也是陆地生态系统碳循环的一个关键部分 ,对研究全球变化非常重要。国内土壤呼吸的研究主要集中在北京山地温带林区、尖峰岭热带森林及东北羊草草原和中亚热带等地 ,南亚热带地区森林土壤呼吸尚无报道。选取南亚热带鼎湖山自然保护区森林演替系列中的 3种主要植被类型 (季风常绿阔叶林 ,针阔叶混交林和马尾松林 )为研究对象 ,研究了土壤呼吸和与之相关的土壤微生物生物量、土壤温度和土壤含水量以及他们之间的关系。结果表明 ,季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林年均土壤呼吸速率依次是 477.9,435 .4,42 9.5 mg CO2 · m- 2 ·h- 1,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的季节变化规律接近 ;3种植被类型土壤微生物生物量变化规律与土壤呼吸变化规律一致 ,季风常绿阔叶林最高 ,马尾松林最低 ,土壤微生物量高的土壤中碳周转量较大 ,碳素周转还带动了其他营养元素周转 ,有利于生态系统生存和持续发展 ;季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和针叶林代谢熵依次是 0 .5 8～ 0 .60 ,0 .92～ 1 .0 0 ,1 .30～ 1 .35 ,表明 3种植被类型土壤中土壤微生物对土壤碳的利用效率依次降低。     

鼎湖山主要森林类型植物胸径生长对氮沉降增加的初期响应

在林地分别喷加0、50、100和150kgNhm^-2a^-1,研究鼎湖山马尾松林、马尾松荷木混交林和季风常绿阔叶林乔木层植物胸径生长(年增长率)对增施氮的响应。结果表明,不喷加N,马尾松林、混交林和阔叶林胸径年增长率分别为4.84％、4．09％和2．99％;外加氮对植物胸径生长的影响因森林类型和植物种而异。马尾松林和混交林,低氮处理(喷加50kgNhm^-2a^-1)没有对胸径生长产生明显影响,中氮处理(喷加100kgNhm^-2a^-1)则分别增加了77、8％和105．6％。外加氮处理均使阔叶林胸径年增长率下降,低氮、中氮和高氮处理(喷加150kgNhm^-2a^-1)分别比对照(不喷N)低36．8％、28．5％和41．0％。这表明外加氮处理促进马尾松生长,但抑制大多数阔叶树种生长。     

CLUE-S模型在长白山自然保护区外围规划中的应用

受自然保护区旅游业快速发展影响,长白山自然保护区外围土地利用变化加剧。因此,对区域土地利用布局进行科学规划具有十分重要的意义。以长白山自然保护区外围30 km区域为研究对象,探讨了CLUE-S模型在小尺度土地利用规划中的应用。在分析研究区1991—2007年土地利用变化的驱动力基础上,根据区域规划预案,模拟2020土地利用布局。利用模拟结果划定空间管制区和乡镇布局,并与现有规划进行了对比。结果表明,基于CLUE-S模型的土地规划明显抑制了区域景观破碎化进程,减弱了人为活动对景观的影响,该方法可以为长白山区域土地利用规划提供有力的技术手段和科学支撑。     

运用Century模型模拟管理对鼎湖山森林生产力的影响

马毛松林是我国华南地区最主要的森林植被类型。为了寻求科学合理的马尾松林利用方式,我们运用Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ模型对马尾松林在不同管理措施下包括在严格保护措施下的演替各阶段的土壤有机质、Ｎ含量以及生产力进行了模拟预测。结果表明,除去地被物和林下层植物会使土壤肥力降低,导致生产力下降。除去的生物量越多,生产力降低的幅度越大。因此,此种利用方式不符合持续发展的要求,建议予以改变。应用Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ模型对鼎湖山     

Seasonal habitat selection and temporal activity patterns determine the structure of bat assemblages in Dhana Biosphere Reserve,Jordan (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

We measured species richness, diversity, and diel activity patterns of insectivorous bats at four sites within Dhana Biosphere Reserve. A total of seven species belonging to five families at varying species compositions were recorded. Four to six species were present at these sites and total diversity ranged between 0.32 at Ain Lahtha and 0.65 at Al Khararah. Overall frequency of passes was highest at Shaq Kalbeh. The Common Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, was the most prevalent at three sites, followed by the Arabian Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus clivosus, and Botta’s Serotine, Eptesicus bottae. Natterer’s Bat, Myotis nattereri, and the European Free-tailed Bat, Tadarida teniotis, occurred at low abundance. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros, occurred at a higher abundance within Finan site (arid site at lower altitude), whereas the Egyptian Mouse-tailed Bat, Rhinopoma cystops, was restricted to Finan. The overall mean number of bat passes was not significantly different between sites. Average seasonal species diversity was low during winter (none at Ain Lahtha and Shaq Kalbeh) and highest during summer (0.68 at Al Kharrarah). Seasonal activity patterns for each site in terms of frequencies of bat passes on an hourly basis are given.     

贵州梵净山生物圈保护区兰科植物区系特征

研究了贵州梵净山自然保护区兰科植物的区系特征。结果表明:①兰科植物种类组成丰富多样,计有兰科植物38属72种(含种下分类群),分别占贵州兰科植物属总数和种总数的50.14%和29.27%。与邻近自然保护区所含的兰科植物属、种数相比,梵净山兰科植物的属、种总数与重庆金佛山和湖北神农架相当,而仅次于四川峨眉山;与贵州的茂兰、习水相比,其属数高于茂兰和习水,种数高于习水、略低于茂兰;②兰科植物种的分布区类型有17个类型或变型,中国特有分布成分占明显优势,为30.55%;其次为热带亚洲至热带大洋州成分,占15.28%;③兰科植物生活类型多样,既有地生、附生和腐生的类型,又有半地生、半附生的类型。     

锡林郭勒生物圈保护区草原生态系统服务间接价值动态评估

草地是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统类型,对于维持我国北方的生态安全具有重要价值。北方草原的大面积退化已引起人们的极大关注。以内蒙古锡林郭勒生物圈保护区为研究区域．利用2个年份的遥感数据,结合地面样方调查,在GIS的支持下,绘制出草原退化空间分布图。选取草原生态系统在控制土壤侵蚀、减少土壤肥力流失、营养物质循环、CO2储存和O2释放方面的功能指标,对草原生态系统服务间接价值进行了动态评估。1985年和1999年草原退化面积分别为7190．9和7689．3km^2,占研究区总面积的67．19％和71．86％。2个年份草原生态系统间接服务总价值分别为28．24和26．75亿元．下降了5．28％,单位面积间接服务价值分别为2990和2830元。下降了5．35％。人类的过度放牧是导致草原大面积退化,生态系统功能降低和服务价值下降的主要原因。     

Lizard assemblages in the Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

Lizard assemblages were surveyed in eight selected habitats in the Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve in Baja California Sur, Mexico. We compared the species composition and relative abundance among habitats, considering habitat characteristics, such as vegetation type, vegetation ground coverage, and soil types. Thirteen lizard species were recorded. The most abundant species in almost all habitats was Uta stansburiana, accounting for 59% of all observations. Cnemidophorus tigris was the second most abundant species, accounting for 12% of all observations. The richest habitat was the rocky lower elevations of the Sierra de San Francisco (nine species). However, the habitat with the highest diversity value was Scammon's dunes. Implications of our findings for lizard conservation in this biosphere reserve are discussed.     

Farm Households and Land Use in a Core Conservation Zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve,Guatemala

This paper employs cross-tabular analysis, and multivariate and logistic regression to explore demographic, political-economic, socioeconomic, and ecological patterns of farm households and land use outcomes in an emergent agricultural frontier: the Sierra de Lacandón National Park (SLNP)-a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Petén, Guatemala. Data were obtained from a 1998 probability sample of 241 farm households, the first large detailed household land use survey in Guatemala’s Selva Maya-the largest lowland tropical forest in Central America. Virtually all settler households were poor maize farmers who colonized the SLNP in search of land for subsistence. While they faced similar ecological and economic conditions, land use strategies and patterns of forest clearing varied with demographic, household, and farm characteristics. Findings support and refute elements from previous frontier land use theory and offer policy implications for conservation and development initiatives in the Maya Forest specifically, and in tropical agricultural frontiers in general.

鼎湖山森林地表水水质状况分析

对鼎湖山生物圈保护区内两溪流水源水质状况进行了调查,结果发现：①鼎湖山地表水总体水质较好,符合地面水环境质量标准的I类水源水质标准。区内水体受污染程度低,绝大多数指标均符合饮用水卫生标准。②水体pH值较低,Al含量较高,总有机碳测定表现出整个水体受到一定程度的有机污染。水体中有害金属Mn和Pb含量略高,但都远低于饮用水卫生标准。③对地表水来源过程环节的水化学分析比较表明：大气降水、穿透水、土壤溶液（30cm层和80cm层）和地表水水样的pH值呈现“M”形变化。酸雨和土壤表层酸化是该区地表水pH值偏低的主要原因。地表水和30cm土壤溶液中的Al浓度分别是大气降水的5倍和8倍,地表水中的Al主要来源于酸雨对土壤的淋溶。地表水中的Na主要来源于大气降水。大气降水Pb浓度是地表水的17倍,林冠吸收富集和土壤固定吸附使地表水中的Pb大幅度降低。穿透水和土壤溶液中的Mn、K、Ca、Mg、Sr比大气降水和地表水浓度高,反映了元素被酸雨淋溶、活化和被植物、土壤吸收吸附的过程。从长远看,尽管在森林保存完好的地区,区域环境的恶化及酸雨对地表水水质的影响仍不容忽视。     

广东鼎湖山自然保护区森林景观的动态模拟研究

在遥感和GIS系统支持下,以1991年和1999年两个时期的Landsat-TM合成影像为基础,利用马尔科夫模型,模拟鼎湖山自然保护区森林景观的动态演变。结果表明:常绿阔叶林面积增加,除水域外,其它面积相应减少,到达稳定期,区域内大多为常绿阔叶林,少量的混交林,其它类型几乎消失。这个趋势是和该地区森林的演替规律相符的,但是这种结果对维持保护区内的景观多样性是不利的。