The crop QTLome comes of age

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The liquid-ordered state comes of age

Biomembranes are unique states of soft matter that share some of their materials properties with the mesophases of liquid crystals. Although of genuinely fluid character, membranes can display ordered states under physiological conditions, and it appears that their lateral organization and the related functional properties are intimately coupled to states in-between order and disorder. Hence, the liquid-ordered state of membranes, which owes its existence to the unique ability of cholesterol to mediate between order and disorder, has moved center stage in the characterization of membranes in terms of domains or rafts.     

The TOR pathway comes of age

Studies in a variety of model organisms indicate that nutrient signaling is tightly coupled to longevity. In nutrient replete conditions, organisms develop, grow, and age quickly. When nutrients become sparse as with dietary restriction, growth and development decline, stress response pathways become induced and organisms live longer. Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular events mediating lifespan extension by dietary restriction. One central focus has been on nutrient-responsive signal transduction pathways including insulin/IGF-1, AMP kinase, protein kinase A and the TOR pathway. Here we describe the increasingly prominent links between TOR signaling and aging in invertebrates. Longevity studies in mammals are not published to date. Instead, we highlight studies in mouse models, which indicate that dampening the TOR pathway leads to widespread protection from an array of age-related diseases.     

PCI comes to age as age increasingly comes to PCI

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved as the standard procedure for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and for the majority of situations with stable coronary artery disease. Patients aged 75 and older represent one third of those hospitalised with acute ischaemic events and account for more than half of all cardiac deaths. 1 However, evidence-based data to guide coronary revascularisation in the elderly have been limited to 1) the randomised clinical trials that routinely under-enrol elderly patients, and 2) observational studies that represent single institution experience with small samples. 2 Nevertheless, the Western society is an ageing population and the percentage of the population above 80 years of age, the so-called octogenarians, is rapidly increasing in Europe and will almost triple by 2050. 3     

The nuclear lamina and inherited disease

Inherited disorders of the nuclear lamina present some of the most intriguing puzzles in cell biology. Mutations in lamin A and lamin C – nuclear intermediate filament proteins that are expressed in nearly all somatic cells – cause tissue-specific diseases that affect striated muscle, adipose tissue and peripheral nerve or skeletal development. Recent studies provide clues about how different mutations in these proteins cause either muscle disease or partial lipodystrophy. Although the precise pathogenic mechanisms are currently unknown, the involvement of lamins in several different disorders shows that research on the nuclear lamina will shed light on common human pathologies.     

MGED comes of age

A report on the Sixth International Meeting of the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society ('MGED6'), Aix-en-Provence, France, 6-8 September 2003.     

The spermatid plasma membrane comes of age

Spermiogenesis affords a unique opportunity to examine the formation of plasma membrane domains. Recent attempts to chart the life cycles of well-characterized integral plasma membrane proteins during spermiogenesis have suggested that spermatids are at least as adept as epithelial cells or neurons at establishing their plasma membrane domains. They appear to expand upon the standard recipe involving concurrent domain-specific protein targeting and diffusion barriers by using a combination of intracellular storage within the secretory pathway, developmentally-regulated delivery to provisional plasma membrane domains, large-scale redistributions of diffusion barriers and integral plasma membrane proteins, and the shedding of an entire plasma membrane domain.     

Nanoproteomics comes of age

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Nanoproteomics, which is defined as quantitative proteome profiling of small populations of cells (<5000 cells), can reveal critical information related to rare cell populations, hard-to-obtain clinical specimens, and the cellular heterogeneity of pathological tissues.

Areas covered: We present a brief review of the recent technological advances in nanoproteomics. These advances include new technologies or approaches covering major areas of proteomics workflow ranging from sample isolation, sample processing, high-resolution separations, to MS instrumentation.

Expert commentary: We comment on the current state of nanoproteomics and discuss perspectives on both future technological directions and potential enabling applications.     

Immunoinformatics comes of age

With the burgeoning immunological data in the scientific literature, scientists must increasingly rely on Internet resources to inform and enhance their work. Here we provide a brief overview of the adaptive immune response and summaries of immunoinformatics resources, emphasizing those with Web interfaces. These resources include searchable databases of epitopes and immune-related molecules, and analysis tools for T cell and B cell epitope prediction, vaccine design, and protein structure comparisons. There is an agreeable synergy between the growing collections in immune-related databases and the growing sophistication of analysis software; the databases provide the foundation for developing predictive computational tools, which in turn enable more rapid identification of immune responses to populate the databases. Collectively, these resources contribute to improved understanding of immune responses and escape, and evolution of pathogens under immune pressure. The public health implications are vast, including designing vaccines, understanding autoimmune diseases, and defining the correlates of immune protection.     

Migration comes of age

The Age of Migration has been uniquely successful as a student text on international migration, not only filling a niche but defining the field. This review article documents the evolution of the five editions of the book in terms of its core structure and enlarging scope. In a more critical vein, I note some omissions and potential shortcomings, while acknowledging the subjectivity of my perspective. More attention could have been given to the mobilities paradigm, transnationalism, internal and return migration, and quantitative analyses. Nevertheless, this book has done more than any other to ensure that the academic study of migration now occupies a central place in the social sciences.