Feeding habits of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci (Girard, 1855) in the northwest of Baja California Sur,Mexico

The feeding habits of the horn shark, Heterodontus francisci (Girard, 1855), were examined in the area of Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur, Mexico in the spring, summer and fall of 2014. A total of 78 stomachs were collected, of which 46 (59%) contained food and 32 (41%) were empty. According to the percent Index of Relative Importance (%IRI), the most important prey categories in H. francisci's diet were anomurans (66%), cephalopods (7.2%), lobsters (4.7%), fishes (4.2%) and sea urchins (2.3%). The main prey were the anomuran Blepharipoda occidentalis (65.2%), the octopus Octopus bimaculatus (5.4%), the lobster Panulirus interruptus (4.7%) and the sea urchin Echinometra vanbrunti (2.6%). According to the Levin standardized Index (Bi), the trophic niche breadth in H. francisci is low (B_i = 0.21), making it a specialist predator. The species was classified as a tertiary consumer (trophic position = 4.06).     

Estimation of the interval between feeding and capture in peridomestic Glossina tachinoides

From successive 24-hourly dissections of non-teneral field-caught Glossina tachinoides Westwood which had fed on a guinea-pig in the laboratory, the progressive movement of a bloodmeal through the midgut was monitored and five stages (categories) in the trophic cycle identified. The frequency distribution in these trophic categories of G.tachinoides subsequently caught in the peridomestic agro-ecosystem at Orie-Orba near Nsukka by means of the biconical trap revealed that males and females had fed 2.8 +/- 0.4 and 2.4 +/- 0.4 days respectively preceding their capture.     

Effect of flood pulses on the trophic ecology of four piscivorous fishes from the eastern Amazon

This study investigated the effect of hydrological periods on the feeding activity and trophic interactions of four piscivorous fishes from the middle Xingu River, Brazil: pike‐characid Boulengerella cuvieri, dogtooth characin Hydrolycus armatus, dogtooth characin Hydrolycus tatauaia and South American silver croaker Plagioscion squamosissimus. Repletion Index (I_R%), Alimentary Index (I_Ai%) and food web properties were calculated for each species. A total of 825 specimens were collected. The I_R showed changes in feeding intensity of B. cuvieri, H. armatus and H. tatauaia among hydrological periods. Flood pulse showed no influence on composition and importance of food items consumed. Trophic connections showed that connectivity ranged from 0.025 to 0.038. The highest number of trophic connections (75) occurred in the high‐water period, when 51 food items were recorded and the lowest number of trophic connections (43) occurred in receding water, with 31 food items. In all food webs, over 45% of food items were consumed by only one species (ultra‐peripheral items), which is common in piscivorous fishes.     

不同时期北部湾日本带鱼营养生态位差异

基于2008—2009年和2018年对北部湾日本带鱼的采样,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素,计算其营养级、营养生态位等指标,对比分析10年前后日本带鱼营养生态位的差异,探究其生态适应能力的变动。结果表明: 2个时期北部湾日本带鱼碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)值差异明显,2018年δ¹³C值范围变窄,平均值变小,推测日本带鱼食物来源由偏中上层向偏中下层水域转变;氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N)值的范围和平均值基本保持不变,营养级范围和平均值(3.38和3.43)变化不明显,说明近10年来北部湾日本带鱼在生态系统中的营养层次比较稳定。日本带鱼δ¹³C值与肛长相关性不显著,δ¹⁵N则为极显著正相关性。在营养生态位方面,2018年的生态位指标均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度的范围为1.1%~32.1%;生态位总面积和核心生态位面积分别由20.20和4.68缩小至14.20和3.18,说明北部湾日本带鱼的营养生态位发生了显著变化,对资源利用能力和环境适应能力下降。推测,10年来北部湾日本带鱼的营养级变化不明显,但由于食物来源发生变化,营养来源多样性下降,营养生态位变小。     

Phytoplankton as an Indicator of the Water Quality of the Deep Lakes South of the Alps

This paper offers a synoptic account of studies on the phytoplankton communities in the deep southern subalpine lakes (DSL) Garda, Iseo, Como, Lugano and Maggiore. The main cause of the degradation of the water quality in the DSL is eutrophication. The euphotic layers of these lakes are trophically different, ranging from the oligo-mesotrophy of lakes Maggiore and Garda to the meso-eutrophy of lakes Iseo and Lugano. The trophic status as estimated by using total phosphorus and chlorophyll a has provided consistent results in agreement with the models proposed by OECD (1982. Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control, OECD, Paris). Though related with chlorophyll a and TP, the Secchi disk depths have significantly underestimated the trophic status of the DSL. Two trophic indices using the algal orders (PTI_orders) and species (PTI_species) were drawn up on the basis of the distribution of phytoplankton along a trophic gradient defined by the application of multivariate methods; the scores emerging from these indices were used to make a definitive ecological classification of water bodies on a scale from 1 to 5, in accordance with the Water Framework Directive. A third index (PTI_OE) was computed as the ratio between the annual mean values of the cumulative biovolumes of two groups of algal orders with opposite trophic characteristics. The three PTI indices were highly correlated, providing a consistent classification of the water bodies. The indices proposed in this work were specifically adopted for use in the DSL. However, the criteria for their implementation constitute a robust and impartial tool for assessing similar indices in other lake typologies and for evaluating the degree of specificity of the trophic indicator values assigned to the single phytoplankton orders and species.     

Fast response of freshwater consumers to a new trophic resource: Predation on the recently introduced Asian bivalve Limnoperna fortunei in the lower Paraná river,South America

Abstract Comparison of Limnoperna fortunei numbers and biomass in screened (5, 15 and 40 mm) and unscreened cages deployed for 18 months in the lower Paraná delta indicates that predators harvest 26–79% (numbers), or 20–85% (biomass) of the mussel population. Predation impact decreases with mussel size. On average, 6 kg of whole live mussel × m⁻² × year⁻¹ (0.36 g of dry mussel tissue × m⁻² × day⁻¹) were eliminated from the unscreened cages. Cages with 15 and 40 mm screens lost between 1 and 2 kg × m⁻² × year⁻¹. Aquatic mammals, birds, and especially fish, are probably the main consumers of large mussels. Small L. fortunei are most probably eaten by fish and also by several invertebrates, including crustaceans, leeches and gastropods. It is suggested that L. fortunei intercepts a significant fraction of the organic carbon that the Paraná‐Uruguay rivers flush into the ocean, locally boosting numbers of benthophagous animals, deposit feeders and, indirectly, higher level predators. Our results indicate that only 15 years after its first introduction in South America this invasive species is very actively consumed by local predators, but predatory suppression of the mussel seems very unlikely. Comparisons with the effects reported for the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Europe and North America suggest that L. fortunei is consumed more actively and that its negative impact on the local fauna is more restricted. These differences are attributed to the fact that while D. polymorpha feeds chiefly on plankton, a limited resource, L. fortunei feeds on detrital particulate organic matter, whose supply in these large South American rivers largely exceeds consumption.     

The Diet of the Brown Trout Salmo trutta (L.) during the Reproductive Period: Size‐Related and Sexual Effects

We investigated the autumnal diet of the brown trout Salmo trutta, in a Prepyrenean stream (NW Iberian Peninsula) focusing on intraspecific dietary differences related to size and sex. The diet of trout included 18 types of prey, with Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera nymphs and Diptera larvae as the most consumed taxa. Large trout ate larger prey, than did small trout, and also increased the consumption of terrestrial‐surface prey with respect to aquatic‐benthic prey. As terrestrial‐surface preys were larger than aquatic‐benthic prey, the size‐related differences in the diet of trout were related to gape‐limitations. Although male and female trout did not differ in size, we found that males foraged on a more diverse type of prey than females, probably owing to male territoriality during the reproductive period. This study provides new evidence of dietary plasticity in the brown trout and confirms the importance of local dietary studies to better understand factors which drive trophic ecology of predators. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Lipid Composition of the Marine Ciliates Pleuronema sp. and Fabrea salina: Shifts in Response to Changes in Diet1

ABSTRACT. The composition and incorporation of lipids in two marine ciliates, Pleuronema sp. and Fabrea salina, was examined following growth on either an algal or bacterial diet. When allowed to feed on a natural bacterial community, Pleuronema sp. synthesized the triterpenoid alcohol gammaceran-3β-ol (tetrahymanol) and two hopanoids (hopan-3β-ol and one uncharacterized hopanoid). When fed the marine alga Isochrysis galbana, F. salina contained the major algal sterol 24-methylcholesta-5, 22-dien-3β-ol and several long chain ketones specific to the alga. In both ciliates, fatty acids composition showed a general correspondence to that of the diet. Using a series of antibiotic treatments to alter the bacterial prey community, and thus fatty acid composition of the ciliate's diet, promoted changes in the fatty acid composition of Pleuronema sp. to resemble that of the bacterial prey. The addition of a mixture of algal sterols to a bacterized culture of another scuticociliate, Parauronema acutum, inhibited tetrahymanol synthesis and resulted in the incorporation of sterols into the ciliate.     

Isotopic variation in five species of stream fishes under the influence of different land uses

The aim of this study was to test if changes in land use alter the isotopic signature of fish species, promoting changes in the trophic position and food resource partitioning between these consumers. Three different systems were investigated: pasture streams (n = 3), streams in sugar cane plantations (n = 3) and reference streams (n = 3). Fish species Aspidoras fuscoguttatus, Astyanax altiparanae, Characidium zebra, Hisonotus piracanjuba and Knodus moenkhausii were selected, and their nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions were estimated to assess changes in the trophic level and partitioning of food items consumed. The composition of δ¹³C (‰) only differed among the land use categories for A. altiparanae, H. piracanjuba and K. moenkhausii. Resource partitioning was different for all species, with changes in the sources or proportions they consumed in each land use category, but only A. altiparanae introduced new food sources in large quantity in altered land uses. It is important to note, however, that the results from the resource partitioning analysis are limited due to large overlapping of isotopic signatures between the analysed food resources. All fish species exhibited variation in δ¹⁵N (‰), with the highest values found in streams under sugar cane or pasture influence. Despite the variation in nitrogen isotopic values, only C. zebra and H. piracanjuba displayed changes in trophic level. Therefore, it is believed that the increase in the δ¹⁵N (‰) value of the individuals collected in streams under the influence of sugar cane or pasture was due to the greater influence of livestock dung and chemical and organic fertilizers. The results also highlight the importance of studying consumer species along with all forms of resources available at each location separately, because the signatures of these resources also vary within different land uses.     

Complex indirect effects of epiphytic bromeliads on the invertebrate food webs of their support tree

Ecosystem engineers are species that affect others through the provision of habitat rather than consumptive resources. The extent to which ecosystem engineers can indirectly affect entire food webs, however, is poorly understood. Epiphytic tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) are ecosystem engineers that are common throughout the Neotropics, and are associated with a variety of predatory arthropods. Here, we examine if bromeliads, by increasing predator densities, indirectly benefit their support tree through reduction in herbivorous insects and leaf damage. We observed and manipulated bromeliad densities in Costa Rican orange orchards, and measured impacts on leaf damage and arboreal and bromeliad invertebrate communities in two different seasons. Our results show that bromeliads are associated with predatory and herbivorous invertebrates but not leaf damage. Bromeliads were correlated with increased densities of their associated predators, especially ants and hunting spiders, but we could not confirm a causal link. Associations with bromeliads changed over time, with seasonal shifts interfering with responses to our manipulations. Bromeliads had a reduced association with predators in the dry season. Moreover, a null association between bromeliads and herbivorous invertebrates in the dry season unexpectedly became positive in the wet season. In summary, we have only limited evidence that bromeliads indirectly promote the top‐down control of arboreal herbivores; instead, our manipulations suggest that bromeliads increase herbivore densities in the wet season. This research suggests that although bromeliads may act as ecosystem engineers, indirectly influencing the invertebrate food web on support trees, their effects are trophically complex and seasonally dependent. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.     

应用稳定同位素技术构建胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱

根据2011年春季和秋季在胶州湾进行的渔业资源综合调查,应用稳定同位素示踪技术,分析了胶州湾主要渔业生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C,δ15N),并计算其营养级,进而构建胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱。分析的生物种类包括浮游植物、浮游动物、大型无脊椎动物和鱼类,其生物量之和占总渔获量的95%。结果表明,胶州湾食物网的δ13C值范围是-25.63‰—-17.16‰,跨度为8.47‰,平均值为(-19.42±1.80)‰;δ15N值范围是4.15‰—14.11‰,跨度为9.96‰,平均值为(11.98±1.77)‰。胶州湾食物网中的主要生物种类可以划分为4个营养组群,即初级生产者、初级消费者、次级消费者以及顶级捕食者。δ15N值分析显示,胶州湾主要生物种类的营养级范围是1.10—4.03。与文献中基于胃含物分析计算的营养级相比较,37个种类中有29种的营养级分析结果基本一致(在0.5个营养级的误差范围之内)。因此,氮稳定同位素法是一种研究水生生态系统食物网营养位置的有效方法。其中,有8种鱼类的营养级与历史文献相比有所下降,分析方法的不同可能是原因之一,此外,这些鱼种摄食饵料生物营养级的下降也是导致其营养级降低的另一个主要原因。根据营养级计算的结果,构建了胶州湾食物网的连续营养谱,胶州湾食物网中,绝大多数生物种类都属于初级和中级肉食性种类。     

Allocating time between feeding, resting and moving by the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis

This study characterizes the timing of feeding, moving and resting for the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and a phytoseiid predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Feeding is the interaction between T. urticae and plants, and between P. persimilis and T. urticae. Movement plays a key role in locating new food resources. Both activities are closely related to survival and reproduction. We measured the time allocated to these behaviours at four ages of the spider mite (juveniles, adult females immediately after moult and adult females 1 and 3 days after moult) and two ages of the predatory mite (juveniles and adult females). We also examined the effect of previous spider mite-inflicted leaf damage on the spider mite behaviour. Juveniles of both the spider mite and the predatory mite moved around less than their adult counterparts. Newly emerged adult female spider mites spent most of their time moving, stopping only to feed. This represents the teneral phase, during which adult female spider mites are most likely to disperse. With the exception of this age group, spider mites moved more and fed less on previously damaged than on clean leaves. Because of this, the spider mite behaviour was initially more variable on damaged leaves. Phytoseiulus persimilis rested at all stages for a much larger percentage of the time and spent less time feeding than did T. urticae; the predators invariably rested in close proximity to the prey. Compared to adult predators, juveniles spent approximately four times as long handling a prey egg. The predator-prey interaction is dependent upon the local movement of both the predators and prey. These details of individual behaviours in a multispecies environment can provide an understanding of population dynamics.     

N：P化学计量学在生态学研究中的应用

化学计量学很早就被应用于生态学研究中,但长期以来几乎被生态学家所忽视。近年来,由于认识到化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此元素化学计量学成为近年来新兴的一个生态学研究领域。氮磷作为植物生长的必需矿质营养元素和生态系统常见的限制性元素,在植物体内存在功能上的联系,二者之间具有重要的相互作用。近年来由于人类活动的强烈影响,这两种元素的循环在速度和规模上都发生了前所未有的改变,导致一系列环境问题的出现,因此N：P化学计量学研究就显得极为重要。本文论述了N：P化学计量学在物种、群落、生态系统等各层次的应用现状,同时从分子生物学角度分析了应用N：P化学计量学的可行性,并指出了N：P化学计量学研究的应用前景和存在的缺陷。     

内蒙古草原布氏田鼠与绵羊的营养生态位研究

放牧活动对小型啮齿动物种群数量的影响是草原生态系统研究中的热点问题,确定绵羊和小型啮齿动物的营养生态位关系对于草原生态系统的管理具有重要的作用。运用粪便显微分析法分析了内蒙古草原动物生态研究站大型野外围栏内布氏田鼠和绵羊在6—9月份的食谱组成,确定两种草食动物食性选择和营养生态位的变化,从食物利用途径揭示放牧活动对布氏田鼠种群数量的影响方式及二者之间的竞争与共存关系。研究结果表明：围栏中共有23种植物,其中糙隐子草、克氏针茅、羊草和刺藜是围栏中的优势植物;布氏田鼠共取食10种植物,绵羊共取食8种植物,禾本植物为两种动物的主要采食植物。布氏田鼠和绵羊的喜食植物种类都存在季节性变化;除7月外,两种动物的食物多样性与围栏植物多样性有显著的正相关关系,表明动物的食性选择受植物资源变化的影响。布氏田鼠和绵羊具有很高的营养生态位重叠度,除8月(0.691)外,6、7、9月份的营养生态位重叠度均高于0.9,表明二者之间存在激烈的食物竞争;放牧活动极显著地降低了禾本科植物的地上生物量,导致布氏田鼠的食物数量减少;放牧处理下布氏田鼠的喜食植物的物种数和营养生态位宽度(除9月)增加,导致布氏田鼠的食物质量...     

N:P化学计量学在生态学研究中的应用

化学计量学很早就被应用于生态学研究中,但长期以来几乎被生态学家所忽视.近年来,由于认识到化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此元素化学计量学成为近年来新兴的一个生态学研究领域.氮磷作为植物生长的必需矿质营养元素和生态系统常见的限制性元素,在植物体内存在功能上的联系,二者之间具有重要的相互作用.近年来由于人类活动的强烈影响,这两种元素的循环在速度和规模上都发生了前所未有的改变,导致一系列环境问题的出现,因此N:P化学计量学研究就显得极为重要.本文论述了N:P化学计量学在物种、群落、生态系统等各层次的应用现状,同时从分子生物学角度分析了应用N:P化学计量学的可行性,并指出了N:P化学计量学研究的应用前景和存在的缺陷.     

广东省大中型供水水库营养现状及浮游生物的响应

于2000年调查了广东省18座大中型供水水库的水质现状并探讨了浮游生物对营养水平的响应。总氮、总磷、透明度和叶绿素a分别为0．15～7.15mg／L、0．003～0．387mg／L、0．4～6．3m和0．6～32．3ug／L。总氮、总磷、透明度均与叶绿素a呈较高的相关性。根据这4个因子的综合加权营养状态指数为23．7～55．1,季节差异不大,大多数水库处于中营养状态。金藻在中-富及富营养型水库中没有分布,而蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻和甲藻在调查水库中均有比较广的营养生态位,但它们的密度及相对优势度在各营养型水库中有一定的差异。高营养水平水库有较高的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量。营养水平较低的水库浮游植物以硅藻-甲藻、硅藻-绿藻或金藻-硅藻为主;营养水平较高的水库以蓝藻-硅藻或蓝藻-绿藻为主,并有较高的裸藻密度。浮游动物基本上以桡足类为优势种群,但在中-富营养和富营养型水库中,哲水蚤种类比低营养型水库中少。枝角类优势种类在各营养型水库差别不大。轮虫对水体营养水平的响应相对比较显著。低营养水平水库的轮虫以广营养型、中营养型或寡中营养型种类为主,种类数目比较少;富营养和中-富营养型水库的轮虫以喜在中营养到富营养条件下生长的种类为主,且轮虫种类数目比较多。     

Day and night trophic variations of dominant fish species in a lagoon influenced by freshwater seeps

The aim of this study was to determine the trophic structure and nycthemeral variations in the diet of dominant fish species (Ariopsis felis, Bairdiella chrysoura, Micropogonias undulatus, Eucinostomus gula, Eucinostomus argenteus, Lagodon rhomboides and Sphoeroides testudineus) in Celestun Lagoon, a biosphere reserve located in the southern Gulf of Mexico, and influenced by freshwater seeps. A total of 1473 stomachs were analysed and nine trophic groups were recorded. Bray–Curtis analyses with analyses of similarity (ANOSIM) statistical tests were used to determine two groups of feeding guilds: zoobenthivores and omnivores, with significant differences between time and habitat. The relationships between fish feeding habits, size class and environmental variables were investigated using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Most of the species showed a low niche breadth with high specialization towards amphipod consumption, with the exception of L. rhomboides (0·60), which indicated generalist feeding. This study in a protected area is an important source of information for drawing up conservation policies in relation to the management of aquatic resources, and will aid in the establishment of priority areas for conservation.     

基于碳氮稳定同位素的南海中西部海域春季中上层渔业生物群落营养结构

根据2018年春季于南海中西部海域进行的灯光罩网渔业生物调查,本研究采用碳氮稳定同位素技术,分析了南海中西部海域中上层渔业生物的碳氮稳定同位素基本特征,构建了连续营养谱,划分了营养功能群,并比较了不同营养功能群间的营养结构特征。结果表明: 采集的23种渔业生物δ¹³C均值最大为鲯鳅,(-17.58±0.21)‰,最小为六带线纹鱼,(-19.86±0.33)‰;δ¹⁵N均值的变化范围为8.31‰(琉璃玉鲳)～(12.46±0.74)‰(宝刀鱼)。连续营养谱分析表明,采集的中上层渔业生物营养级介于3.01～4.23,其中19种渔业生物(占总渔获种类的83%)的营养级位于3.0～4.0。23种渔业生物可划分成浮游生物食性、游泳生物食性和混合生物食性3个营养功能群。稳定同位素标准椭圆面积(SEA)分析显示,浮游生物食性功能群占据的营养生态位宽幅最大(SEA=1.56‰²),其次为混合生物食性功能群(SEA=0.99‰²)和游泳生物食性功能群(SEA=0.31‰²)。混合生物食性功能群分别与游泳生物食性功能群和浮游生物食性功能群存在17%和26%的营养生态位重叠度,而游泳生物食性功能群与浮游生物食性功能群不存在生态位重叠。     

Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food webs

Measures of trophic position (TP) are critical for understanding food web interactions and human‐mediated ecosystem disturbance. Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N) provide a powerful tool to estimate TP but are limited by a pragmatic assumption that isotope discrimination is constant (change in δ¹⁵N between predator and prey, Δ¹⁵N = 3.4‰), resulting in an additive framework that omits known Δ¹⁵N variation. Through meta‐analysis, we determine narrowing discrimination from an empirical linear relationship between experimental Δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁵N values of prey consumed. The resulting scaled Δ¹⁵N framework estimated reliable TPs of zooplanktivores to tertiary piscivores congruent with known feeding relationships that radically alters the conventional structure of marine food webs. Apex predator TP estimates were markedly higher than currently assumed by whole‐ecosystem models, indicating perceived food webs have been truncated and species‐interactions over simplified. The scaled Δ¹⁵N framework will greatly improve the accuracy of trophic estimates widely used in ecosystem‐based management.     

Cascading trophic interactions: Uncoupling at the zooplanktonphytoplankton link

Four limnocorrals (8 m dia. by 15 m deep) located at Lake St. George, Ontario, Canada; were used to examine the interactions between planktivorous fish, crustacean zooplankton (notably Daphnia galeata mendotae), and phytoplankton. During the spring, in all of the limnocorrals, high Daphnia biomasses were correlated with increased water transparency and a spring clear-water phase. However, as the summer progressed, the relationship between Daphnia biomass and phytoplankton abundance became more complex and less predictable. Investigation of these interactions suggested four conclusions. (1) During late July and throughout August and September, water transparency decreased and algal cell counts increased. In 3 of 4 limnocorrals, deterioration in water quality occurred 3–5 weeks before zooplankton (and Daphnia populations) declined. In all cases decreased transparency was associated with increased concentrations of algal cells (Gloeococcus) that were poor food sources for Daphnia. These results suggested that decreased water transparency was not caused by decreases in Daphnia biomass. (2) Taken together, data from all of the limnocorrals showed no correlation between the magnitude of July Daphnia biomasses and the percentage of poor food source algae that were observed in August. This suggested that grazer effects were not necessary for the onset of summer poor food source algal blooms. (3) In two limnocorrals, there was a positive correlation between increased Daphnia mortality and the onset of poor food source blooms. In the other two limnocorrals there was no correlation. In all limnocorrals there was no correlation between decreased Daphnia reproductive capacity and poor food source blooms. These data suggested that blooms of poor food source algae were not necessary for the collapse of Daphnia populations. (4) In all 4 limnocorrals there was a strong correlation between the time that 0+ yellow perch planktivores reached biomasses of 30–50 kg ha^–1 and the collapse of Daphnia populations Species and size selection was also observed. These results suggested that for this set of limnocorral experiments, fish biomasses in the 30–50 kg ha^–1 were responsible for the collapse of Daphnia populations in the summer.