AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF GAMETOGENESIS OF THE MARINE BIVALVE PINNA NOBILIS (LINNAEUS 1758)I. OOGENESIS

The ultrastructural stages of female gametogenesis are describedin a Mediterranean marine bivalve, Pinna nobiiis. Firstly, theprocess of oocyte formation is analysed and the formation ofthe yolk granules is discussed. Secondly the degeneration ofoocytes is described and seems to be most common in vitello-genicoocytes. The evolution of the oocyte reserves is particular;they form a dense globulose mass in the acinar lumen which willthen appear in the cytoplasm content of auxiliary cells. Duringearly stages of oogenesis the oocyte is completely surroundedby several layers of auxiliary cells. On formation of the viteliinecoat around the oocyte, the auxiliary cells are restricted tothe stalk and contact is maintained by desmosomes. Interdigitationphenomena are observed. The auxiliary cells appear to play anintegral role in development of the oocyte. Their functionsare the phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of productsoriginating from oocyte degeneration; this function can permita transfer of precursors necessary to vitellogenesis; they havealso a synthetic activity and they accumulate reserves in theircytoplasm, as glycogen and lipids, which can be employed byvitellogenic oocytes. (Received 2 November 1994; accepted 20 February 1995)     

PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE ALLOZYME EVIDENCE FOR AN OUTCROSSING MODE OF REPRODUCTION IN THE HERMAPHRODITIC BROODING BIVALVE MYSELLA TUMIDA (GALEOMMATACEA)

Allozyme variation of a Mysella tumida population in PatriciaBay, B.C., Canada was investigated at the phosphoglucomutase(PGM) locus. Seven alleles were detected. The observed frequencyof allelic combinations did not differ significantly from randommating expectations (0.25 < P < 0.50), however, heterozygositylevels were slightly greater than expected (Selander's D = 0.022).These results, together with previous work on the M. tumidareproductive cycle, indicate that natural populations of thisbivalve rarely, if ever, self-fertilize. ^*Present Address: Friday Harbor Laboratories, University ofWashington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, U.S.A.^**Present Address: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, M1 48109, U.S.A. (Received 30 December 1986;     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CILIATED CELLS FROM THE SIPHON OF SOLEN CAPENSIS (MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA)

The structure of ciliated cells from the siphon of Solen capensishas been studied by both scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy. Two types of ciliated cell, based on the numberand length of cilia have been described which resemble thosedescribed in Donax. Type I is characterized by having 26–57({macron}= 43, n = 50) cilia which are 2.5 µm in length;Type II has fewer cilia (5–10; {macron}= 7) which are5 µn long. Both are primary receptors. Estimations ofabundance show that receptors are most numerous on the tipsof the siphon tentacles (8.8 x 10³/mm²). (Received 15 January 1985;     

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND FEEDING OF DONAX SERRA ROODING AND DONAX SORDIDUS HANLEY (BIVALVIA: DONACIDAE)

The functional morphology of Donax serra and D. sordidus fromSouth African beaches was examined, and comparative measurementsmade of the rate of water filtration. The two species differin the structure and ciliation of the ctenidia, the number andspacing of the ridges on the labial palps, the direction ofciliary currents on the surface of the mantle and visceral mass,and the length and coiling of the mid-gut. The maximum ratesof water filtration recorded showed similar relationships tosize for the two species, but in D. sordidus the rate declinedrapidly with time during the observations. These differencesindicate differences in feeding strategy related to differencesin distribution and behaviour of the two species on beaches.     

DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM AND THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS : II. OSMOTIC PRESSURE.

1. It had been shown in previous publications that the osmotic pressure of a 1 per cent solution of a protein-acid salt varies in a characteristic way with the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution, the osmotic pressure having a minimum at the isoelectric point, rising steeply with a decrease in pH until a maximum is reached at pH of 3.4 or 3.5 (in the case of gelatin and crystalline egg albumin), this maximum being followed by a steep drop in the osmotic pressure with a further decrease in the pH of the gelatin or albumin solution. In this paper it is shown that (aside from two minor discrepancies) we can calculate this effect of the pH on the osmotic pressure of a protein-acid salt by assuming that the pH effect is due to that unequal distribution of crystalloidal ions (in particular free acid) on both sides of the membrane which Donnan''s theory of membrane equilibrium demands. 2. It had been shown in preceding papers that only the valency but not the nature of the ion (aside from its valency) with which a protein is in combination has any effect upon the osmotic pressure of the solution of the protein; and that the osmotic pressure of a gelatin-acid salt with a monovalent anion (e.g. Cl, NO₃, acetate, H₂PO₄, HC₂O₄, etc.) is about twice or perhaps a trifle more than twice as high as the osmotic pressure of gelatin sulfate where the anion is bivalent; assuming that the pH and gelatin concentrations of all the solutions are the same. It is shown in this paper that we can calculate with a fair degree of accuracy this valency effect on the assumption that it is due to the influence of the valency of the anion of a gelatin-acid salt on that relative distribution of the free acid on both sides of the membrane which Donnan''s theory of membrane equilibrium demands. 3. The curves of the observed values of the osmotic pressure show two constant minor deviations from the curves of the calculated osmotic pressure. One of these deviations consists in the fact that the values of the ascending branch of the calculated curves are lower than the corresponding values in the curves for the observed osmotic pressure, and the other deviation consists in the fact that the drop in the curves of calculated values occurs at a lower pH than the drop in the curves of the observed values.     

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN EXOCELLULAR NUCLEASE OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS

Eaves, George N. (Wayne State University College of Medicine, Detroit, Mich.) and Charles D. Jeffries. Isolation and properties of an exocellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens. J. Bacteriol. 85:273-278. 1963.-The exocellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens, isolated by anion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex, depolymerized deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and the polynucleotide which is refractory to pancreatic ribonuclease activity. The enzyme was tentatively classified as a nonspecific phosphodiesterase. Magnesium was essential for activity, which was optimal at pH 8.8. The purified enzyme was completely inactivated by heating at 50 C for 15 min.     

抗氧化剂和6—BA对根系渗透胁迫的玉米叶片光合膜特性的影响

聚乙二醇溶液处理玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ｅｙｓ Ｌ．）幼苗根系,引起叶片电解质渗漏,丙二醛含量增加,叶绿素降解,水分耗失加快,光合速率、光合电子传递活性减少和暗呼吸速率增高。叶面喷施６－苄基氨基嘌呤及２,６－二丁基甲酚、没食子酸丙酯和抗坏血酸等抗氧化剂,可缓解渗透胁迫引起的膜损伤,具有一定的保护作用。     

MICROTUBULES IN THE SHELL OF THE INVASIVE BIVALVE CORBICULA FLUMINEA (MULLER, 1774) (BIVALVIA: HETERODONTA)

Using scanning electron and histological techniques on specimensof the bivalve Corbicula fluminea a new relationship betweenmantle, shell and periostracum has been observed, apparentlyfor the first time. Here we demonstrate that several extensionsof the mantle epithelium pierce the shell to join the innerlayer of the two-layered periostracum. The mantle extensionsare confirmed as unicellular processes. We suggest that theycould serve the animal in the mobilization of calcium from theshell for buffering the extrapalhal fluid under anaerobic conditions,when organic acids accumulate or when an extra contributionof Ca²⁺ is required (Received 5 January 1994; accepted 30 March 1994)     

NOTOLIMEA CLANDESTINA A NEW SPECIES OF NEOTENOUS BIVALVE (BIVALVIA: LIMIDAE) ENDEMIC TO THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR

Notolimea clandestina new species (Bivalvia: Limidae) is describedfrom the littoral of the Strait of Gibraltar. The small size(1 mm) and the persistence of the larval hinge suggest a neotenousspecies. Its area of distribution is likely to be restrictedto the Strait of Gibraltar. (Received 7 July 1993; accepted 2 December 1993)     

THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC BIVALVE THRACIA MERIDIONALIS SMITH, 1885 (ANOMALODESMATA: THRACIIDAE)

The functional morphology of the Thraciidae is poorly understood.Although some morphological aspects of several members havebeen described, only Trigonothracia jinxingae from Chinese watersis known in detail. Thracia meridionalis is the only representativeof the family in Antarctic waters, and is common in AdmiraltyBay, King George Island, where it inhabits muddy sediments.Thracia meridionalis shares many features with Tr. jinxingaethat are typical of most Anomalodesmata, i.e. a secondary ‘ligament’of thickened periostracum, extensively fused mantle margins,ctenidia of type E, a ctenidial-labial palp junction of categoryIII, a stomach of type IV and simultaneous hermaphroditism.Thracia meridionalis is, however, strikingly different fromTr. jinxingae in a number of ways, such as the presence of afourth pallial aperture, statocysts of type B₃, heterorhabdicctenidia, direct communication between the mantle chambers,a deep-burrowing habit (individuals lying on the left shellvalve), siphons that retract into mucus-lined burrows, a stomachwith extensive sorting areas, a rectum which passes over thekidneys and separate male and female gonadial apertures. Thereis, therefore, a greater range of morphological diversity withinthe Thraciidae than previously suspected. (Received 27 April 2004; accepted 30 November 2004)     

THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE PROTOBRANCH BIVALVE NUCULA TURGIDA (LECKENBY AND MARSHALL)

The oxygen consumption of the protobranch bivalve Nucula turgidawas measured in relation to size and to variation in temperatureand ambient oxygen tension. The slope of the line relating logsize and log oxygen uptake varied from 0.539 to 0.884 over therange 5°C to 40°C in summer – conditioned (S)animals but for winter – conditioned (W) animals the slopevaried from 0.561 to 0.762 over the range 5°C to 15°Conly; from 20°C to 35°C the values for the slope fellfrom 0.298 to 0.092. There was evidence of reverse acclimation,since the absolute rate of oxygen consumption was greater inS animals than in W over the temperature range studied. Thelethal limit for both groups appeared to be between 30°Cand 35°C. At all temperatures (5°C–25°C) N. turgida wasfound to be a near complete oxyconformer with b₂ x 10³ valuesranging from +0.0754 to –0.0234. The responses to temperature differ little from those of eulamellibranchbivalves, but the lack of ability to oxyregulate does demonstratea difference which may be linked to the different gill structure. (Received 13 January 1983;     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND SULFATE ON THE TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM(VI) TO THE ESTUARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA1

The acute toxicity of Cr(VI) to the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hasle and Heimdal) clone 3H was determined in artificial media of 3.2 and 0.32 ppt salinity and with variations of sulfate concentration in the media independent of salinity. Inhibitory concentrations of Cr(VI) ranged from 6.6 μM for growth rate and 4.9 μM for cell yield at 3.2 ppt salinity and 2.8 μM sulfate to 0.04 μM for growth rate and 0.02 μM for cell yield at 0.32 ppt salinity and 0.019 mM sulfate. The inhibition by Cr(VI) was a function of the ratio of Cr(VI) to sulfate. Inhibition occurred when-this ratio exceeded about 500:1. It is suggested that the mechanism for the toxicity of Cr(VI) to diatoms and perhaps other aquatic organisms involves a site at which sulfate and chromate compete.     

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE UPPER JURASSIC BIVALVE MALAYOMAORICA MALAYOMAORICA (KRUMBECK) ON THE ORVILLE COAST, ANTARCTICA

Malayomaorica malayomaorica is an important Upper Jurassic bivalvein the southern hemisphere: widely distributed in strata ofEarly - Middle Kimmeridgian age, it is a zone fossil of considerablepotential for regional biostratigraphic correlations. Its commonoccurrence in the Latady Formation of the Orville Coast, Antarctica,indicates that at least part of this stratigraphic unit hasa Kimmeridgian age. Although its precise taxonomic status remainsin some doubt, it would appear to be the earliest buchiid-likebivalve so far recorded from the southern hemisphere. Its verywide distribution around the margins of Gondwana is similarto that established for species of the Late Jurassic bivalvegenera Retroceramus, Buchia and Anopaea (Received 13 April 1981;     

SEQUENTIAL REPRODUCTION BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPECIMENS OF THE ESTUARINE SPONGE,HALICHONDRIA SP., WITH AN EMPHASIS ON REPRODUCTION OF POSTLARVAL SPECIMENS

Young specimens of Halichondria sp., recently developed from larvae (postlarval specimens), engage in sexual reproduction; and reproductive activity increases with specimen size. Reproduction by such specimens takes place primarily during a period after breeding by the parental generation has declined. This fact suggests that environmental conditions are favorable for reproduction for an extended period of time and that reproduction is to a large extent under endogenous control.     

芜菁花叶病毒（广州油菜株）生化性质的研究

我们对芜菁花叶病毒广州油菜株(TuMV—G.Z)进行了生化性质的研究。结果表明,纯化的病毒外壳蛋白经10％SDS-聚丙烯胺酰胶电泳出,现一个组份,其分子量为1.4×10~4d;氨基酸组份分析表明,TuMV—G.Z外壳蛋白亚基由约107个氨基酸残基组成,其中包括1个色氨酸和5个酩氨酸;DNS—C1末端法测其N端,结果显示为苏氨酸,且其氨基是游离的。