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1.
We compared habitat use and diets of young Capercaillie and Black Grouse broods in a boreal forest in southeast Norway. We
used pointing dogs to search for broods (N = 83) in mature “natural” forest types and examined the crop content of 66 chicks 1–9 weeks old. We also measured the abundance
of insects in the habitats where broods were found. Although overlapping substantially in both habitat and diets, there were
notable differences: Capercaillie broods were more frequently recorded in bilberry-dominated forest types, whereas Black Grouse
preferentially used pine bog forest, a more open habitat with little bilberry. Capercaillie chicks ate proportionally more
insects, particularly lepidopteran larvae, and insects dominated their diet for a longer period of time (until age 28–29 days)
than in Black Grouse (14–15 days). After reaching their peaks, the quantity of insects in the crops declined rapidly especially
in Capercaillie, and in one of 2 years this occurred at a time when insects, including larvae, were still abundant in the
habitats. Among plant foods, both species ate large amounts of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and Bog Whortleberry (V. uliginosum). The main difference between species was a large proportion of both over-wintered and new, not yet ripe, berries of Cranberry
(Oxycoccus quadripetalus) in Black Grouse, and a higher proportion of the forb Melampyrum sylvaticum in Capercaillie. The difference in diets reflected their differential use of habitats; the Vaccinium-preferred habitats of
Capercaillie were richer in insects, particularly larvae, than the pine bog habitat preferred by Black Grouse. Because insects,
especially larvae, comprised a larger proportion of the diet of Capercaillie chicks and chicks of this species need more food
to sustain their rapid growth, Capercaillie is likely to be more sensitive to variation in insect food than Black Grouse.
Also, by reducing the abundance of bilberry, the main host plant of larvae chick food, clearcutting forestry has negative
effects on the brood habitat quality of both species. 相似文献
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中国潜在植被NPP的空间分布模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在对1980年以来气候要素进行空间化的基础上,利用分类回归树模型CART计算中国的潜在归一化植被指数(NDVI),采用改进的光能利用率模型(CASA)和潜在NDVI数据对中国的潜在植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行模拟。结果表明:中国潜在NDVI和潜在NPP均呈现出南高北低、东高西低的格局,低值多分布在沙漠、戈壁等干旱地带,高值多出现在低、中山平原区; 400 mm等降水量线是潜在NDVI和潜在NPP高值与低值的分界线;全国潜在NDVI和潜在NPP的平均值分别为0.396和319.31 g C·m-2;夏季潜在NPP的平均值最大,其次是春季,冬季最小;依据潜在NPP与2015年现实NPP的差异,可将中国植被恢复区划分为西部高潜力区、北部低潜力区和南部非潜力区3部分;潜在NDVI和潜在NPP的空间模拟可以将人类活动对自然生态系统的直接影响与气候变化的影响分离,量化了外界压力下真实的生态状况和潜在生态状况的差异,为制定差别化的生态恢复对策提供了科学依据。 相似文献
3.
Mathieu Marmion Miia Parviainen Miska Luoto Risto K. Heikkinen Wilfried Thuiller 《Diversity & distributions》2009,15(1):59-69
Aim Spatial modelling techniques are increasingly used in species distribution modelling. However, the implemented techniques differ in their modelling performance, and some consensus methods are needed to reduce the uncertainty of predictions. In this study, we tested the predictive accuracies of five consensus methods, namely Weighted Average (WA), Mean(All), Median(All), Median(PCA), and Best, for 28 threatened plant species.
Location North-eastern Finland, Europe.
Methods The spatial distributions of the plant species were forecasted using eight state-of-the-art single-modelling techniques providing an ensemble of predictions. The probability values of occurrence were then combined using five consensus algorithms. The predictive accuracies of the single-model and consensus methods were assessed by computing the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic plot.
Results The mean AUC values varied between 0.697 (classification tree analysis) and 0.813 (random forest) for the single-models, and from 0.757 to 0.850 for the consensus methods. WA and Mean(All) consensus methods provided significantly more robust predictions than all the single-models and the other consensus methods.
Main conclusions Consensus methods based on average function algorithms may increase significantly the accuracy of species distribution forecasts, and thus they show considerable promise for different conservation biological and biogeographical applications. 相似文献
Location North-eastern Finland, Europe.
Methods The spatial distributions of the plant species were forecasted using eight state-of-the-art single-modelling techniques providing an ensemble of predictions. The probability values of occurrence were then combined using five consensus algorithms. The predictive accuracies of the single-model and consensus methods were assessed by computing the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic plot.
Results The mean AUC values varied between 0.697 (classification tree analysis) and 0.813 (random forest) for the single-models, and from 0.757 to 0.850 for the consensus methods. WA and Mean(All) consensus methods provided significantly more robust predictions than all the single-models and the other consensus methods.
Main conclusions Consensus methods based on average function algorithms may increase significantly the accuracy of species distribution forecasts, and thus they show considerable promise for different conservation biological and biogeographical applications. 相似文献
4.
Joaquín Hortal Paulo A.V. Borges Alberto Jimnez-Valverde Eduardo B. de Azevedo Luís Silva 《Journal for Nature Conservation》2010,18(4):247-257
Non-indigenous plant species have been frequently reported as successful invaders in island environments, changing plant community composition and structure. This is the case of the sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), native from Australia, which is one of the most successful plant invaders in the Azores archipelago. Data extracted from recent forestry inventories were used to model and map the potential distribution of P. undulatum in São Miguel, the larger island of the Azores. Current distribution of P. undulatum is related to climate, altitude and some human activity effects. Further analysis of the areas under risk of invasion showed that protected areas are under potential threat, although only a few native forest remnants seem to be threatened due to future expansion of P. undulatum, since the current distribution of these native communities has been reduced due to clearing and competition with invasive plants. We discuss the threats that any further expansion of the species will represent for low-altitude native forests, as well as the utility of species distribution models in the assessment of the areas under risk of invasion. 相似文献
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【背景】北美刺龙葵是一种全球广泛分布的恶性杂草,已被列入我国进境检疫性有害生物名单。近年来北美刺龙葵不断随进口货物传入我国,明确其传入途径和适生区对控制其入侵具有重要意义。【方法】采用GIS、空间统计学、Maxent生态位模型等方法分析了北美刺龙葵的传入途径与潜在分布区,并通过ROC分析法对模型进行检验。【结果】跨区域农产品贸易是北美刺龙葵全球扩散的驱动力与传入我国的主要途径。生态模型预测结果表明,北美刺龙葵在我国具有广阔的适生区,除黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、青海、甘肃、西藏、四川西北部以外的区域都是其在我国的适生区,其中高风险区主要集中在东部和南部沿海、西南边境和新疆的部分地区。AUC值为0.789,表明本研究建立的Maxent模型的预测能力较强,能够很好地拟合物种已知分布的环境生态位。【结论与意义】北美刺龙葵在我国的传入风险极高。基于北美刺龙葵在我国的主要传入途径与潜在扩散媒介的时空分布,划定了重点监测的区域,建议对适生区内极易传入的高风险区如港口、机场、物流中转站、加工厂等开展早期监测预警,以预防其再次入侵与进一步扩散蔓延。 相似文献
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基于MaxEnt模型评估刺五加在东北地区的空间分布 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus)在东北地区的潜在分布区及生态适宜性,针对267个刺五加分布样点数据和17个环境因子数据,应用最大熵模型(Maximum Entropy Model,简称MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)评估刺五加的地理分布。结果表明:最大熵模型的AUC值为0.929,模型预测结果的准确性可信度高,可以用来预测刺五加的地理分布。刺五加生态适宜区主要集中在长白山山脉及小兴安岭东南地区,分布面积约为22.12万km~2,存在概率最高的区域主要在辽宁省东部、吉林省东南部以及黑龙江省中部。影响刺五加地理分布的主要环境因子依次为:年均降水量、森林类型、极端低温、生长季降水量及海拔。耦合了大尺度环境数据、植被群落类型数据与刺五加分布之间的关系,预测了东北地区刺五加的生态适宜区及主导环境因子,为其种群恢复与开发利用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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胡瓜新小绥螨(Neoseiulus cucumeris)是一种商业化的广食性生防天敌,可以防治多种农业害螨和害虫,具有重要的经济和生态价值。但是作为一种外来引种的捕食螨,它在我国的适生区域分布以及气候变化对其分布的影响尚不明确。根据胡瓜新小绥螨的现有分布点和19个生物气候因子,利用刀切法评估关键气候因素的重要性,并采用Maxent生态位模型分别预测了目前和未来气候条件下它在中国分布情况,分析了其在中国的潜在适生区域的变化。结果表明模型预测得到的受试者工作特征曲线ROC曲线下的面积AUC(Area under curve)值为0.87,表明模型的准确度好。最冷季节的降水量(Bio_19)、等温性(Bio_3)和气温季节性(Bio_4)是影响胡瓜新小绥螨适生性的最重要的环境因子, 对模型的贡献率分别为36.2%、25% 和18.1%。目前胡瓜新小绥螨的适生区面积约占我国陆地面积的60%,在未来气候条件下,其适生区域有进一步扩大的趋势,在2050年其中高度适生区域扩张至63%。不同时期胡瓜新小绥螨的分布中心比较稳定,均分布于四川省内,但有向东北迁移的趋势。本研究明确了胡瓜新小绥螨在中国适宜的释放区域及可能定殖的区域,为该引种天敌的合理利用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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【目的】全球恶性杂草腺龙葵最早于20世纪80年代入侵我国辽宁,90年代以后在河南被发现,近年来在新疆和北京都有入侵记录。明确其潜在的适生区对制定防控措施具有重要意义。【方法】通过查找全球生物多样性信息数据库、标本记录、文献信息以及实地调查等途径获得了腺龙葵在全球的分布点,利用Maxent生态位模型模拟了其适应的气候生态位,并投影到中国预测了其潜在适生区。【结果】适生区预测结果显示,腺龙葵在我国存在广阔的适生区,除海南、广东、黑龙江、吉林外的27省区都存在其适生区。【结论】腺龙葵在我国进一步扩散蔓延的风险极高。建议对新入侵地采取早期监测预警和根除措施,并加大对适生区内进口货物接受区的监测力度,以预防其再次入侵。 相似文献
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中国沙棘主要分布于我国华北、西北、西南等地森林—草原过渡地带,是我国北方地区退耕还林、生态修复等工程的重要造林树种,对维持干旱、半干旱地区的生态环境稳定具有重要意义。探讨限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子,模拟其潜在适宜分布区,以期为中国沙棘在林业生态工程和生态经济林建设中的合理种植和推广提供理论依据。基于中国沙棘自然分布的328个地理样点,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对中国沙棘的潜在分布区的主导气候因子进行分析,并预测中国沙棘的潜在分布范围。结果表明,基于气候变量的MaxEnt模型训练集和测试集受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC值)分别为0.962±0.001和0.949±0.001,均大于0.9,表明MaxEnt模型对中国沙棘潜在分布区的预测具有极高的准确度,可信度好。基于环境变量贡献率和刀切法的结果表明年降雨情况、生长季的水热状况、最干季降雨和最冷月最低温等是限制中国沙棘分布的主要气候因素,其中年降雨是限制中国沙棘分布的主导气候因子。通过模拟得到现代中国沙棘潜在地理分布的总适生区面积为165.1万km~2;其中高适生区和中适生区面积共93.3万km~2,主要集中分布于河北西部、北部,... 相似文献
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气候变化将改变物种的生存环境,影响其分布范围,甚至威胁到某些物种的生存。本文通过ArcGIS软件和最大熵(MaxEnt)模型模拟蒙古扁桃(Amygdalus mongolica)在祁连山当前(1970—2000年)和未来(2081—2100年)2个气候时期背景下的地理分布格局,并分析其主要的环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)在当前气候条件下,蒙古扁桃在祁连山的东南部有较好的适生性;(2)未来4种气候情景下(SSP126,SSP245,SSP245和SSP585),蒙古扁桃在祁连山南部及东南部的适生区有消失的风险,扩张区主要集中在祁连山中北部的国家公园附近;(3)蒙古扁桃的分布格局主要向祁连山北部和高纬度地区迁移;(4)最湿月降水量(Bio13)、坡度(Slope)、最冷季度均温(Bio11)和最热月最高温(Bio5)的累计贡献率达到了80%以上,是影响蒙古扁桃适生分布的主要因子。本研究模拟、分析、预测了当前和未来不同情景下蒙古扁桃在祁连山的潜在分布及其变化,为祁连山生态及物种多样性的保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
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【目的】白纹伊蚊入侵力极强,也是广东省登革热传播的主要媒介,预测其在广东省的适生区可为制定防疫策略提供科学依据。【方法】针对传统方法没有考虑环境因子权重的问题,本研究构建了4种适生区预测组合模型。首先采用4种因子权重模型对相关性分析筛选出的环境因子进行权重划分,然后分别与相似离度值公式结合,最后基于GIS技术对白纹伊蚊在广东省的适生区进行预测。【结果】精度验证和适生区预测分布表明,地理探测器与相似离度模型组合的模型预测精度最高,AUC平均值为0.944,标准差为0.008,预测的白纹伊蚊入侵低风险地区处于广东省北部,占广东省总面积的4.05%,绝大部分地区处于中风险地区和中高风险地区,占广东省总面积的85%以上,而广东省中部的广州、佛山和东莞等地处于高风险地区,占广东省总面积的8.77%。【结论】与不考虑因子权重的相似离度模型相比,考虑因子权重的组合模型能有效提高适生区预测精度,其中地理探测器模型通过探究空间异质性划分因子权重,比传统统计学模型效果好,其组合模型适生区预测精度最高。 相似文献
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【背景】菊科植物新疆千里光原产于欧亚大陆,在北美和澳洲为入侵植物,目前在中国只有新疆有分布记录。新疆千里光一旦成为入侵植物,将对农业、畜牧业和人类健康都可能产生危害,所以需要评估其在中国的扩散趋势。【方法】搜集新疆千里光在中国和世界其他地区的分布记录,结合当前和未来(2050年)气候条件下19种生物气候变量,应用Maxent模型和Diva Gis软件,定量预测新疆千里光在中国目前和未来的潜在分布区域;并通过接受者操作特征曲线(ROC)分析法对模型进行精度检验。另外,通过Maxent给出新疆千里光在欧洲(原产地)、北美洲和大洋洲(入侵地)以及中国等4个分布区的年均温度和年均降水量的气候阈值。【结果】用中国和全球分布的数据预测的结果有些差异。前者结果表明除了新疆地区,其他省份几乎没有新疆千里光的适生区;而后者显示在中国其他几个省份也有可能分布,且在甘肃四川交界处有较高适生性。前者模型精确度较高,但2个结果都显示新疆千里光在中国目前和未来的分布区大部分还是在新疆地区。中国分布区年均温度和年均降水量的阈值比其他2个地区都低。【结论与意义】新疆千里光在当前和未来气候条件下在中国未来的扩散趋势较弱,基本局限于新疆地区。用中国分布数据预测优于全球分布数据预测结果,新疆千里光不同分布区的气候阈值的差异揭示分布于中国的新疆千里光与其他地区的种群的生态位有所不同,可能是一个新的亚种,希望未来能进行进一步的研究。 相似文献
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基于中国国家有害生物检疫信息平台的有关记录和文献以及WoldClim网站,获取栎树猝死病菌的地理分布数据及气候数据,并用SPSS软件和刀切法筛选主导环境变量。利用MaxEnt生态位模型和ArcGIS软件,对栎树猝死病菌现代和未来情景下在我国的潜在适生区进行预测,并计算和绘制栎树猝死病菌高风险区质心转移轨迹。通过不同年份和不同气候情况下的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的训练集和测试集受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)值均大于0.91,说明MaxEnt模型准确并适用于预测栎树猝死病菌在我国的潜在分布,同时结合其主要寄主植物的地理分布进一步增强预测模型的可信度。预测结果表明,最冷季度降水量、最冷季度平均温度、最干季度平均温度和年均降水量是影响栎树猝死病菌分布的主要环境变量。而2030s(2021—2040年)、2050s(2041—2060年)和2070s(2061—2080年)在3种气候情景下(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5),栎树猝死病菌的潜在适生区相较于现代情景下都有所增加。此外,高风险区面积在3个年代3种情景下的面积增长率均高于45%。高风险区质心变化的预测结果表... 相似文献
15.
大花杓兰(Cypripedium macranthos)隶属兰科杓兰属,是国家二级重点保护野生植物,与大多数杓兰属植物分布在我国西南山区不同,主要分布于我国的华北、东北和台湾等地区。多年来,过渡采挖等导致了大花杓兰种群数量和个体数目急剧下降。鉴于大花杓兰特殊的分布格局和濒危现状,选择过去、当前和未来8个气候情景,利用MaxEnt物种分布模型结合38个环境变量及来源于数据库和最新实地调查的80个分布位点进行建模,分析了影响大花杓兰分布的关键环境变量,预测了其在当前、过去和未来气候情景下的适生区及其分布中心和迁移趋势。结果表明:当前情景下,大花杓兰适生区主要分布在我国东北和华北地区。影响其分布的5个关键环境变量分别是:UV-B最强月份均值(UV-B3,贡献率:54.0%)、森林覆盖率(FOR,贡献率:14.3%)、降水量季节性变化(BIO15,贡献率:7.4%)、温度季节性变动系数(BIO4,贡献率:6.8%)和草/灌木/林地(GRS,贡献率:4.6%)。其中,紫外辐射相关变量是首次被运用在杓兰属植物的适生区分布预测中,并被证实对大花杓兰的分布具有重要影响。过去3个气候情景下大花杓兰总适生... 相似文献
16.
黑麂是中国特有的濒危鹿科动物,分布于浙闽赣皖四省的部分山地丘陵。为明确黑麂的活动节律及适宜环境温度,探讨四省区域的潜在分布区情况,2018年1月至2019年1月,在遂昌牛头山林场内布设57台Ltlacorn红外相机,对黑麂及其同域物种进行研究。监测期间红外相机共有效监测到黑麂26次,相对多度指数为1.79。根据监测到黑麂位点与文献记录,共确定黑麂出现位点16个。根据黑麂栖息地特征选择6个生境因子为预测背景,利用MaxEnt模型预测黑麂在浙闽赣皖四省的潜在适生区。模型预测结果准确性较高(AUC=0.976)。结果表明:(1)黑麂年活动高峰季节为夏季,日活动高峰为7:00-9:00和16:00-18:00;(2)温度是影响黑麂活动的重要因素,其活动最适宜温度范围为18-28℃;(3)黑麂潜在适生区总面积约为25980.62 km2,占四省总面积的4.87%;(4)黑麂潜在适生区分为浙赣皖潜在分布区、浙赣潜在分布区、洞宫山潜在分布区和括苍山潜在分布区4个区域。建议(1)加强潜在分布区内种群资源的调查;(2)识别并建立各适宜生境之间的生态廊道;(3)建立黑麂保护网络。 相似文献
17.
白斑猎蛛是茶园重要的捕食性天敌,对茶园害虫生物防治起着重要作用。研究白斑猎蛛的潜在分布范围以及气候变暖对其分布潜在的影响,对保护和利用白斑猎蛛,充分发挥其对茶园害虫的生态调控作用具有重要意义。基于白斑猎蛛当前在中国的163个分布点和6个环境变量,利用MaxEnt模型预测当前及未来(2050年)2种气候情景(SSP2_4.5、SSP5_8.5)下白斑猎蛛在中国的潜在适生区。结果显示,MaxEnt模型对白斑猎蛛潜在适生区分布预测具有较好的准确度,平均受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)值为0.852;测试样本遗漏率与预测遗漏率基本吻合,模型构建效果很好。白斑猎蛛在中国大部分省份均有分布,当前适宜分布区总面积约为429.93万km~2,占国土总面积的44.78%;高适生区主要分布在山东、河南、江苏、安徽、湖北、重庆、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、福建。未来气候情景下,白斑猎蛛潜在适生区面积呈扩大趋势,主要体现在新疆、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、陕西、广东、广西、海南的适生区范围扩张。在SSP5_8.5气候情景下,总适生区面积变化最大,由当前的429.93万km~2增加到562.22万km~2,增幅达30.7... 相似文献
18.
载畜率是衡量草原生产能力的指标之一,研究荒漠草原冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)植物种群在不同载畜率下的耐牧程度和空间分布特征,对退化草原的恢复具有重要的指导意义。以短花针茅荒漠草原优势种冷蒿为研究对象,在4个不同载畜率放牧试验设计(对照区CK(0只/hm~2)、轻度放牧区LG(0.93只/hm~2)、中度放牧区MG(1.82只/hm~2)和重度放牧区HG(2.71只/hm~2))小区中选择代表性样地(面积为40m×40m),采用机械取样法进行取样,记录冷蒿植物种群的密度,使用SAS 9.4软件对其进行描述性统计和方差分析,并用地统计学软件GS+9.0进行空间异质性统计分析。结果表明:荒漠草原优势种冷蒿密度、出现频率和单位均值上的变异值随载畜率增大都明显下降,其植物种群空间分布的决定性因素随载畜率增大由结构性因素转变为随机性因素。LG和HG处理区的空间自相关距离较大,但这两者表现结果的影响因素存在差异。在CK和HG区,冷蒿空间分布斑块化较为明显,LG区的冷蒿空间分布的特征表现为带状分布,MG区冷蒿空间分布形成了一处大的条带和零星的几块斑块。基于上述研究结果可以得出,随着载畜率... 相似文献
19.
Jens von dem Bussche Reto Spaar Hans Schmid Boris Schr?der 《Journal of Ornithology》2008,149(4):529-544
We present here a multiscale modelling approach to predict the current and future spatial distribution of Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus) and Blackbird (T. merula) in Switzerland. Species distribution models (SDMs) are applied on three different scales in order to analyse the scale-dependency
of predictors that describe the species’ realised niche. While the models on the macro- and mesoscales (grid of 100 and 1
km2, respectively) cover the entire country, our small-scale models are based on a small set of territories. Ring Ouzels occur
at altitudes above 1000 m a.s.l. only, while Blackbirds occur from the lowlands up to the timberline. Although both species
coexist on the macro- and mesoscales, a direct niche overlap on territory scale is rare. Small-scale differences in vegetation
cover and structure seem to play a dominant role in habitat selection. On the macroscale, however, we observed a high dependency
on bioclimatic variables that mainly represent the altitudinal range and the related forest structure preferred by both species.
Applying the models to climate change scenarios, we predict a decline of suitable habitat for the Ring Ouzel with a simultaneous
median altitudinal shift of 440 m until 2070. In contrast, the Blackbird is predicted to benefit from higher temperatures
and expand its range to higher elevations. Based on the species distribution models we (1) demonstrate the scale-dependency
of environmental predictors, (2) quantify the scale-dependent habitat requirements of Blackbird and Ring Ouzel and (3) predict
the altitudinal range shift of both species as related to climate change scenarios. 相似文献
20.
Huabin Zhao Dong Xu Yingying Zhou Jon Flanders Shuyi Zhang 《Biochemical Systematics and Ecology》2009,37(3):154-161
Echolocating bats are able to orientate, navigate and forage without visual cues. To probe the role of vision in bats, we studied the visual opsin genes from the echolocating little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). Short-wavelength sensitive (SWS1) opsin, middle/long-wavelength sensitive (M/LWS) opsin and rhodopsin cDNA sequences were identified from the Ensembl database and validated by the sequencing of genomic DNA. We retrieved the published orthologous genes from eleven additional representative species of mammals from GenBank and conducted an evolutionary analysis. We found that the M/LWS opsin and rhodopsin genes were both under strong purifying selection, whereas the SWS1 opsin gene has undergone positive selection at two amino acid sites and one lineage, though the main evolutionary force is still purifying selection. Two-ratio model of the SWS1 opsin gene revealed that the ω ratio for the little brown bat lineage was nearly three times lower than the background ratio, suggesting a much stronger functional constraint. Our relative rate tests show the little brown bat has a lower nonsynonymous substitution rate than those in other mammals (on average 32% lower) for the SWS1 opsin gene. However, no such significant differences were detected for the M/LWS opsin and rhodopsin genes. The results of the relative ratio tests are consistent with that of tests for selection, showing a history of purifying selection on the little brown bat opsin genes. These findings suggest a functional role of vision in the little brown bat despite being nocturnal and using echolocation. We speculate that this echolocating bat may be able to use visual cues to orientate, navigate and forage at night, to discriminate color under moonlight and starlight conditions, or to avoid predation by diurnal raptors. 相似文献