和田设施温室6个葡萄品种光合和 叶绿素荧光日变化特征

【目的】探讨和田地区设施温室葡萄品种光合和叶绿素荧光日变化特征,综合评价其光合能力强弱,为该地区温室葡萄引种及栽培管理措施制定提供参考依据。【方法】以和田设施温室引入6个葡萄品种‘户太八号’‘妮娜女皇’‘夏黑’‘阳光玫瑰’‘新郁’‘克瑞森无核’为试验材料,测定并分析各品种光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）、光合与叶绿素荧光参数,并利用主成分分析对各鲜食葡萄品种能力进行综合性评价。【结果】（1）设施温室光合有效辐射在不同位置总体表现出棚前＞棚后＞棚中,在不同架面位置总体表现为架上＞架中＞架下。（2）葡萄叶片SPAD值在不同架面位置表现为架上部＞架中部＞架下部,在品种间由高到低依次为‘克瑞森无核’‘夏黑’‘新郁’‘户太八号’‘阳光玫瑰’‘妮娜女皇’。（3）各品种Pn、Gs、Tr均呈现出双峰曲线的日变化趋势,Ci日变化总体呈现U形或W形变化规律;Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm总体上呈现出先下降后上升的日变化规律。（4）6个葡萄品种的光合能力表现为‘克瑞森无核’＞‘夏黑’＞‘阳光玫瑰’＞‘新郁’＞‘户太八号’＞‘妮娜女皇’。【结论】 ‘克瑞森无核’与‘夏黑’相比其他品种有较高的Pn、Gs、Tr、 Fo、Fm和较低的Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm,对和田地区适应性较强,能够适应当地的高温与高光强设施环境。     

Alpha-amylase inhibitors from Ficus sp. seeds and their activities towards coleoptera insect pests

Alpha-amylase Inhibitors were isolated from Ficus sp. (Gameleira) seeds by acetone fractionation and Sephadex G-50. Two inhibitors (alpha-PPAI and alpha-ZSAI) were tested against alpha-amylases from coleopteran larvae. alpha-PPAI was active to alpha-amylases of Callosobruchus maculatus (52%) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (53%). alpha-ZSAI was strongly active to Z. subfasciatus (100%) of and Mimosestes mimosae (98%). The alpha-ZSAI is a glycoprotein of approximately 50 kDa with an IC50 value of 0.074 microg microl(-1).     

部分葡萄品种和砧木抗葡萄根瘤蚜性能鉴定

为了检测我国葡萄品种和砧木对中国生态型葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira viticola (Fitch) 的抗性,在实验室条件下采用离体根接种法鉴定了10个葡萄砧木、18个葡萄栽培品种,测定了根瘤蚜存活率、发育历期、产卵量、种群龄期结构指数和成虫大小等指标。结果表明： 砧木品种SO4,5BB,1103P,420A,Lot,101-14MG,3309C,140Ru和110R抗根瘤蚜,接种后蚜虫陆续死亡,尤其是SO4,5BB,1103P和420A对根瘤蚜高抗,使根瘤蚜滞育仅发育至1龄。我国当作砧木使用的贝达不抗根瘤蚜,接种后蚜虫存活率始终保持在38.82％～47.5%,日产卵量达9.01;欧美杂交种中的康克、康拜尔和卡它巴对根瘤蚜稍有抗性,根瘤蚜日产卵量在6.00～6.85粒之间,其中康克、康拜尔葡萄上蚜虫的存活率随时间的延长而明显降低,由最初的60％下降至25％～30％; 欧美杂交种中的黑虎香和白香蕉虽然在一定程度上能够限制根瘤蚜的存活和发育进程,但对根瘤蚜的繁殖量没有影响。所有供试欧亚种和欧美杂交种的栽培品种都对根瘤蚜高度敏感,接种后第29 d 蚜虫存活率仍保持在40％～60％,且前后变化较小,日产卵量变化于7～12.35粒之间,总产卵量均在190粒以上。由此可见,我国供试栽培品种均不抗根瘤蚜,在根瘤蚜疫区需要用抗性砧木嫁接苗建园。     

Synthesis of natural product-like polyprenylated phenols and quinones: Evaluation of their neuroprotective activities

Twenty-seven natural product-like polyprenylated phenols and quinones were synthesized and their neuroprotective activity was tested using human monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and SH-SY5Y cells. Eight compounds inhibited MAO-B (IC₅₀ values < 25 μM) and the inhibition mode and molecular docking of two (8c and 16c) were investigated. Compounds inhibiting MAO-B activity were additionally tested for their ability to protect SH-SY5Y cells from peroxide injury. Three derivatives (3c, 8c and 16c) exhibited both MAO-B inhibitory and neuroprotective activity. A structure activity-relationship study showed that a phenolic hydroxyl group and a longer side chain are important for both activities.     

Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls and their water-soluble fractions prepared from various gram-positive bacteria.

The cell walls from all 21 species of gram-positive bacteria examined, except lysozyme-susceptible Micrococcus lysodeikticus (NCTC 2665) and lysozyme-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155), were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea-pigs as water-in-oil emulsions. Using various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with full retention of the adjuvant activities from walls of Staphylococcus aureus (Copenhagen), Streptococcus pyogens (group A, type 6; S43/100), Streptococcus salivarius (IFO 3350), Streptococcus faecalis (IFO 12580), Streptococcus mutans (BHT), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), Bacillus megaterium (IFO 12068), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Park-Williams No. 8), Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Actinomyces viscous (ATCC 15987). Evidence was obtained that the non-peptidoglycan portion of the cell walls is not essential for manifestation of immunoadjuvancy.     

Growth and yield of six short varieties of spring wheat derived from Norin 10 and of two European varieties

Five short varieties of spring wheat derived from Norin 10: Lerma Rojo 64A (R), Penjamo 62 (P), Sonora 64 (S), Mexico 120 (M), and an unnamed selection obtained from Mexico (X), had grain yields equal to, or only slightly less than those of the taller European spring varieties Kloka (K) and Jufy I (J). Yields ranged from 500 to 580 g/m² of dry matter. The short variety NBJ115 (N) was severely infected with yellow rust and yielded only 290 g/m². Total dry weight (excluding roots) of the short varieties was less than of J and K; hence grain accounted for 49 % of the total for the short varieties and 42 % for J and K. Most of the short varieties had fewer ears than the tall ones because sowing difficulties and poor germination produced fewer plants. The relative yields of X, P, R and S seemed to be correlated with their plant and ear densities. Leaf area duration after flowering (D), based either on total green area or on green area above the flag-leaf node only, was less for the short varieties than for J and K. The apparent mean efficiency of this area in grain production (grain yield divided by D) was 50% greater for the short than for the tall varieties. The height of the short varieties ranged from 43 cm (M) to 79 cm (N). K was 92 cm and J 97 cm tall. Differences in height depended on the lengths of the top four internodes and not on number of internodes. Main shoots of all varieties produced seven or eight leaves. All varieties initiated spikelets 45–48 days after sowing. The short varieties flowered 103 days and matured 155 days after sowing; J and K flowered and matured about 1 week earlier.     

Demonstration of two functionally heterogenous groups within the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase towards a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols.

1. A simple colorimetric assay for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities towards phenolic substrates, using Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, is described. The assay is used to measure rat liver transferase activities towards substrates from a series of 4-alkyl-substituted phenols. 2. Activities towards phenol, 4-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol develop near-adult values before birth, are precociously stimulated by dexa methasone in utero and are stimulated 3--4-fold by 3-methylcholanthrene in adult liver. These are assigned to a "late-foetal" group of transferase activities. 3. Activities towards 4-n-propylphenol, 4-s-butylphenol and 4-t-butylphenol are negligible in late-foetal liver, developing to near-adult values in the first 4 postnatal days, and are not affected by dexamethasone or 3-methylcholanthrene. They are assigned to a "neonatal" group of transferase activities. 4. Although 4-ethylphenol and 4-n-propylphenol differ only by a single --CH2-- moiety, this is sufficient to change the acceptability of these substrates respectively from the late-foetal to the neonatal group of transferase activities. The change is distinct, with no overlapping of substrate acceptability between the two groups of transferase activities. 5. From consideration of the above and other substrates, the two groups of transferase activities do not distinguish substrates on the basis of their molecular weights or lipophilicity. The distinguishing feature appears to be the specific molecular configurations of the substrates.     

6种植物提取物对酪氨酸酶活性的影响

近年来,中草药美容由于疗效显著、毒副作用小而风靡全球。与此同时,中外众多研究者从中国古代治疗皮肤病的方剂中筛选出多种中药,以现代实验手段探讨它们的作用机理,从而更有效地指导美容用品的研制开发,植物药对酪氨酸酶活性的影响便是其中的研究课题之一。已有证据表明,酪氨酸酶在黑色素生成过程中起着极为关键的作用,用药物调节酪氨酸酶的活性,能医治相关的皮肤病[1]。Ｙｕｋｉｍｉｔｓｕ等[2]选用26种在古方中用于皮肤增白的中药进行了酪氨酸酶活性的抑制性试验;雷铁池等[3]用计算机从古今中医治疗色素增加性皮肤病方剂中精选69首进…     

Mannosyltransferase activities in membranes from various yeast strains

In the yeast Golgi compartments, at least five, and potentiallyseveral additional mannosyltransferases are involved in elongatingto ‘mannan’ the core Man₈GlcNAc₂ oligosac-charidetrimmed from GlC₃Man₉GlcNAc₂ in the endoplasmic reticulum. Structuralstudies on oligosaccharides from alg3 mutant yeast, which lackthe four upper arm mannoses donated by Man-P-Dol (where Dolis dolichol), verified that the new     

Comparative regeneration in six bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties from immature and mature scutella for developing efficient and genotype-independent protocol prerequisite for genetic improvement of wheat

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant - Hexaploid bread wheat, being highly recalcitrant, has been difficult to regenerate in vitro which limits the use of transgenesis and genome...     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from different grape varieties and winemaking regions

We herein evaluate intraspecific genetic diversity of fermentative vineyard-associated S. cerevisiae strains and evaluate relationships between grape varieties and geographical location on populational structures. From the musts obtained from 288 grape samples, collected from two wine regions (16 vineyards, nine grape varieties), 94 spontaneous fermentations were concluded and 2820 yeast isolates were obtained that belonged mainly (92%) to the species S. cerevisiae. Isolates were classified in 321 strains by the use of ten microsatellite markers. A high strain diversity (8-43 strains per fermentation) was associated with high percentage (60-100%) of fermenting samples per vineyard, whereas a lower percentage of spontaneous fermentations (0-40%) corresponded to a rather low strain diversity (1-10 strains per fermentation).For the majority of the populations, observed heterozygosity (Ho) was about two to five times lower than the expected heterozygosity (He). The inferred ancestry showed a very high degree of admixture and divergence was observed between both grape variety and geographical region. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 81-93% of the total genetic variation existed within populations, while significant differentiation within the groups could be detected. Results from AMOVA analysis and clustering of allelic frequencies agree in the distinction of genetically more dispersed populations from the larger wine region compared to the less extended region. Our data show that grape variety is a driver of populational structures, because vineyards with distinct varieties harbor genetically more differentiated S. cerevisiae populations. Conversely, S. cerevisiae strains from vineyards in close proximity (5-10 km) that contain the same grape variety tend to be less divergent. Populational similarities did not correlate with the distance between vineyards of the two wine regions. Globally, our results show that populations of S. cerevisiae in vineyards may occur locally due to multi-factorial influences, one of them being the grape variety.     

Isolation and characterization of cell walls from the mesocarp of mature grape berries (Vitis vinifera)

Cell walls have been isolated from the mesocarp of mature grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries. Tissue homogenates were suspended in 80% (v/v) ethanol to minimise the loss of water-soluble wall components and wet-sieved on nylon mesh to remove cytoplasmic material. The cell wall fragments retained on the sieve were subsequently treated with buffered phenol at pH 7.0, to inactivate any wall-bound enzymes and to dislodge small amounts of cytoplasmic proteins that adhered to the walls. Finally, the wall preparation was washed with chloroform/methanol (1:1, v/v) to remove lipids and dried by solvent exchange. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the wall preparation was essentially free of vascular tissue and adventitious protein of cytoplasmic origin. Compositional analysis showed that the walls consisted of approximately 90% by weight of polysaccharide and less than 10% protein. The protein component of the walls was shown to be rich in arginine and hydroxyproline residues. Cellulose and polygalacturonans were the major constituents, and each accounted for 30–40% by weight of the polysaccharide component of the walls. Substantial varietal differences were observed in the relative abundance of these two polysaccharides. Xyloglucans constituted approximately 10% of the polysaccharide fraction and the remainder was made up of smaller amounts of mannans, heteroxylans, arabinans and galactans. Received: 26 November 1996 / Accepted: 30 January 1997     

Diterpenoids from Azorella yareta and their trichomonicidal activities

Diterpenoids with trichomonicidal activity were isolated from the aerial parts of Azorella yareta Hauman. One was 13beta-hydroxyazorellane, together with the known constituents mulinolic acid, mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic acid, azorellanol and 13alpha-hydroxyazorellane. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.     

Dicarbonyliridium(I) complexes of pyridine ester ligands and their reactivity towards various electrophiles

The reaction of dimeric precursor [Ir(CO)₂Cl]₂ with two molar equivalent of the pyridine-ester ligands (L) like methyl picolinate (a), ethyl picolinate (b), methyl nicotinate (c), ethyl nicotinate (d), methyl isonicotinate (e) and ethyl isonicotinate (f) affords the tetra coordinated neutral complexes of the type [Ir(CO)₂ClL] (1a-f). The single crystal X-ray structure of 1d reveals that the Ir atom occupies the centre of an approximately square planar geometry with two CO groups cis- to each other. Intermolecular C-H?O and Ir?C interactions greatly stabilize the supramolecular structure of 1d in the solid state. The oxidative addition (OA) reactions of 1a-f with different electrophiles such as CH₃I, C₂H₅I and I₂ undergo decarbonylation of one CO group to generate the oxidized products of the type [Ir(CO)RClIL] where R = -CH₃ (2a-f); -C₂H₅ (3a-f) and [Ir(CO)ClI₂L] (4a-f). Kinetic study of the reaction of 1c-f with CH₃I indicates a first order reaction which follow the order 1d > 1c > 1f > 1e. All the synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.     

Quantitative relationship between protonophoric and uncoupling activities of substituted phenols

The protonophoric activity through liposomal membranes was measured and compared with the uncoupling activity with the oxidative phosphorylation of rat-liver mitochondria for 19 substituted phenols. Quantitative analyses of the protonophoric activity of the phenols in terms of physicochemical molecular parameters showed that the activity was mostly decided by two factors: the partition coefficient between the liposome and aqueous buffer phases and the acid dissociation constant. Correlation was excellent between protonophoric and uncoupling activities when the difference in the effect of acidity of phenols between liposomal and mitochondrial membranes was taken into account. The results were further evidence for the shuttle-type of mechanism of weakly acidic uncouplers based on the Mitchell chemiosmotic hypothesis.