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1.
S.M. Hadi Alavi Marek Rodina Tom Policar Otomar Linhart 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2009,153(4):430-437
The objectives of the present study were to determine the relationships among length and weight of males, sperm volume, spermatozoa concentration, total number of spermatozoa, ionic contents and osmolality of seminal plasma in Barbus barbus. The effect of osmolality on sperm motility parameters after activation in NaCl, KCl, or sucrose solutions was also examined. There were significant correlations between spermatozoa concentration – length (R = + 0.7) and – weight (R = + 0.8) of males. No significant correlations were observed between the total number of spermatozoa, sperm volume, and length and weight of males. Seminal plasma osmolality was higher when the total number of spermatozoa (R = + 0.6) and sperm volume (R = + 0.6) were higher. Sperm motility and velocity was positively correlated with osmolality (R = + 0.5). The correlation between sperm motility and K+ was negative (R = 0.5), but positively correlated with Ca2+ (R = 0.8), Na+ (R = 0.8), and Cl− (R = 0.8). There was a rapid decrease (P < 0.05) in sperm motility parameters after sperm activation. Just after sperm activation, beating waves propagated along the full length of flagella. At latter stages post sperm activation, the waves appeared only in proximal part of the flagellum. The highest spermatozoa velocity and percentage of motility were observed at 215–235 mOsmol kg− 1 in NaCl, KCl or sucrose. The tip of the flagellum became curled into a loop shape which shortened the flagellum after activation of sperm in distilled water. B. barbus sperm is very similar to that of other cyprinids in terms of ionic contents and osmolality of the seminal plasma, mechanism of sperm activation and behavior and motility of sperm during swimming period. 相似文献
2.
David Gela Martin Kocour Martin Flajšhans Otomar Linhart Marek Rodina 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2010,20(3):301-306
A triennial performance test of five groups of tench, Tinca tinca (L.): Vodnany induced triploid V3n, Vodnany meiotic gynogenic Vgyn, diploid Vodnany V2n, Hungarian H2n and German G2n) in pond
monoculture was carried out with diploid golden tench as control (C) to compute corrected weight of the groups tested. Survival
rate ranged from 11.6% (V2n) to 30.6% (Vgyn) in yearlings, from 71.2% (V2n) to 91.5% (H2n) in 2 year-olds, from 60.0% (Vgyn)
to 75.7% (V2n) in 3 year-olds while that of the control group was 8.5, 38.3 and 40.2% in the respective seasons. After three
growing seasons the corrected weight of the fish in the groups H2n (254.6bg), V3n (257.0cg) and G2n (371.4cg) was higher (P < 0.05, Tukey HSD test) than that from the C (183.3ag) and V2n(205.6abg) groups. Among the chromosomally manipulated groups, ANCOVA test found the least slaughtering value for Vgyn (84.3%); among
the purebreds the highest value was found for H2n (87.32%), significantly differing from V2n and G2n strains. A high gonadosomatic
index in females (2.94 vs. 0.44% in males) resulted in inferior slaughtering values. 相似文献
3.
Andrzej K. Siwicki Zdzisław Zakęś Elżbieta Terech-Majewska Krzysztof Kazuń Agnieszka Lepa Edward Głąbski 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2010,20(3):435-439
Influence of beta-1.3/1.6-glucan (Macrogard) on the innate immunity and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila in tench (Tinca tinca (L.)) was assessed. Macrogard was fed at doses of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g kg−1 of pellets for 1 month. The blood, spleen and head kidney from 10 fish of each group were separated and analysed for immunity
parameters. Twenty tench from each group were infected with A. hydrophila. Macrogard at doses 1 and 2 g kg−1 of feed significantly (P < 0.05) increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and proliferative response of mitogens stimulated lymphocytes. The
same doses significantly (P < 0.05) increased lysozyme activity and Ig level in serum, compared to the control and dose 0.5 g kg−1 of feed. The challenge test showed that Macrogard reduced mortality of tench after experimental infection (5–35%). 相似文献
4.
Martin Hulak Vojtech Kaspar Martin Psenicka David Gela Ping Li Otomar Linhart 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2010,20(3):307-315
Triploidy interferes with gametogenesis in all fish species tested so far. In fish it results in complete female sterility
however, males are still able to develop testis. The reason why sterility levels in triploid fishes differ among species and
between sexes is unclear. In the present study the reproductive capacity of triploid males of tench was studied. Flow cytometry
revealed sperm cells of triploids to be largely aneuploid with high mosaic DNA, oscillating from haploid DNA to diploid DNA
content. Analysis of variance showed an insignificant influence of ploidy level on the percentage of motile spermatozoa, as
well as on spermatozoa velocity. Experimental crosses between normal diploid female and triploid males resulted in the appearance
of triploid progeny, which exhibited genotypes composed of microsatellite alleles inherited from the founder female and additional
allele derived from the donor male. We can conclude that the triploid males analysed in the present study were capable to
fertilize eggs derived from diploid females. 相似文献
5.
The experiment was conducted using 20 male domestic pigs, which were in 2 (equal-sized) age groups: under 14 months old and over 18 months old. At least 5 ejaculates from each male were taken, and in each ejaculate, morphometric measurements of 50 spermatozoa were made. The measured parameters were head area, head length and width, and flagellum length. For each ejaculate, the basic physical traits and the frequency of occurrence of developmental anomalies of the spermatozoa were examined. It was found that sperm dimensions tended to increase along with the boars' age. Considerable and statistical differences in head area and flagellum length were proved. Spermatozoa collected from older boars (above 18 months of age) had a head area larger by 0.49 microm(2)(P< or = 0.01) and a flagellum longer by 0.67 microm (P< or =0.01) than spermatozoa collected from younger boars (under 14 months of age). The differences in head length and width between the spermatozoa of the tested boars were considerably smaller and were not statistically provable. Significant correlations between the head area of spermatozoa and the head length (r = 0.56, P< or =0.05) and head width (r = 0.36, P< or =0.05) were found. However, the head length was not significantly directly correlated with its width (r = 0.18, P< or =0.05), and flagellum length was negatively correlated with spermatozoan head width (r = -0.71, P< or =0.05). Slight correlations between the morphometric traits of the sperm and the physical traits of the ejaculates (r = -0.11 to 0.16) were found, although in most cases, the correlations were not statistically provable. 相似文献
6.
Here we report the first discovery of two viable triploid male Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata. We compared the morphology of their sperm with that of normal diploid Zebra Finches and examined eggs resulting from a triploid male and diploid female pairing to investigate whether triploid Zebra Finches can reproduce. The majority (78%) of the triploids' spermatozoa had malformed sperm heads, which were 60% larger, and all examined eggs (n = 42) were infertile. Our results tentatively suggest that triploid ZZZ Zebra Finches cannot reproduce, and thus represent a rare evolutionary dead‐end. 相似文献
7.
Northern pike (Esox lucius L.) spermatozoa are uniflagellated cells differentiated into a head without acrosome, a midpiece and a flagellar tail region flanked by a fin structure. Total, flagellar, head and midpiece lengths of spermatozoa were measured and show mean values of 34.5, 32.0, 1.32, 1.17 μm, respectively, with anterior and posterior widths of the midpiece measuring 0.8 and 0.6 μm, respectively. The osmolality of seminal plasma ranged from 228 to 350 mOsmol kg−1 (average: 283.88 ± 33.05). After triggering of sperm motility in very low osmolality medium (distilled water), blebs appeared along the flagellum. At later periods in the motility phase, the tip of the flagellum became curled into a loop shape which resulted in a shortening of the flagellum and a restriction of wave development to the proximal part (close to head). Spermatozoa velocity and percentage of motile spermatozoa decreased rapidly as a function of time postactivation and depended on the osmolality of activation media (P < 0.05). In general, the greatest percentage of motile spermatozoa and highest spermatozoa velocity were observed between 125 and 235 mOsmol kg−1. Osmolality above 375 mOsmol kg−1 inhibited the motility of spermatozoa. After triggering of sperm motility in activation media, beating waves propagated along the full length of flagella, while waves appeared dampened during later periods in the motility phase, and were absent at the end of the motility phase. By increasing osmolality, the velocity of spermatozoa reached the highest value while wave length, amplitude, number of waves and curvatures also were at their highest values. This study showed that sperm morphology can be used for fish classification. Sperm morphology, in particular, the flagellar part showed several changes during activation in distilled water. Sperm motility of pike is inhibited due to high osmolality in the seminal plasma. Osmolality of activation medium affects the percentage of motile sperm and spermatozoa velocity due to changes in flagellar wave parameters. 相似文献
8.
Summary InB. terrestris diploid males develop normally into adults (Duchateau et al., 1994). The diploid males are similar in appearance to the haploid males, except that they are smaller. The size of the testis of diploid males, relative to the length of the radial cell, is smaller than that of haploid males. There is overlap in the frequency distribution with respect to body size and testis size. The spermatozoa of diploid males are larger than those of the haploids and the vasa deferentia contain fair less spermatozoa than those of haploid males of the same age. Countings and measurements of the spermatozoa, therefore, can give the best indication about the ploidy of the males. Diploid males are successful in mating. They mate at a younger age than haploid males and they die sooner. The number of vial offspring of diploid males, however, is very low. No queen that mated with a diploid male produced a colony, but a few queens did produce some progeny. These might have been triploid males and workers. InB. terrestris higher ploidy results in smaller individuals, whereas in several other species of the Hymenoptera it has been found to result in larger individuals. 相似文献
9.
Zdzisław Zakęś Barbara Jankowska Sylwia Jarmołowicz Tomasz Żmijewski Konrad Partyka Krystyna Demska-Zakęś 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2010,20(3):389-401
Juvenile tench (initial weight of about 57 g) were fed feed supplemented with fish oil (group FO), linseed oil (group LO),
peanut oil (group PO), or rapeseed oil (group RO) containing 47% protein and 12% fat for 55 days. The inclusion of the tested
oils was 50 g kg−1 (42% total crude lipids in diets). No significant differences were noted in the fish growth performance. The proximate composition
of the whole fish bodies and the viscera (water, protein, fat, ash) was similar in all the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Differences were noted only with regard to the ash content of the fillets (P < 0.05). The analysis of the fatty acids profiles of tench (whole fish) indicated there were significant differences in the
total content of monoenoic and polyenoic (PUFA) acids. Significant differences were also noted with regard to n-3 PUFA and
n-6 PUFA. Consequently, the ratio of n-3/n-6 acids ranged from 1.6 (group PO) to 2.08 (group LO; P < 0.05). The feed applied was not confirmed to have had an impact on the fatty acids profile of the tench fillets. There
was a statistically significant intergroup difference in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in tench viscera. In the
fish fed vegetable oils supplemented diets, the level of SFA was lower (P < 0.05). 相似文献
10.
Olga V. Yurchenko Vasily I. Radashevsky Hwey-Lian Hsieh Arkadiy A. Reunov 《Aquatic Ecology》2009,43(2):513-519
The ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas from an industrially polluted area on the Hsinchu City coast and a relatively clean aquaculture area on Penghu Island, Taiwan,
was studied. Oyster gonads were sectioned and examined with light and transmission electron microscopes. The number of spermatozoa
in the acinus lumen was significantly lower in oysters from the polluted area than that from the relatively clean area (160 ± 33 cells
per 0.01 mm2 against 280 ± 42 cells per 0.01 mm2, respectively, P < 0.01). Oysters from the polluted area on the Hsinchu City coast had 26.6% spermatozoa with damaged acrosome, coarsely granular
chromatin and electron-lucent areas in the nucleus; cell membrane, mitochondria and flagellum were frequently absent in these
spermatozoa. By contrast, oysters from the clean area on Penghu Island had 0.4% spermatozoa with the same impairments. Sea
water temperature and salinity were similar in the two areas, whereas concentrations of nitrogenous nutrients and heavy metals
(e.g., cadmium, copper, and zinc) were higher in the industrially polluted area. It is suggested that high percentage of impairments
in the spermatozoa of oysters from the industrial area is attributable to environmental pollution. 相似文献
11.
M. H. Le H. K. Lim B. H. Min M. W. Park Y. J. Chang 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2011,21(4):789-797
The effects of various extenders and cryoprotectants on movable spermatozoa ratio (MSR), spermatozoa velocity (SV) and duration
of spermatozoa motility (DSM) of post-thawed spermatozoa were examined. The MSR, SV and DSM of post-thawed sperm in artificial
seminal plasma (ASP) extender were higher than those in marine fish Ringer’s solution (MFRS) extender (P < 0.01) and was not significantly different from that of fresh sperm. No significant differences were observed in the motility
parameters between fresh spermatozoa and frozen-thawed spermatozoa cryopreserved with ASP extender supplement 10% EG (ethylene
glycol) cryoprotectant. Using the above method, yellow croaker semen was cryopreserved with extender ASP and 10% EG. As a
result, at the spermatozoa/egg ratio of 100,000:1, the fertilization rate and hatching rate of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa
cryopreserved for 1 week or 1 year in liquid nitrogen (45.7 ± 3.2% and 27.2 ± 5.0% or 37.5 ± 4.4% and 27.2 ± 5.0%) were similar
to that of fresh spermatozoa (51.0 ± 3.1% and 36.7 ± 2.2%). There was a small alternation of shape in cryopreserved spermatozoa
compared with fresh spermatozoa. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for yellow croaker semen cryopreservation are ASP extender
supplement 10% EG cryoprotectant. This is the first report on semen cryopreservation of yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis. 相似文献
12.
In Vimba vimba, GSI, sperm volume, and spermatozoa concentration range from 3.4-7.4 %, 0.1-1.1 ml, and 13.3-34.8 × 109 spz ml−1, respectively. Gonad mass (r = 0.90) and sperm volume (r = 0.35) significantly correlated with weight of males. Significant correlation was also found between gonad mass and length of males (r = 0.85). Sperm motility (r = 0.99) and velocity (r = 098) significantly decreased after activation in Tris-HCl 20 mM, pH 8.5. Osmolality of the seminal plasma was 273.2 mOsmol kg−1. Sperm motility and velocity were significantly affected by the osmolality of the activation medium (P < 0.01). Hyper-osmolality compared to seminal plasma osmolality totally suppressed the sperm activation. At 15 s post-activation, the sperm motility significantly decreased at 240 mOsmol kg−1 in KCl or NaCl media. The highest sperm motility and velocity (at 60 s post-activation) were observed at 200 mOsmol kg−1 in NaCl, KCl, or sucrose media. In all treatments, the tip of the flagellum of spermatozoa became curled into a loop shape after activation of sperm in distilled water containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5 that shortened the flagellum. 相似文献
13.
Klaus Jaffe 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2008,127(4):359-363
Hymenoptera have haploid males, which produce sperm by cloning. Sperm selection theory predicts that because termites have
diploid males that produce genetically diverse sperm, they may profit from a high sperm surplus (large K), whereas Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) should produce few sperm per fertilization (low Κ). Male reproductive “kings”, which continuously provide spermatozoa during the whole life of the queen, allow for a large
K. Available empirical evidence confirms the existence of a large difference in K between diploid insects, especially Blattodea (Isoptera) (K > 1,000), and haplo-diploids such as Hymenoptera (K < 10). The available data suggest that sperm selection may be an important evolutionary force for species with diploid, but
not haploid males. 相似文献
14.
15.
Kazuhisa YAMASAKI Jun‐ichi TAKAHASHI Masato ONO Koji TSUCHIDA 《Entomological Science》2011,14(4):383-386
In Polistes paper wasps, haploid early males can mate with early emerging females and leave viable offspring. In contrast, diploid early males are eventually sterile because they contribute triploid offspring via diploid sperm. Clarifying the ploidy of early males is important for determining whether early male production is a reproductive strategy for the species. We examined the mating behavior and the ploidy of early males in the Japanese paper wasp, Polistes rothneyi iwatai van der Vecht. Thirteen early males from four colonies were all diploid. Two of the nine early males (22.2%) attempted to mate with females, but only one individual (11.1%) was successful (the female's spermatheca contained spermatozoa). These results suggest that although most early males of P. rothneyi iwatai do not produce offspring, their mating may be linked to the occasional production of triploid females. 相似文献
16.
This paper compares some morphological and endocrinological characteristics of diploid and triploid rainbow trout.
Significant differences were found between diploid and triploid females in GSI, condition factor, gut weight, liver weight and percentage dress-out, and between diploid and triploid males in GSI, condition factor and gut weight.
Diploid females had large, well-developed ovaries containing yolk-filled secondary oocytes whereas the triploids had only string-like ovaries containing nests of oogonia. No primary oocytes were present.
All the diploid males produced copious quantities of milt but it was possible to express a thin, watery milt containing motile spermatozoa from only two of the 12 triploid males. Testes weights in triploids were similar to those of diploids but, while the diploid testes were packed with spermatozoa, those of the triploids consisted mainly of spermatocytes and spermatids with few spermatozoa present. Measurements of the heads of spermatozoa revealed that those from triploids were larger and had a wider size range than those from diploids.
Levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in triploid and diploid males were not significantly different. However, levels of testosterone and 17β-oestradiol in diploid females were considerably higher than those of triploid females. 相似文献
Significant differences were found between diploid and triploid females in GSI, condition factor, gut weight, liver weight and percentage dress-out, and between diploid and triploid males in GSI, condition factor and gut weight.
Diploid females had large, well-developed ovaries containing yolk-filled secondary oocytes whereas the triploids had only string-like ovaries containing nests of oogonia. No primary oocytes were present.
All the diploid males produced copious quantities of milt but it was possible to express a thin, watery milt containing motile spermatozoa from only two of the 12 triploid males. Testes weights in triploids were similar to those of diploids but, while the diploid testes were packed with spermatozoa, those of the triploids consisted mainly of spermatocytes and spermatids with few spermatozoa present. Measurements of the heads of spermatozoa revealed that those from triploids were larger and had a wider size range than those from diploids.
Levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in triploid and diploid males were not significantly different. However, levels of testosterone and 17β-oestradiol in diploid females were considerably higher than those of triploid females. 相似文献
17.
Genetic diversity in a sample of an aquatic plantButomus umbellatus from 37 localities in Czechia and Slovakia was studied by analyzing six polymorphic loci in three enzymatic systems (SKDH,
PGD and AAT). Diversity among ramets was low in eight populations with relatively extensive sampling (only one population
possessed more than one multilocus genotype), suggesting high clonality of reproduction in these populations. However, among-population
diversity was high: G = 0.782 and 0.881 for the samples of diploid and triploid populations, respectively. Heterozygosity
of individual plants averaged over variable loci was also high: H = 0.554 for diploids and 0.453 for triploids. Genetic differentiation
among populations was additionally studied using cluster analysis. Several populations of diploids clustered separately from
all other populations, whereas another group of diploid populations clustered with some triploid populations, indicating the
possibility of relatively recent, probably multiple origin of these triploid populations from their diploid progenitors. Association
between matrices of Nei’s genetic distances among populations from different localities and matrices of geographic distances
among these localities revealed highly significant correlation for the sample of diploid populations (r = 0.60,P < 0.001) but no significant correlation for the sample of triploid populations (r = 0.02,P = 0.593). These results indicate a spatial structure of diploid populations in accordance with the isolation by distance
model, and a random distribution of genotypes among triploid populations ofB. umbellatus. 相似文献
18.
Spontaneous uptake of exogenous DNA by goat spermatozoa and selection of donor bucks for sperm-mediated gene transfer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has been long heralded as a faster and cheaper alternative to more commonly used methods
of producing transgenic animals. In this study, the capra semen ejaculates were pooled together and then incubated in vitro
with DIG-labeled DNA. The binding and internalizing rates were observed by the in situ hybridization methods. We also compared
the standard sperm parameters and the efficiencies of interaction with exogenous DNA of 60 individuals to select donor bucks
for SMGT. It was showed that labeled exogenous DNA was detected in different localizations in spermatozoa but genuine DNA
uptake, in contrast to mere binding, seems to be limited to the postacrosomal region. The removal of seminal plasma increased
significantly (P < 0.01) the capability in picking up exogenous DNA. Use of frozen-thawed semen (without cryoprotectant agents) and Triton
X-100 treatment also increased significantly (P < 0.01) the DNA-binding capacity, but reduced the sperm viability. The binding rates (the proportion of labeled-DNA positive
spermatozoa to all the spermatozoa counted) of 60 buck individuals were in the range of 3.08–73.39%, and the internalizing
rates (the proportion of DNaseI-treated labeled-DNA positive spermatozoa to all the spermatozoa counted) were 4.83–70.00%.
About 8.34% (5/60) bucks showed high binding, but low internalizing ability. Chi-square test showed that there was significant
difference among the breeds (x
2 = 26.515, P < 0.01). Eight individual bucks that demonstrated high DNA uptake were selected for SMGT. It was demonstrated that the goat
spermatozoa was capable of spontaneous uptake of exogenous DNA. Seminal fluid inhibits DNA uptake and that membrane disruption
increases DNA binding but greatly diminishes uptake. 相似文献
19.
Matthew A. G. Owen Simon J. Davies Katherine A. Sloman 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2010,20(3):375-380
Groups of juvenile tench (7.02 ± 0.28 g) were reared under four different light regimes; blue light, red light (80 Wm−2 12L:12D photoperiod) white light (912 ± 210 lux, 80 Wm−2, 12L:12D photoperiod) and no light (0 lux) (0L:24D). Visibility of fish out of shelters was used as an indicator of activity
and was monitored by video recording. Blood plasma cortisol concentrations were also measured. Fish under blue or white light
were significantly less active during the photophase than those under red or no light (P < 0.01). Red light produced similar activity patterns to fish receiving 24 h darkness. Plasma cortisol concentrations were
also significantly influenced (P < 0.05) with the fish under white light having the highest plasma cortisol concentration (317 ± 62 ng cm−3) compared to fish in the dark treatment (106 ± 36 ng cm−3). Thus, the provision of coloured light filters increases activity in juvenile tench and may reduce their intrinsic stress
level. 相似文献
20.
Gamete production patterns and mating systems in water frogs of the hybridogenetic Pelophylax esculentus complex in north‐eastern Ukraine
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Olha V. Biriuk Dmitriy A. Shabanov Alexey V. Korshunov Leo J. Borkin Georgy A. Lada Rosa A. Pasynkova Jury M. Rosanov Spartak N. Litvinchuk 《Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research》2016,54(3):215-225
Hybridization and polyploidy play an important role in animal speciation. European water frogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex demonstrate unusual genetic phenomena associated with hybridization, clonality and polyploidy which presumably indicate an initial stage of reticulate speciation. The Seversky Donets River drainage in north‐eastern Ukraine is inhabited by both sexes of the diploid and triploid hybrid P. esculentus and only one parental species Pelophylax ridibundus. Based on the presence of various types of hybrids, all populations studied can be divided into three geographical groups: I) P. ridibundus–P. esculentus without triploids; II) P. ridibundus–P. esculentus without diploid hybrids; and III) P. ridibundus–P. esculentus with a mixture of diploids and triploids. A study of gametogenesis revealed that diploid P. esculentus in populations of the first type usually produced haploid gametes of P. ridibundus and a mixture of haploid gametes that carried one or another parental genome (hybrid amphispermy). In populations of the second type, hybrids are derived from crosses of P. ridibundus males with triploid hybrid females producing haploid eggs with a genome of P. lessonae. Therefore, we suggest that clonal genome duplication in these eggs might be the result of suppression of second polar body formation or extra precleavage endoreduplication. In populations of the third type, some diploid females can produce diploid gametes. Fertilization of these eggs with haploid sperm can result in triploid hybrids. Other hybrids here produce haploid gametes with one or another parental genome or their mixture giving rise to new diploid hybrids. 相似文献